Panbanisha

Panbanisha (November 17, 1985 – November 6, 2012),[1][2] also known by the lexigram , was a female bonobo that featured in studies on great ape language by Professor Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. She was born at Language Research Center at Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia.[3] Panbanisha was the daughter of Matata, the adopted mother of the famous Kanzi, who also was an intelligent bonobo, and was the mother of two sons, Nyota and Nathen. She lived at the Great Ape Trust in Iowa, where ape behavior and intelligence is studied;.[4] Panbanisha died of a respiratory disease at the Great Ape Trust on November 6, 2012. She was 26.[5] She was able to express her sadness through Yerkish when her half-brother Kanzi had to leave. During the studies, Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh had recognized the ability of communication and understanding of the complex sentences.[6]

Panbanisha
Panbanisha at age 20
BornNovember 17, 1985
United States
DiedNovember 6, 2012 (aged 26)
ChildrenNyota
Nathen (died May 15, 2009)
RelativesMatata (mother)
Kanzi (half- brother)
Bonobos Kanzi (C) and Panbanisha (R) with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and the outdoor symbols "keyboard"

Research

The basis of the early research, headed by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a US anthropologist, was to study the language faculties of non-human primates and find out to what extent their upbringing affects their ability to use language. When Panbanisha was born, her brother Kanzi was already learning to communicate. By the time research with Panbinisha started, Kanzi knew 256 lexigram symbols.[7] Savage-Rumbaugh co-reared Panbanisha with a chimpanzee, "Panpanzee" or "Panzee" for five years in an environment with other bonobos and with human teachers.[8] The teachers used keyboards with lexigrams on them in tandem with spoken communication in order to allow the two apes to communicate back to them, and to allow them to learn to comprehend spoken and symbolic language.[9] Of the two, Panbanisha showed greater linguistic capability, and was able to comprehend far more spoken language and lexigrams than her counterpart, Panzee. After the five years of study Panzee was removed from the study. Panzee lives at the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Data was taken on Panbanisha for a further six years with her adopted half brother Kanzi.[8]

The keyboards used in the 1990s contained a few hundred symbols, and the linguistic capability of the two bonobos was quite good.[9] They were able to recognise not only digitised and spoken speech, but also the use of single lexigrams from the keyboard. At the beginning of research Panbanisha was able to use 256 symbols on the lexigram keyboard.[7] The researchers claim that the experiments with these apes show that the gap between the genus Pan and our early hominid ancestors, and even ourselves, is much smaller than we had previously realised.

As a female bonobo, Panbanisha was not only able to communicate with humans, but other nonhuman apes just like her. The ways in which Panbanisha learned lexigrams was in a style like those of young human beings. This came as a new wave of educating nonhuman apes and a created a bond between Panbanisha and the people helping her learn. This bond is comparable to a child and his/her parent.[10]

To describe Panbanisha as an intellectually superior in comparison to other nonhuman apes is an understatement. She excelled in comparison to Kanzi, her half brother when it came to her responses to recorded sentences. Another outstanding finding was Panbanisha's ability to comprehend her name being said at a very young age. Out of all subjects (nonhuman apes) that underwent this trial, Panbanisha was the most perceptive to her name being called (37 out of 51 times).[10] The breakthroughs with Panbanisha have been very underappreciated and underutilized in the world of language development. When it comes to the ability to comprehend and understand human language, many think about dogs. Dogs can learn commands from humans at a very young age and follow them out. Some compare the breakthroughs with Panbanisha to those regularly shown with dogs, but the key difference is that Panbanisha and other bonobos have the ability to not just understand and comprehend, but to give responses through the lexigram, thus proving a point that they can respond with the English language.

From birth Panbanisha was introduced to complex communication. Starting at such a young age she became far more advanced in her knowledge of communication than her adopted brother Kanzi. At the age of 7.5 years old Panbanisha could correctly respond to 75% sentences that required more than just yes or no answers.[7] Human children at the age of two respond to similar questions with a success rate of 65%.

Panbanisha also exhibited the ability to remember and talk about past events. For example, when Bill Fields, one of her researchers, asked Panbanisha what was wrong, she replied “Kanzi bad keyboard”. After she said that, Mr. Fields asked another researcher what had happened with Kanzi and the keyboard. He was then told that Kanzi had broken it.[11]

Panbanisha was also important on the animal rights front. During the time that she was alive, there was a lot of controversy regarding animal rights. One afternoon Julie Cohen went to visit a fourteen year old Panbanisha and her one year old baby Nyoto. Before this visit Cohen had thought that people should treat animals with the respect and care that they deserved, but that legal rights for animals seemed too extreme.

Cohen was very surprised to see that when the photographer she was with complimented Panbanisha and told her he would get her a drink, Panbanisha promptly replied “Coffee, milk, and juice with no ice”. She also realized that she had anticipated Panbanisha's language abilities to be much less than they really were. She quickly realized this after Panbanisha expressed her sadness at leaving Kanzi, a male Bonobo who was her companion, out of the game of hide and seek they were playing which would upset him and make him feel left out.

These interactions with Panbanisha made Julie Cohen realize that just because an animal may not have the same innate language abilities as humans, does not mean that they cannot think, understand, or have feelings. Panbanisha made it clear to her and other humans we should not judge an animal on their language capabilities.[1]

Panbanisha Compared with Other Apes

Bonobos are able to learn languages similarly to humans. At the Language Research Center at Georgia State University, the researchers learned that chimpanzees will pick up English if they teach it like it is their first language not their second.[12] Panbanisha started to learn Yerkish lexigrams at birth, whereas Kanzi started to learn when he was nine months. This made Panbanisha's vocabulary far better than Kanzi's.[13] Kanzi now has been able to learn 348 lexigram symbols, while also having the knowledge of 3,000 English words.[12] The researchers believed Panbanisha knew around 6,000 English words. However, Panbanisha did not like to show off the words that she had the knowledge of, whereas Kanzi did. This made the researchers unsure of how many English words Panbanisha actually knew.[12]

Purpose of the Research

Why teach chimpanzees sign language? The answer is as simple as why we teach humans sign language, to be able to communicate when verbally speaking is not an option. Originally the deaf were seen as unable to be educated, but that all changed around 1750, when a French Catholic priest, Abbe de L'Épée, became interested in helping educate the hearing impaired. These deaf children would show him the signs they used to communicate at home and he would in turn use these to teach them French, then more schools were opened, and once the children left they would share what they had learned with family and neighbors allowing them to learn to sign as well.[14] However, sign language did not hit America until around 1814, when a minister from Connecticut named Thomas Gallaudet, decided to teach his neighbors deaf daughter how to communicate. Gallaudet traveled to Europe where he met L'Eppe's successor Abbe Sicard, after learning their teaching methods there he came home accompanied by Laurent Clerc. Together they opened the American School for the Deaf and began teaching students from all over the United States.[15] If we are able to teach the deaf how to communicate without words, then what is stopping us from trying to communicate with other species using similar techniques? Sign language not only gives these chimpanzees the ability to express their thoughts and feelings, but it also shows us that they have the capability of learning it and teaching other chimpanzees as well.

Using Yerkish

Apes are physically unable to speak English because they lack the vocal structures that humans have.[16] Although they cannot speak English, they may be able to understand and respond to spoken English, and they can still communicate through Yerkish and sign language.

Panbanisha was exposed to advanced ways of communicating from the first week she was born.[17] The Yerkish lexigram language uses symbols that mean a word or phrase in English, when arranged in the correct grammatical sequence. For example, one of the symbols that Panbanisha used was TV. She would push the TV symbol as part of a string of symbols to show that she wanted to watch the television. Between six and eight months of age she seemed to respond to a symbol after a caregiver pointed or touched it. At a year old she learned the meaning of “no” and “come here”. Panbanisha answered correctly to 94% of the lexigram symbols and English words between 1986 and 1989 (1–4 years old). At three years old Panbanisha understood 80 spoken English words.[18]  

Panbanisha used vocal gestures to respond to different words before she used the lexigrams. The lexigrams were used to show that apes could learn a language with a strict syntax, actually communicate with other people, and understand English and not just repeat or imitate human actions.[19] In a typical experiment Panbanisha and Kanzi, Panbanisha's half brother, were put in separate rooms with only a small, open, window and a lexigram keyboard to communicate with each other. The objective was to get a cup of yogurt from one bonobo to the other using the lexigram keyboard to communicate. Kanzi was given the yogurt and Panbanisha was supposed to receive it. Panbanisha used the yogurt symbol on the lexigram keyboard asking for the yogurt. After a little time Kanzi agreed and gave Panbanisha the yogurt through the open window.[20] Here is a video of another demonstration in which Panbanisha responds to spoken English by pointing to either images or Yerkish lexigrams.

gollark: Really? Huh.
gollark: It's probably just a Markov chain with lots of weird training data.
gollark: I think you just need to put quotes around multiple-word arguments.
gollark: It's some internet meme with what looks like a big worm-type thing (which is apparently just a stomach or something from an animal of some kind), captioned with some text about not feeding it tap water because something something fluoride.
gollark: Have you not seen a garloid before?

See also

References
  1. Cohen, Julie (May 2000). "Monkey Puzzles". Geographical. 72 (5): 58.
  2. "Remembering Panbanisha". November 10, 2012.
  3. Koth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy. "In Memoriam: Panbisha 1985-2012". Stoneage Institute. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  4. "Great Ape Trust of Iowa". pin.primate.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  5. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2229564/World-famous-bonobo-speak-English-dies-cold-sanctuary--renowned-centre-sick.html
  6. Nye, James. "World famous bonobo that could 'speak English' dies of a cold at sanctuary - and now more at the renowned center are sick".
  7. Last, Cadell. "Communicating with Bonobos". The Advanced Apes. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  8. Watanabe, Shigeru (2012). Watanabe, S.; Kuczaj, S. (eds.). Emotions of Animals and Humans: Comparative Perspectives. Springer. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9784431541233.
  9. Savage-Rumbaugh, S., and Lewin, R. (1994) The Ape At The Brink of The Human Mind, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. ISBN 0-471-15959-X
  10. Williams, S.L.; Brakke, K.E.; Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (1997). "Comprehension skills of language-competent and nonlanguage-competent apes". Language & Communication. 17 (4): 301–317. doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(97)00012-8.
  11. Humphries, Stephen (20 January 2000). "Linguistic Comprehension in Chimps". Christian Science Monitor. 92 (40): 13.
  12. "English 101 for bonobos". Christian Science Monitor. 2007-05-10. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  13. Pilcher, Helen (2005-08-29). "Apeing our language". News@nature. doi:10.1038/news050829-8. ISSN 1744-7933.
  14. "History of Sign Language - Deaf History - Start ASL". Start ASL. 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  15. "History of American Sign Language - Start ASL". Start ASL. 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  16. Bangel, Katrin; Hartung, Franziska. "Why Can't Apes Speak". Max Planck Institute For Psycholingiustics. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  17. Last, Cadell. "Communicating with Bonobos". The Advanced Apes. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  18. Brakke, Karen E.; Savage-Rumbaugh, E.Sue (April 1995). Language & Communication (Vol 15 Issue 2 ed.). Atlanta, GA. pp. 121–148. doi:10.1016/0271-5309(95)00001-7.
  19. Hsu, Jeremy. "Talking Apes Project Faces Cash Crisis". LiveScience. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  20. Raffaele, Paul. "Peaking Bonobo". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
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