Kanzi

Kanzi (born October 28, 1980), also known by the lexigram (from the character 太), is a male bonobo who has been the subject of several studies on great ape language. According to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist who has studied the bonobo throughout her life, Kanzi has exhibited advanced linguistic aptitude.[1][2][3]

For the apple, see Kanzi (apple).
For Japanese Chinese characters, see Kanji.
Kanzi
Born (1980-10-28) October 28, 1980
Georgia State University
Known forIntelligent use of lexigram
RelativesLorel (mother)
Panbanisha (sister)
Nyota (nephew)
Nathen (nephew)
Elikya (sister)
Maisha (brother)
Teco (nephew)
Kanzi converses with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh in 2006 using a portable "keyboard" of arbitrary symbols that Kanzi associates with words.
Kanzi has learned hundreds of arbitrary symbols representing words, objects, and familiar people (including the generic "Visitor").
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (L), Kanzi (R), and his sister Panbinisha (C) working at the portable "keyboard"
Although Kanzi can sometimes mimic human speech, this shows him during a species-standard vocalization.

Biography

Born to Lorel and Bosandjo at Yerkes Field Station at Emory University and moved to the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Shortly after birth Kanzi was stolen and adopted by a more dominant female, Matata, the chief leader of the group. Kanzi and his sister (Matata's offspring, now deceased) moved to the Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative (ACCI),[4] formerly the Great Ape Trust, in Des Moines, Iowa, where Kanzi is the highest ranking male of the resident community of bonobos.

As an infant, Kanzi accompanied Matata to sessions where Matata was taught language through keyboard lexigrams, but showed little interest in the lessons. It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming not only the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training, but also the first observed bonobo to appear to use some elements of language at all.[2][3] Within a short time, Kanzi had mastered the ten words that researchers had been struggling to teach his adoptive mother, and he has since learned more than two hundred more. When he hears a spoken word (through headphones, to filter out nonverbal clues), he points to the correct lexigram.[2][3]

According to a Discover article, Kanzi is an accomplished tool user.[5]

Kanzi's adoptive mother, Matata, lived to be one of world's oldest captive bonobos until her death in June 2014.[6] In the matriarchal society of bonobos, a male's position is primarily determined by the position of the females he is related to. Matata was the group's chief leader so his status as the highest ranking male was established by being adopted as her "son". According to the Smithsonian magazine, Kanzi "has the mien of an aging patriarch – he's balding and paunchy with serious, deep-set eyes."[7] This description is confirmed by a full-page color photograph of Kanzi in the March 2008 National Geographic, and a full-page black-and-white photograph in Time magazine.[8]

Examples of behavior and abilities

Kanzi's behavior and abilities have been the topic of research published in scientific journals, as well as reports in popular media.

Research programs

When he was eight years old, Kanzi was a subject of a research program in which his ability to respond to spoken requests was compared with that of a two-year-old human child called Alia. The study took nine months to complete. Kanzi and Alia were given 660 spoken instructions, asking them to deal with familiar objects in novel ways. Kanzi responded correctly to 74 percent of the instructions, Alia to 65 percent.[9][10]

Another study, designed and carried out by archaeologists Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, aimed to compare Kanzi's cognitive and mechanical abilities with those of our early human ancestors who made and used Early Stone Age tools (probably Homo habilis), such as Oldowan stone flakes and cores (a core is the rock from which a flake has been removed). In this study, Schick and Toth showed Kanzi how to flake stone, producing a sharp edge that could be used to cut through a rope in order to gain access to a food reward. After modeling the flaking behavior on a variety of occasions, the researchers set up each experiment by placing a food reward inside a box with a transparent lid which was held closed by a length of rope. Kanzi would then be led into an enclosure where the box was located and provided with the stones needed for flaking (known as chert or flint). Over the course of this multi-year study, Kanzi not only learned how to flake, he also developed his own method by throwing the cobbles onto hard surfaces to make a flake, as opposed to the hand-held percussion method that was modeled for him. With the many sharp flakes he produced, Kanzi was able to cut through the rope to gain access to the food reward. However, the flakes he produced and used were more crude than those produced by our Early Stone Age ancestors.[11][12][13]

Anecdotes

The following are anecdotes, rather than experimental demonstrations.

  • In an outing in the woods in Georgia, Kanzi touched the symbols for "marshmallows" and "fire". Susan Savage-Rumbaugh said in an interview that, "Given matches and marshmallows, Kanzi snapped twigs for a fire, lit them with the matches and toasted the marshmallows on a stick."[14] The Telegraph has published photographs of Kanzi putting together a fire for food.[15]
  • Paul Raffaele, at Savage-Rumbaugh's request, performed a haka for the Bonobos. This Māori war dance includes thigh-slapping, chest-thumping, and shouting. Almost all the bonobos present interpreted this as an aggressive display, and reacted with loud screams, tooth-baring, and pounding the walls and the floor. Kanzi, who remained calm, communicated with Savage-Rumbaugh using bonobo vocalizations; Savage-Rumbaugh interpreted these vocalizations, and said to Raffaele, "he'd like you to do it again just for him, in a room out back, so the others won't get upset." Later, a private performance in another room was carried out.[14]
  • Savage-Rumbaugh has observed Kanzi in communication to his sister. In this experiment, Kanzi was kept in a separate room of the Great Ape Project and shown some yogurt. Kanzi made some vocalizations that his sister could hear; his sister, Panbanisha, who could not see the yogurt, then pointed to the lexigram for yogurt, suggesting those vocalizations may have meaning.[14][16]
  • In one demonstration on the television show Champions of the Wild,[17] Kanzi was shown playing the arcade game Pac-Man and understanding how to beat it.
  • According to a 2014 report, Kanzi not only enjoys eating omelettes, but also cooks his own omelettes. He asks for the ingredients using his lexigram.[18]

Language

Although Kanzi learned to communicate using a keyboard with lexigrams, Kanzi also picked up some American Sign Language from watching videos of Koko the gorilla, who communicated using sign language to her keeper Penny Patterson; Savage-Rumbaugh did not realize Kanzi could sign until he signed, "You, Gorilla, Question", to anthropologist Dawn Prince-Hughes, who had previously worked closely with gorillas.[19] Based on trials performed at Yerkes Primate Research Center, Kanzi was able to identify symbols correctly 89-95% of the time.[20]

Kanzi cannot speak in a manner that is comprehensible to most humans, as bonobos have different vocal tracts than humans, which makes them incapable of reproducing most of the vocal sounds humans can make. Nonetheless, it was noticed that every time Kanzi communicated with humans with specially-designed graphic symbols, he also produced some vocalization.

American Sign Language ASL

Later, it was discovered that Kanzi was producing the articulatory equivalent of the symbols he was indicating, although in a very high pitch and with distortions.[21]

According to the research of Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi shows ability in cognitive capabilities. The research demonstrated that “He can understand individual spoken words and how they are used in novel sentences”. For example, the researcher asked Kanzi to go get the carrot in the microwave, Kanzi went directly to the microwave and completely ignored the carrot that was closer to him, but not in the microwave.[22] In another example, a researcher gave the task of “feed your ball some tomato”. Alia – a human 2-year-old, did not know what to do, but since there was no ball near him, Kanzi immediately used a spongy toy Halloween pumpkin as a ball and began to feed the toy.[23]

gollark: Oh dear.
gollark: And done.
gollark: It's removed from the server and manifest thing, I'm updating mods.zip and restarting the server now.
gollark: Okay, those seem definitely due to skyblocks, I shall remove it.
gollark: Oh, the VanillaFix thing, right.

See also
  • Ape language
  • Evolution of language
  • Human Ape, a National Geographic documentary film
  • Yerkish

Other animals used in language studies:

References
  1. Kluger, Jeffrey (August 5, 2010). "Inside the Minds of Animals". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  2. Savage-Rumbaugh, S., & Lewin, R. (1994). Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-58591-6.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Mitani, J. (1995). "Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind". Scientific American. 272 (6). ISSN 0036-8733.
  4. "ACCI: Ape Cognition & Conservation Initiative". apeinitiative.org. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  5. "Ape at the Brink". Discover. September 1994.
  6. Finney, Daniel (June 22, 2014). "Bonobo Matata dies at Des Moines ape conservation". The Desmoines Register. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  7. Raffaele, Smithsonian, November 2006.
  8. Time, August 16, 2010.
  9. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue (1993). "Language Comprehension in Ape and Child". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 58 (3 to 4): i–252. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.9931. doi:10.2307/1166068. JSTOR 1166068.
  10. Harris, Margaret; Butterworth, George (2012). Developmental Psychology: a Student's Handbook. Psychology Press. pp. 178 to 180. ISBN 9781135844677.
  11. Schick, K. D., Toth, N., Garufi, G., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D., & Sevcik, R. (1999). Continuing Investigations into the Stone Tool-making and Tool-using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus). Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(7), 821-832.
  12. Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; Lewin, Roger (1994). Kanzi: the Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. John Wiley. pp. 201 to 222. ISBN 978-0471159599.
  13. Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy D.; Savage-Rumbaugh, E.Sue; Sevcik, Rose A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. (January 1993). "Pan the Tool-Maker: Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and Tool-Using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 20 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1006/jasc.1993.1006.
  14. Raffaele, P (November 2006). "Speaking Bonobo". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  15. "Amazing photos of Kanzi the bonobo lighting a fire and cooking a meal". The Daily Telegraph. December 30, 2011.
  16. Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; Fields, William M.; Spircu, Tiberu (2004). "The emergence of knapping and vocal expression embedded in a Pan/Homo culture" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 19 (4): 541–575. doi:10.1007/sbiph-004-0528-0.
  17. Season 4, Episode 3. Screened 10/30/2000
  18. Leonard, Tom (June 7, 2014). "He can cook, play music, use a computer - and make sarcastic jokes chatting with his 3,000-word vocabulary: My lunch with the world's cleverest chimp (who Skyped me later for another chat)". Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  19. Prince-Hughes, Dawn (1987). Songs of the Gorilla Nation. Harmony. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4000-5058-1.
  20. Williams, S.L. (1997). "Comprehension Skills of Language-Competent and Nonlanguage-Competent Apes". Language and Communication Journal. 17 (4): 301–317. doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(97)00012-8.
  21. Greenspan, S. I., and S. G. Shanjer. 2004. The first idea: How symbols, language and intelligence evolved from our primate ancestors to modern humans. Da Capo Press.
  22. "Chimp matches 2-year-old Cognitive capabilities more like humans' than experts believed." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada], April 6, 1991, A11. Opposing Viewpoints in Context (accessed December 1, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com.librarynt.occc.edu/apps/doc/A164263203/OVIC?u=okccc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=ca8f20a0.
  23. Wise, Steven M. "Why Animals Deserve Legal Status." Higher Education, February 2, 2001, B13. Quoted in "Animals Deserve Legal Rights." Animal Rights, edited by Shasta Gaughen. Contemporary Issues Companion. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints in Context (accessed December 1, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com.librarynt.occc.edu/apps/doc/EJ3010344210/OVIC?u=okccc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=e0a8a0ce.

Further reading
  • Joseph, John E., Nigel Love & Talbot J. Taylor (2001). Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II: The Western Tradition in the 20th Century (London & New York: Routledge), chapter 15: "Kanzi on Human Language".
  • de Waal, Frans (2005). Our Inner Ape, ISBN 1-57322-312-3.
  • Raffaele, Paul (2006), "The Smart and Swinging Bonobo", Smithsonian, Volume 37, Number 8 (November 2006—a general article about bonobos).
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