Panamanian balboa

The balboa (sign: B/.; ISO 4217: PAB) is, along with the United States dollar, one of the official currencies of Panama. It is named in honor of the Spanish explorer/conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa. The balboa is subdivided into 100 centésimos.

Panamanian balboa
Balboa panameño (Spanish)
​^1⁄2 balboa (front) ​^1⁄2 balboa (back)
ISO 4217
Code	PAB
Number	590
Denominations
Subunit
​^1⁄100	Centésimo
Symbol	B/.
Banknotes	None (U.S. banknotes are employed instead, although denominated in balboas)
Coins	1 and 5 centésimos, ​^1⁄10, ​^1⁄4, ​^1⁄2, and 1 balboas
Demographics
User(s)	Panama (alongside the U.S. dollar)
Valuation
Pegged with	U.S. dollar at par
^1 Panama now uses U.S. dollar notes.

History

The balboa replaced the Colombian peso in 1904 following the country's independence. With the exception of a fluctuation in 2016, the balboa has been tied to the United States dollar (which is also legal tender in Panama) at an exchange rate of 1:1 since its introduction and has always circulated alongside dollars.

Panama has never had an official central bank.[1] The National Bank of Panama, one of two government-owned banks, was responsible for nonmonetary aspects of central banking in Panama, assisted by the National Banking Commission (Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores), which was created along with the country's International Financial Center, and was charged with licensing and supervising banks.[2]

Coins

Current

Denomination	Obverse		Reverse	Diameter	Thickness	Mass	Composition	Edge	Minted
Un centésimo (B/. 0.01)		Urracá	Denomination	19.05 mm	1.55 mm	3.11 g	Copper 95% Tin/Zinc 5%	Smooth	1935–1982
						2.50 g	Copper 2.5% Zinc 97.5%		1983–Present
Cinco centésimos de balboa (B/. 0.05)		Denomination	Panamanian Coat of Arms	21.21 mm	1.95 mm	5 g	Copper 25% Nickel 75%	Smooth	1929–Present
Un décimo de balboa (B/. 0.10)		Vasco Núñez de Balboa		17.91 mm	1.35 mm	2.268g	Copper 91.67% Nickel 8.33%	118 reeds	1966–Present
Un cuarto de balboa (B/. 0.25)				24.26 mm	1.75 mm	5.67g		119 reeds
Medio balboa (B/. 0.50)				30.61 mm	2.15 mm	11.34 g		150 reeds	1973–Present
Un balboa (B/. 1)			Liberty with Panamanian Coat of Arms	38.1 mm	2.58 mm	22.68 g		reeded	1973–2010
			Panamanian Coat of Arms	26.5 mm	2 mm	7.2 g	Outer ring: Nickel-plated steel Center: Nickel-brass-plated steel	reeded with inscription	2011–Present

Obsolete

Denomination	Obverse	Reverse	Diameter	Thickness	Mass	Composition	Edge	Minted
Medio Centesimo de Balboa (​^1⁄2¢) (No longer used since 1940)	Vasco Núñez de Balboa	Denomination				Copper-nickel	Smooth	1907–?
Uno y Cuarto Centesimos (​1 ^1⁄4¢) <all>(No longer used since 1970)	Vasco Núñez de Balboa	Denomination				Copper 95% Tin/Zinc 5%	Smooth	1940
Dos y Medio Centesimos de Balboa (​2 ^1⁄2¢) (No longer used since 1976)	Vasco Núñez de Balboa	Denomination	18 mm		3.3 g	Copper-nickel	Smooth	1907–?
	Panamanian Coat of Arms	Various Designs	10 mm		1.25 g	Copper-nickel-plated copper		1973–1976

In 1904, silver coins in denominations of ​2 ¹⁄₂, 5, 10, 25, and 50 centésimos were introduced. These coins were weight-related to the 25-gram 50 centésimos, making the ​2 ¹⁄₂-centésimos coin 1.25 grams. Its small size led to it being known as the "Panama pill" or the "Panama pearl". In 1907, copper-nickel ​¹⁄₂- and ​2 ¹⁄₂-centésimo coins were introduced, followed by copper-nickel 5-centésimo coins in 1929. In 1930, coins for ​¹⁄₁₀, ​¹⁄₄, and ​¹⁄₂ balboa were introduced, followed by 1 balboa in 1931, which were identical in size and composition to the corresponding U.S. coins. In 1935, bronze 1-centésimo coins were introduced, with 1¼-centésimo pieces minted in 1940.

In 1966, Panama followed the U.S. in changing the composition of their silver coins, with copper-nickel-clad ​¹⁄₁₀ and ​¹⁄₄ balboa, and .400 fineness ½ balboa. One-balboa coins, at .900 fineness silver, were issued that year for the first time since 1947. In 1973, copper-nickel-clad ​¹⁄₂-balboa coins were introduced. 1973 also saw the revival of the ​2 ¹⁄₂-centésimos coin, which had a size similar to that of the U.S. half dime, but these were discontinued two years later due to lack of popular demand. In 1983, 1-centésimo coins followed their U.S. counterpart by switching from copper to copper-plated zinc. Further issues of the 1-balboa coins have been made since 1982 in copper-nickel without reducing its size.

Modern 1-, 5-centésimo, ​¹⁄₁₀-, ​¹⁄₄-, and ​¹⁄₂-balboa coins are the same weight, dimensions, and composition as the U.S. cent, nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar, respectively. In 2011, new 1-balboa bimetallic coins were issued[3] that are the same dimensions as the U.S. dollar coin.

In addition to circulating issues, commemorative coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 500 balboas have also been issued.

Banknotes

In 1941, President Arnulfo Arias pushed the government to enact Article 156 to the constitution, authorizing official and private banks to issue paper money. As a result, on 30 September 1941, El Banco Central de Emisión de la República de Panamá (Central Bank of Issue of the Republic of Panama) was established.[4]

The bank was authorized to issue up to 6,000,000 balboas' worth of paper notes, but only 2,700,000 balboas were issued on 2 October 1941. A week later, Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango replaced Arias as president in a coup supported by the United States.[5] The new government immediately closed the bank, withdrew the issued notes, and burned all unissued stocks of same. Very few of these so-called "Arias Seven-Day" notes escaped incineration.

Exchange rate

Current PAB exchange rates
From Google Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From fxtop.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

See also

• Economy of Panama

References

Citations

1. https://mises.org/library/panama-has-no-central-bank
2. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9985.html
3. "World Coin News: panama". Worldcoinnews.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
4. Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Panama". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.
5. . AP. 1998-08-11 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/08/11/oft-deposed-ex-leader-of-panama-dies/98528e7f-98ac-491f-b6ae-3aa3c9a2d839/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Sources

• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
• Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.