Supercomputing in Europe

Several centers for supercomputing exist across Europe, and distributed access to them is coordinated by European initiatives to facilitate high-performance computing. One such initiative, the HPC Europa project, fits within the Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA), which was formed in 2002 as a consortium of eleven supercomputing centers from seven European countries. Operating within the CORDIS framework, HPC Europa aims to provide access to supercomputers across Europe.[1]

An SGI Altix supercomputer at the CINES facility in France.

In June 2011, France's Tera 100 was certified the fastest supercomputer in Europe, and ranked 9th in the world at the time.[2][3][4][5] It was the first petascale supercomputer designed and built in Europe.[6]

Switzerland's Piz Daint is the fastest European supercomputer, following an upgrade in October 2016 it is ranked 3rd in the world with a peak of over 25 petaflops.[7]

There are several efforts to coordinate European leadership in high-performance computing. The ETP4HPC Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) outlines a technology roadmap for exascale in Europe, with a key motivation being an increase in the global market share of the HPC technology developed in Europe.[8] The Eurolab4HPC Vision provides a long-term roadmap, covering the years 2023 to 2030, with the aim of fostering academic excellence in European HPC research.[9]

Pan-European HPC organisation

There have been several projects to organise supercomputing applications within Europe. The first was th Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA). This ran from 2002–2011. The organisation of supercomputing has been taken over by the Partnership foR Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE).

From 2018-2026 further supercomputer development is taking place under the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking within the Horizon 2020 framework.

High performance computing tiers

PRACE provides "access to leading-edge computing and data management resources and services for large-scale scientific and engineering applications at the highest performance level".[10] PRACE categorises European HPC facilities into 3 tiers: tier-0 are European Centres with petaflop machines, tier 1 are national centres, and tier 2 are regional centres. PRACE details that they have 7 tier-0 systems: Marconi (Italy), Hazel Hen (Germany), JUQUEEN (Germany), SuperMUC (Germany), Piz Daint (Switzerland), CURIE (France), and MareNostrum (Spain).[10]

By country

Austria

The Vienna Scientific Cluster is a collaboration between several Austrian universities. The current flagship of the VSC family is VSC-4, a Linux cluster with approximately 790 compute nodes, 37,920 cores and a theoretical peak performance is 3.7 PFlop/s.[11] The VSC-4 cluster was ranked 82nd in the Top-500 list in June 2019.[11] VSC-4 was installed in summer 2019 at the Arsenal TU building in Vienna.

Belgium

On 25 October 2012, Ghent University (Belgium) inaugurated the first Tier 1 supercomputer of the Flemish Supercomputer Centre (VSC). The supercomputer is part of an initiative by the Flemish government to provide the researchers in Flanders with a very powerful computing infrastructure. The new cluster was ranked 163rd in the worldwide Top500 list of supercomputers in November 2012.[12][13] In 2014, a supercomputer started operating at Cenaero in Gosselies. In 2016, VSC started operating the BrENIAC supercomputer (NEC HPC1816Rg, Xeon E5-2680v4 14C 2.4 GHz, Infiniband EDR) in Leuven. It has 16,128 cores providing 548,000 Gflops (Rmax) or 619,315 Gflops (Repack).[14]

Bulgaria

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications in Sofia operates an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer, which offers high-performance processing to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Sofia University, among other organizations.[15] The system was on the TOP500 list until November 2009, when it ranked as number 379.[16]

Croatia

The Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling (CNRM) in Rijeka was established in 2010 and conducts multidisciplinary scientific research through the use of advanced high-performance solutions based on CPU and GPGPU server technologies and technologies for data storage.[17] They operate the supercomputer "Bura" which consists of 288 computing nodes and has a total of 6912 CPU cores, its peak performance is 233.6 teraflops and it ranked at 440th on the November 2015 TOP500 list.[18]

Finland

CSC – IT Center for Science operated a Cray XC30 system called "Sisu" with 244 TFlop/s.[19] In September 2014 the system was upgraded to Cray XC40, giving a theoretical peak of 1,688 TFLOPS. Sisu was ranked 37th in the November 2014 Top500 list,[20] but had dropped to 107th by November 2017.[21]

France

The Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) operates the Tera 100 machine in the Research and Technology Computing Center in Essonne, Île-de-France.[2] The Tera 100 has a peak processing speed of 1,050 teraflops, making it the fastest supercomputer in Europe in 2011.[3] Built by Groupe Bull, it had 140,000 processors.[22]

The National Computer Center of Higher Education (French acronym: CINES) was established in Montpellier in 1999, and offers computer services for research and higher education.[23][24] In 2014 the Occigen system was installed, which was manufacturered by the Bull, Atos Group. It has 50,544 cores and a peak performance of 2.1 Petaflops.[25][26]

Germany

In Germany, supercomputing is organized at two levels. The three national centers at Garching (LRZ), Juelich (JSC) and Stuttgart (HLRS) together form the Gauss Center for Supercomputing, and provide both the European Tier 0 level of HPC and the German national Tier 1 level. A number of medium-sized centers are also organized in the Gauss Alliance.

The Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) and the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing jointly owned the JUGENE computer at the Forschungszentrum Jülich in North Rhine-Westphalia. JUGENE was based on IBM's Blue Gene/P architecture, and in June 2011 was ranked the 12th fastest computer in the world by TOP500.[27] It was replaced by the Blue Gene/Q system JUQUEEN on 31 July 2012.[28]

The Leibniz-Rechenzentrum, a supercomputing center in Munich, houses the SuperMUC system, which began operations in 2012 at a processing speed of 3 petaflops. This was, at the time it entered service, the fastest supercomputer in Europe. The High Performance Computing Center in Stuttgart fastest computing system is Hawk with a peak performance of 26 petaflops [29] replacing Hazel Hen with a peak performance of more than 7.4 petaflops.As of November 2015 Hazel Hen, which is based on Cray XC40 technology, was ranked the 8th fastest system worldwide.[30]

Greece

Greece's main supercomputing institution is GRNET SA, a Greek state-owned company that is supervised by the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs. GRNET's high-performance computing system is called ARIS (Advanced Research Information System) and during its introduction to the TOP500 list, in June 2015, it got the 467th place.[31] ARIS infrastructure consists of four computing systems islets: thin nodes, fat nodes, GPU nodes and Phi Nodes. GRNET is the Greek member in the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe[32] and ARIS is a Tier-1 PRACE node.

Ireland

The Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) is the national supercomputing centre and operates the "Kay" supercomputer, commissioned in August 2018. The system, which was provided by Intel, consists of a cluster of 336 high-performance servers with 13,440 CPU (Central Processing Unit) cores and 64 terabytes of memory for general purpose computations. Additional components aimed at more specialised requirements include 6 large memory nodes with 1.5 terabytes of memory per server, plus 32 accelerator nodes divided between Intel Xeon Phi and NVidia V100 GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). The network linking all of these components together is Intel's 100Gbit/s Omnipath technology and DataDirect Networks are providing 1 petabyte of high-performance storage over a parallel file system. Penguin Computing has integrated this hardware and provided the software management and user interface layers.[33]

Italy

The main supercomputing institution in Italy is CINECA, a consortium of many universities and research institutions scattered throughout the country. As of 2017, the highest CINECA supercomputer in the TOP500 list (14th place) is Marconi, an Intel Xeon computer made by Lenovo with 241,808 cores for 6,223.0 TFLOPS and 1,600 kW.[34]

Due to the involvement of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) in the main experiments taking place at CERN, Italy also hosts some of the largest nodes of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, including one Tier 1 facility and 11 Tier 2 facilities out of 151 total nodes.[35][36]

Netherlands

The European Grid Infrastructure, a continent-wide distributed computing system, is headquartered at the Science Park in Amsterdam.[37]

Norway

The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim operates the "Vilje" supercomputer, owned by NTNU and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. "Vilje" is operating at 275 teraflops.[38]

The University of Oslo operates the "Abel" supercomputer, named after the famous Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829), owned by UiO. "Abel" currently operates at 258 teraflops,[39] through over 650 nodes and over 10000 cores (CPU's), where each node typically has 64GiB of RAM.[40] It was ranked 96th in the TOP500 list in June 2012 when it was installed.[41]

Poland

Currently, since 2015, the fastest supercomputer in Poland is "Prometheus" that belongs to the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków.[42] It provides 2399 teraflops of computing power and has 10 petabytes of storage.[43] It currently holds 21st place in Europe, and was 77th in the world according to the November 2017 TOP500 list.[44]

The Polish Grid Infrastructure PL-Grid was built between 2009 and 2011 as a nationwide computing infrastructure, and will remain within the PLGrid Plus project until 2014. At the end of 2012, it provided 230 teraflops of computing power and 3,600 terabytes of storage for the Polish scientific community.

The Galera computer cluster at the Gdańsk University of Technology was ranked 299th on the TOP500 list in November 2010.[45][46] The Zeus computer cluster at the ACK Cyfronet AGH in Kraków was ranked 106th on the TOP500 list in November 2012, but had dropped to 386th by November 2015.[47]

Russia

In November 2011, the 33,072-processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow was ranked the 18th-fastest supercomputer in the world, and the third-fastest in Europe. The system was designed by T-Platforms, and used Xeon 2.93 GHz processors, Nvidia 2070 GPUs, and an Infiniband interconnect.[48] In July 2011, the Russian government announced a plan to focus on constructing larger supercomputers by 2020.[49] In September 2011, T-Platforms stated that it would deliver a water-cooled supercomputer in 2013.[50]

Since 2016, Russia has had the most powerful military supercomputer in the world with a speed of 16 petaflops, called the NDMC Supercomputer.

Slovenia

The Slovenian National Grid Initiative (NGI) provides resources to the European Grid Initiative (EGI). It is represented in the EGI Council by ARNES. ARNES manages a cluster for testing computing technology where users can also submit jobs. The cluster consists of 2300 cores and is growing.[51]

Arctur also provides computer resources on its Arctur-2 and previously Arctur-1 supercomputers to the Slovenian NGI and industry as the only privately owned HPC provider in the region.[52]

The Jožef Stefan Institute has most of the HPC installations in Slovenia. They are not however a single uniform HPC system, but several dispersed systems at separate research departments (F-1,[53] F-9[54] and R-4[55]).

Spain
The Magerit computer at the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid.

The Barcelona Supercomputing Center is located at the Technical University of Catalonia and was established in 2005.[56] The center operates the Tier-0 11.1 petaflops MareNostrum 4 supercomputer and other supercomputing facilities. This centre manages the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES). The BSC is a hosting member of the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) HPC initiative. In Galicia CESGA established in 1993, operates the FinisTerrae II, a 328 TFlops supercomputer, which will be replaced by FinisTerrae III in 2021 with 1,9 PFlops. The Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid (CeSViMa) at the Technical University of Madrid operates the 182,78 TFlops Magerit 3 supercomputer. The Spanish Supercomputing Network furthermore provides access to several supercomputers distributed across Spain.

Sweden

The National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden (NSC) is located in Linköping and operates the Triolith supercomputer which achieved 407.2 Teraflop/s on the Linpack benchmark which placed it 79th on the November 2013 TOP500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world.[57] In mid-2018 "Triolith" will be superseded by "Tetralith", which will have an estimated maximum speed of just over 4 petaflops.[58]

Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology operates the Beskow supercomputer, which consists of 53,632 processors and has achieved sustained 1.397 Petaflops/s.[59]

Switzerland
The office building of the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, with part of the computing building on the left edge of the photo.

The Swiss National Supercomputing Centre was founded in 1991 and is operated by ETH Zurich. It is based in Lugano, Ticino, and provides supercomputing services to national research institutions and Swiss universities, as well as the international CERN organisation and MeteoSchweiz, the Swiss weather service.[60] In February 2011, the center placed an order for a Cray XMT massively parallel supercomputer.[61]

The IBM Aquasar supercomputer became operational at ETH Zurich in 2010. It uses hot water cooling to achieve heat efficiency, with the computation-heated water used to heat the buildings of the university campus.[62][63]

United Kingdom

The EPCC supercomputer center was established at the University of Edinburgh in 1990.[64] The HECToR project at the University of Edinburgh provided supercomputing services using a 360-teraflop Cray XE6 system, the fastest supercomputer in the UK.[65] In 2013, HECToR was replaced by ARCHER, a Cray XC30 system.[66] The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in Reading, Berkshire, operates a 100-teraflop IBM pSeries-based system. The Met Office has a 14 PFlops computer.[67] The Atomic Weapons Establishment has two supercomputers, a 4.3 petaflop Bull Sequana X1000 supercomputer, and a 1.8 petaflop SGI IceX supercomputer.[68] Both these platforms are used for running nuclear weaponry simulations, required after the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was signed by the UK.[68]

gollark: The counter would be part of the encrypted data, so I guess the answer is "possibly yes but you would need to capture a lot of encrypted packets to do it".
gollark: Or connection.
gollark: No, you would keep one counter per client.
gollark: You can keep a counter on each side, increment it when a message is sent/received, and ignore any with the wrong value, or just send a time (encrypted) and complain if it's more than a second or so off.
gollark: Replay attacks are easy enough to deal with.

See also

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