Oxocarbon anion

In chemistry, an oxocarbon anion is a negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula C
xOn−
y for some integers x, y, and n.

2D diagram of mellitate C
12O6−
12, one of the oxocarbon anions. Black circles are carbon atoms, red circles are oxygen atoms. Each blue halo represents one half of a negative charge.

The most common oxocarbon anions are carbonate, CO2−
3, and oxalate, C
2O2−
4. There is however a large number of stable anions in this class, including several ones that have research or industrial use. There are also many unstable anions, like CO−
2 and CO−
4, that have a fleeting existence during some chemical reactions; and many hypothetical species, like CO4−
4, that have been the subject of theoretical studies but have yet to be observed.

Stable oxocarbon anions form salts with a large variety of cations. Unstable anions may persist in very rarefied gaseous state, such as in interstellar clouds. Most oxocarbon anions have corresponding moieties in organic chemistry, whose compounds are usually esters. Thus, for example, the oxalate moiety [–O–(C=O)2–O–] occurs in the ester dimethyl oxalate H3C–O–(C=O)2–O–CH3.

Distributed charges and resonances

In many oxocarbon anions each of the extra electrons responsible for the negative electric charges behaves as if it were distributed over several atoms. Some of the electron pairs responsible for the covalent bonds also behave as if they were delocalized. These phenomena are often explained as a resonance between two or more conventional molecular structures that differ on the location of those charges and bonds. The carbonate ion, for example, is considered to have an "average" of three different structures:

so that each oxygen has the same negative charge equivalent to ​2⁄3 of an electron, and each C–O bond has the same average valence of ​4⁄3. This model accounts for the observed threefold symmetry of the anion.

Similarly, in a deprotonated carboxyl group –CO–
2, each oxygen is often assumed to have a charge of −​1⁄2 and each C–O bond to have valence ​3⁄2, so the two oxygens are equivalent. The croconate anion C
5O2−
5 also has fivefold symmetry, that can be explained as the superposition of five states leading to a charge of −​2⁄5 on each oxygen. These resonances are believed to contribute to the stability of the anions.

Oxocarbon acids

An oxocarbon anion C
xOn−
y can be seen as the result of removing all protons from a corresponding acid CxHnOy. Carbonate CO2−
3, for example, can be seen as the anion of carbonic acid H2CO3. Sometimes the "acid" is actually an alcohol or other species; this is the case, for example, of acetylenediolate C
2O2−
2 that would yield acetylenediol C2H2O2. However, the anion is often more stable than the acid (as is the case for carbonate);[1] and sometimes the acid is unknown or is expected to be extremely unstable (as is the case of methanetetracarboxylate C(COO−)4).

Neutralized species

Every oxocarbon anion C
xOn−
y can be matched in principle to the electrically neutral (or oxidized) variant CxOy, an oxocarbon (oxide of carbon) with the same composition and structure except for the negative charge. As a rule, however, these neutral oxocarbons are less stable than the corresponding anions. Thus, for example, the stable carbonate anion corresponds to the extremely unstable neutral carbon trioxide CO3;[2] oxalate C
2O2−
4 correspond to the even less stable 1,2-dioxetanedione C2O4;[3] and the stable croconate anion C
5O2−
5 corresponds to the neutral cyclopentanepentone C5O5, which has been detected only in trace amounts.[4]

Reduced variants

Conversely, some oxocarbon anions can be reduced to yield other anions with the same structural formula but greater negative charge. Thus rhodizonate C
6O2−
6 can be reduced to the tetrahydroxybenzoquinone (THBQ) anion C
6O4−
6 and then to benzenehexolate C
6O6−
6.[5]

Acid anhydrides

An oxocarbon anion C
xOn−
y can also be associated with the anhydride of the corresponding acid. The latter would be another oxocarbon with formula CxOy−​n⁄2; namely, the acid minus ​n⁄2 water molecules H2O. The standard example is the connection between carbonate CO2−
3 and carbon dioxide CO2. The correspondence is not always well-defined since there may be several ways of performing this formal dehydration, including joining two or more anions to make an oligomer or polymer. Unlike neutralization, this formal dehydration sometimes yields fairly stable oxocarbons, such as mellitic anhydride C12O9 from mellitate C
12O6−
12 via mellitic acid C12H6O12[6][7][8]

Hydrogenated anions

For each oxocarbon anion C
xOn−
y there are in principle n−1 partially hydrogenated anions with formulas H
kC
xO(n−k)−
y, where k ranges from 1 to n−1. These anions are generally indicated by the prefixes "hydrogen"-, "dihydrogen"-, "trihydrogen"-, etc. Some of them, however, have special names: hydrogencarbonate HCO−
3 is commonly called bicarbonate, and hydrogenoxalate HC
2O−
4 is known as binoxalate.

The hydrogenated anions may be stable even if the fully protonated acid is not (as is the case of bicarbonate).

Extreme cases

The carbide anions, such as acetylide C2−
2 and methanide C4−, could be seen as extreme cases of oxocarbon anions C
xOn−
y, with y equal to zero. The same could be said of oxygen-only anions such as oxide O2−, superoxide O−
2, peroxide, O2−
2, and ozonide O−
3.

List of oxocarbon anions

Here is an incomplete list of the known or conjectured oxocarbon anions

Diagram Formula Name Acid Anhydride Neutralized
:CO2−
2		 carbonite HCO2H CO CO2
CO2−
3		 carbonate CH2O3 CO2 CO3
CO2−
4		 peroxocarbonate CO3 CO4
CO4−
4		 orthocarbonate C(OH)4 methanetetrol CO2 CO4
C
2O2−
2		 acetylenediolate C2H2O2 acetylenediol C2O2
C
2O2−
4		 oxalate C2H2O4 C2O3, C4O6 C2O4
C
2O2−
5		 dicarbonate C2H2O5 C2O4
C
2O2−
6		 peroxodicarbonate
C
3O2−
3		 deltate C3O(OH)2 C3O3
C
3O2−
5		 mesoxalate C3H2O5
C
4O2−
4		 acetylenedicarboxylate C4H2O4
C
4O2−
4		 squarate C4O2(OH)2 C4O4
C
4O2−
6		 dioxosuccinate C4H2O6
C
5O2−
5		 croconate C5O3(OH)2 C5O5
C
5O4−
8		 methanetetracarboxylate C5H4O8
C
6O2−
6		 rhodizonate C4O4(COH)2 C6O6
C
6O4−
6		 benzoquinonetetraolate; THBQ anion (CO)2(COH)4 THBQ C6O6
C
6O6−
6		 benzenehexolate C6(OH)6 benzenehexol C6O6
C
6O4−
8		 ethylenetetracarboxylate C6H4O8 C6O6
C
8O4−
9		 furantetracarboxylate C8H4O9
C
10O4−
10		 benzoquinonetetracarboxylate C
10H
4O
10		 C
10O
8
C
12O6−
12		 mellitate C6(COOH)6 C12O9

Several other oxocarbon anions have been detected in trace amounts, such as C
6O−
6, a singly ionized version of rhodizonate.[9]

gollark: /Linux
gollark: Unfortunately this is ridiculously niche, and I can hardly on any practical budget make my own.
gollark: Just give me a reasonably sized cuboid with a rectangular screen I can actually hold - it doesn't need to be stupidly high-res or stupidly high-refresh-rate - two cameras, a physical keyboard, user-replaceable components, a µSD card slot, a headphone jack, and a USB-C port or two. Also, a customizable GNU/Linux OS.
gollark: I think the concept of phones is good anyway. I just don't agree with current design trends. At all.
gollark: I mean, they have issues, but I think phones are generally good.Also, it's hardly him who caused it...

See also

References
  1. "Infrared and mass spectral studies of proton irradiated H2O + CO2 ice: evidence for carbonic acid", by Moore, M. H.; Khanna, R. K.
  2. DeMore W. B.; Jacobsen C. W. (1969). "Formation of carbon trioxide in the photolysis of ozone in liquid carbon dioxide". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 73 (9): 2935–2938. doi:10.1021/j100843a026.
  3. Herman F. Cordes; Herbert P. Richter; Carl A. Heller (1969). "Mass spectrometric evidence for the existence of 1,2-dioxetanedione (carbon dioxide dimer). Chemiluminescent intermediate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (25): 7209. doi:10.1021/ja01053a065.
  4. Schröder, Detlef; Schwarz, Helmut; Dua, Suresh; Blanksby, Stephen J.; Bowie, John H. (May 1999). "Mass spectrometric studies of the oxocarbons CnOn (n = 3–6)". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 188 (1–2): 17–25. Bibcode:1999IJMSp.188...17S. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14208-2.
  5. Haiyan Chen, Michel Armand, Matthieu Courty, Meng Jiang, Clare P. Grey, Franck Dolhem, Jean-Marie Tarascon, and Philippe Poizot (2009), "Lithium Salt of Tetrahydroxybenzoquinone: Toward the Development of a Sustainable Li-Ion Battery" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(25), pp. 8984–8988 doi:10.1021/ja9024897
  6. J. Liebig, F. Wöhler (1830), "Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Honigsteinsäure" Poggendorfs Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 94, Issue 2, pp.161–164. Online version accessed on 2009-07-08.
  7. Meyer H, Steiner K (1913). "Über ein neues Kohlenoxyd C12O9 (A new carbon oxide C12O9)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 46: 813–815. doi:10.1002/cber.191304601105.
  8. Hans Meyer; Karl Steiner (1913). "Über ein neues Kohlenoxyd C12O9". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 46: 813–815. doi:10.1002/cber.191304601105.
  9. Richard B. Wyrwas and Caroline Chick Jarrold (2006), "Production of C
    6    O−
    6     from Oligomerization of CO on Molybdenum Anions". J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 128 issue 42, pages 13688–13689. doi:10.1021/ja0643927
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.