Overton window

The Overton window is the range of policies politically acceptable to the mainstream population at a given time.[1] It is also known as the window of discourse. The term is named after Joseph P. Overton, who stated that an idea's political viability depends mainly on whether it falls within this range, rather than on politicians' individual preferences.[2][3] According to Overton, the window frames the range of policies that a politician can recommend without appearing too extreme to gain or keep public office given the climate of public opinion at that time.

This article is about the political concept. For the 2010 novel, see The Overton Window. For the episode of Billions, see List of Billions episodes § Season 4 (2019).

An illustration of the Overton Window, along with Treviño's degrees of acceptance

Summary

Overton described a spectrum from "more free" to "less free" with regard to government intervention, oriented vertically on an axis, to avoid comparison with the left-right political spectrum.[4] As the spectrum moves or expands, an idea at a given location may become more or less politically acceptable. After Overton's death, his Mackinac Center for Public Policy colleague Joseph Lehman further developed the idea and named it after Overton.[5]

Political commentator Joshua Treviño has postulated that the degrees of acceptance of public ideas are roughly:[6]

• Unthinkable
• Radical
• Acceptable
• Sensible
• Popular
• Policy

A new idea fills the window of what the public regards as unthinkable, causing the desired idea to shift into the window of what the public views as sensible, without its proponents necessarily having explained any benefits of the desired idea.

The Overton Window is an approach to identifying the ideas that define the spectrum of acceptability of governmental policies. Politicians can only act within the acceptable range. Shifting the Overton Window involves proponents of policies outside the window persuading the public to expand the window. Proponents of current policies, or similar ones within the window, seek to convince people that policies outside it should be deemed unacceptable. According to Lehman, who coined the term, "The most common misconception is that lawmakers themselves are in the business of shifting the Overton window. That is absolutely false. Lawmakers are actually in the business of detecting where the window is, and then moving to be in accordance with it."[7]

According to Lehman, the concept is just a description of how ideas work, not advocacy of extreme policy proposals. In an interview with the New York Times, he said, "It just explains how ideas come in and out of fashion, the same way that gravity explains why something falls to the earth. I can use gravity to drop an anvil on your head, but that would be wrong. I could also use gravity to throw you a life preserver; that would be good."[8] But since its incorporation in political discourse, others have used the concept of shifting the window to promote ideas outside it, with the intention of making fringe ideas more acceptable.[9] The "door-in-the-face" technique of persuasion is similar.

Noam Chomsky said in 1998:

The smart way to keep people passive and obedient is to strictly limit the spectrum of acceptable opinion, but allow very lively debate within that spectrum—even encourage the more critical and dissident views. That gives people the sense that there's free thinking going on, while all the time the presuppositions of the system are being reinforced by the limits put on the range of the debate.[10]

Contemporary commentators[11][12] have spun off the concept of "walking through the Overton door", to convey the easier and more timely task of advocating ideas that are becoming popular but not yet codified into law or policy.

See also

• Continuum fallacy
• Creeping normality
• Opinion corridor
• Hallin's spheres

References

1. Giridharadas, Anand (21 November 2019). "How America's Elites Lost Their Grip". Time. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
2. "Joseph P. Overton". Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
3. "A Brief Explanation of the Overton Window". Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
4. Lehman, Joseph G. (23 November 2009). "Glenn Beck Highlights Mackinac Center's "Overton Window"". Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
5. Robertson, Derek. "How an Obscure Conservative Theory Became the Trump Era's Go-to Nerd Phrase". Politico. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
6. thereisnospoon (10 May 2006). "Why the Right-Wing Gets It—and Why Dems Don't [updated]". Daily Kos. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
7. Robertson, Derek. "How an Obscure Conservative Theory Became the Trump Era's Go-to Nerd Phrase". Politico. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
8. Astor, Maggie. "How the Politically Unthinkable Can Become Mainstream". New York Times. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
9. NCrissieB (5 November 2009). "Morning Feature: Crazy Like a Fox?". Daily Kos. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
10. Chomsky, Noam (1998). The Common Good. Odonian Press.
11. Why Bernie Sanders lost and how progressives can still win (podcast). The Ezra Klein Show. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
12. The left's path to power (podcast). The Weeds. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

Further reading

• Pilgrim, Mark (23 August 2006). "W3C and the Overton window". Dive into Mark. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
• Lehman, Joseph G. (8 April 2010). "An Introduction to the Overton Window of Political Possibility". Mackinac Center for Public Policy.
• Astor, Maggie (26 February 2019). "How the Politically Unthinkable Can Become Mainstream". The New York Times.