Organic lawn management

Organic lawn management is the practice of establishing and caring for an athletic turf field or garden lawn and landscape using organic horticulture, without the use of manufactured inputs such as synthetic pesticides or artificial fertilizers. It is a component of organic land care and organic sustainable landscaping which adapt the principles and methods of sustainable gardening and organic farming to the care of lawns and gardens.[1][2]

Techniques
Rechargeable electric mulching-mower

A primary element of organic lawn management is the use of compost [3] and compost tea to reduce the need for fertilization and to encourage healthy soil that enables turf to resist pests.[4] A second element is mowing tall (3" - 4") to suppress weeds and encourage deep grass roots,[5] and leaving grass clippings and leaves on the lawn as fertilizer.[6]

Additionally, fertilize in the fall, not the spring.[7] Organic lawns often benefits from over seeding, slice seeding[8] and aeration more frequently due to the importance of a strong root system. Well-maintained organic lawns are often drought-tolerant. If a lawn does need watering it should be done infrequently but deeply.[9]

Other organic techniques for caring for a lawn include irrigation only when the lawn shows signs of drought stress and then watering deeply - minimizing needless water consumption. Using low volume sprinklers provides more penetration without runoff. Lawnmowers with a mulching function can useful in reducing fertilizer use by allowing grass clippings and leaves that are cut so minutely that they can settle into the grass inconspicuously to decompose into the soil.

Organic pesticides

Organic land managers may use registered pesticides approved under the National Organic Program in their lawn care programs. These pesticides are generally derived from natural materials and are minimally-processed.[10] Alternatives include the use of beneficial insects and natural predators such as nematodes to prevent infestation of lawns with pests such as crane fly larvae and ants. Pesticides are not always used in organic lawn care because proper organic care can keep pest populations below action thresholds, such as preventing fungal infections using physical maintenance techniques such as effective mowing and raking.

Organic fertilizers

Synthetic (inorganic based) fertilizers are made in chemical processes, some of which use fossil fuels and contribute to global warming. They also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen entering the global nitrogen cycle which has a serious negative impact on the organization and functioning of the world's ecosystems, including accelerating the loss of biological diversity and decline of coastal marine ecosystems and fisheries.[11] Nitrogen fertilizer releases N2O, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere after application.[12] Organic fertilizer nitrogen content is typically lower than synthetic fertilizer.[13][14]

Biodiversity

Organic lawns contribute to biodiversity, by definition, when they contain more than one or two grass species. Examples of additional lawn and grasslike species that can be encouraged in organic lawns include dozens of grass species (eight for ryegrass alone, sedges, mosses, clover, vetches, trefoils, yarrow, ground cover alternatives, and other mowable plants[15]).[16] Biodiversity increases the functioning and stress tolerance of ecosystems.[17] Lack of biodiversity is a significant environmental issue brought up by the use of lawns[18] with grassroots groups emerging to promote this method of lawn care.[19] Certain low-growing grass species can also eliminate the need for mowing, thus also being environmentally friendly.[20] Clover is often mixed with grasses for its ability to fix nitrogen into the soil and fertilize the lawn.[21]

Locations with organic lawns

Highgrove House estate, Gloucestershire, England - In 1996, Prince Charles had transitioned the Highgrove House estate's farm and gardens to organic management. [22]

Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA - In 2009, the New York Times reported on Harvard University's decision to use organic management on all their grounds, which was championed by President Drew Gilpin Faust and implemented by landscape director Wayne Carbone. The New York Times noted: "Thanks to these efforts, the university has reduced the use of irrigation by 30 percent, according to Mr. Carbone, thus saving two million gallons of water a year. And the 40-year-old orchards at Elmwood, which have been treated with compost tea, are recovering from leaf spot and apple scab, two ailments that had afflicted them."[23]

Ogunquit, Maine, USA - In 2014, Bill and Judy Baker and other residents convinced the Ogunquit Town Council to pass a strict pesticide ban requiring organic land care on both public and private property.[24][25]

Montgomery County, Maryland, USA - In 2015, Julie Taddeo, founder of Safe Grow Montgomery, and county councilor Tom Hucker (D-District 5) campaigned to get Montgomery County, Maryland to adopt a pesticide ban that required organic lawn management throughout the county on both public and private property. The ban was challenged in court by local lawn care companies and pesticide industry lobbying group Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment (RISE). In 2017, the ban was overturned by a Circuit Court, and the ruling was appealed. In 2019, a Maryland appeals court upheld the ban.[26]

Irvine, California, USA - In 2016, Nontoxic Irvine led by Laurie Thompson, Ayn Craciun, Kathleen Hallal, Kim Konte and Bob Johnson with help from City Councilor Christina Shea convinced the City Council to adopt an organic ordinance requiring organic land care on all city property.[27]

Carlsbad, California, USA - In 2017, Nontoxic Carlsbad campaigned to get the city to adopt an ordinance requiring organic land care on all city property.[28]

Portland, Maine, USA - In 2018, Portland Protectors led by Avery Yale Kamila and Maggie Knowles convinced the Portland City Council to adopt an organic ordinance requiring organic land care on all public and private property.[29]

Gardens of Vatican City, Rome, Italy - In 2019, Rafael Tornini, head of the Garden and Environment Service of the Vatican, announced the 37 acre Gardens of Vatican City had been transitioning to organic management since 2017.[30]

Books
  • "NOFA Standards for Organic Land Care 6th Edition Practices for the Design and Maintenance of Ecological Landscapes[31]," Michael Almstead, Dr. Jamie Banks, et. al, contributors. Northeast Organic Farming Association of Connecticut, Inc. 2017.
  • "The Organic Lawn Manual For Turf Professionals and Landscapers," by Tom Pote. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2018.
  • "Definitive Guide to Organic Lawn Care," by Daniel Stover. Independently published. 2018.
  • "The Organic Lawn Care Manual: A Natural, Low-Maintenance System for a Beautiful, Safe Lawn," by Paul Tukey. Storey Publishing, LLC. 2007.,
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See also

References
  1. Pandolfi, Keith (2007-05-14). "Tips for a Lush, Organic Lawn". This Old House. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  2. A model for sustainable landscaping practices.
  3. U.S. EPA Composting
  4. Organic Landscaping at Harvard University
  5. University of Minnesota Sustainable Urban Landscape Mowing Practices
  6. MassDEP Don't Trash Grass
  7. Cornell University, Lawn Care Without Pesticides
  8. Slice Seeding for Organic Lawn Stimulation
  9. "Organic Lawn Care" (PDF). Molloy College. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  10. White, Adrian (2019-08-02). "Natural Lawn Pesticides That Work (Hint: They're Not Homemade Recipes)". Lawnstarter. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  11. U.S. EPA The Global Nitrogen Cycle
  12. Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf, Amy Townsend-Small1 and Claudia I. Czimczik1, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37, L02707
  13. Arizona Cooperative Extension Organic Fertilizers
  14. "Organic vs. Chemical Lawn Care". Lawn Bros. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  15. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
  16. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Low-Maintenance Lawns
  17. Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
  18. Organic Lawn Care Movement Developing Across the U.S.
  19. Northeast Organic Farming Association Organic Land Care Program
  20. "Organic Lawn Care Management". Green Solutions. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  21. "Benefits of a Clover Lawn". CloverLawn.org. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  22. Aslet, Clive (2018-11-12). "Inside the private world of Prince Charles: What's life really like for our future king?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  23. Raver, Anne (2009-09-23). "The Grass Is Greener at Harvard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  24. Wright, Virginia M. (2015-03-11). "Ogunquit Leads the Way". Down East. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  25. Idlebrook, Craig (2015-03-16). "Ogunquit lawns go organic". Working Waterfront. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  26. Barrios, Jennifer (May 3, 2019). "Appeals court finds Montgomery County pesticide ban doesn't clash with state law". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  27. D, Kelsen (July 6, 2016). "HOW IRVINE BECAME SOCAL'S FIRST NON-TOXIC CITY". Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  28. Diehl, Phil (2017-12-27). "Carlsbad adopts organic pesticide policy". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  29. Billings, Randy (2018-01-04). "Portland's tough new ban on synthetic pesticides allows few exceptions". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  30. Caldwell, Zelda (2019-08-02). "The Vatican Gardens are going "green"". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  31. Michael Almstead, Dr. Jamie Banks, et. al, contributors (2017). The NOFA Standards for Organic Land Care, 6th Edition. Northeast Organic Farming Association of Connecticut, Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-58435-4.
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