Oka (river)

The Oka (Russian: Ока́, IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga. Its length is 1,500 km (930 mi) and its catchment area is 245,000 km2 (95,000 sq mi).[1] The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva.

This article is about a river in western Russia. For the river in Siberia with the same name, see Oka (Angara). For other uses, see Oka.
Oka
The Oka riverbank in Nizhny Novgorod
Map of the Volga watershed with the Oka highlighted
Native nameОка́
Location
CountryRussia
CitiesOryol, Kaluga, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Ryazan, Murom, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationOryol Oblast
 • coordinates52°21′45″N 36°13′20″E
 • elevation226 m (741 ft)
MouthVolga
 • location
Nizhny Novgorod
 • coordinates
56°19′55″N 43°58′53″E
 • elevation
67 m (220 ft)
Length1,500 km (930 mi)
Basin size245,000 km2 (95,000 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average1,260 m3/s (44,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
ProgressionVolga→ Caspian Sea

Name and history

The Oka river was the homeland of the Eastern Slavic Vyatichi tribe.[2] By the 5th century the land around the Oka river was inhabited by different Slavic tribes.[3] The Baltic tribe of Galindians also lived in the western part of the Oka basin.[4] Turkic tribes also inhabited the Oka area. The Oka river was also inhabited by Vikings and other peoples from Scandinavia. Artifacts of Scandinavian origin were found along the Oka - Volga route.[5][6] There is no consensus opinion where the name Oka originated from.

From the Mongol conquest until about 1633, the Oka was the last line of defense against steppe raiders. Later Zasechnaya cherta, a chain of fortification lines, was created to protect Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Tsardom of Russia from the Crimean-Nogai Raids. It was south of the original line along the Oka.

The river gave its name to the Upper Oka Principalities, situated upstream from Tarusa. In 1221 Grand Duke Yuri II of Vladimir founded Nizhny Novgorod, later to become one of largest Russian cities, to protect the Oka's confluence with the Volga. The Qasim Khanate, a Muslim polity, occupied the middle reaches of the Oka (around the city of Kasimov) in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Before the construction of the railways in the mid-19th century and the building of the Moscow Canal in the 1930s, the Oka, along with its tributary Moskva, served as an important transportation route connecting Moscow with the Volga. Due to the Oka's and Moskva's meandering courses, travel was not particularly fast: for example, it took Cornelis de Bruijn around 10 days to sail from Moscow down these two rivers to Nizhny Novgorod in 1703.[7] Traveling upstream may have been even slower, as the boats had to be pulled by burlaks.[8]

Landmarks

The banks of the river are dotted with historical and cultural sites, including the medieval monasteries of Murom, the mosques and minarets of Kasimov, the fortified kremlins of Kolomna and Serpukhov, the memorial houses of Vasily Polenov and Sergey Yesenin, the excavated ruins of Old Ryazan and the Oka Shukhov Tower.

The Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve lies along the left bank of the river opposite the town of Pushchino and is known for its wisent breeding nursery.

Main tributaries
The Oka in Ryazan Oblast, near Rybnoye

The largest tributaries of the Oka are, from source to mouth:[1]

Cities and towns on the Oka
Nizhny Novgorod
Murom
Kasimov
Ryazan
Kolomna
Serpukhov
Kaluga
Belyov
Oryol
MOSCOW
Cities on the Oka

In culture

The Oka appears as the title and main theme in a popular, nostalgia filled song (in which it is compared to the Vistula river in Poland) of the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division which was formed nearby in 1943. The unit fought all the way to Berlin alongside the Red Army. It was written by Leon Pasternak.

gollark: There is also the "secondary processor exemption" thing, which caused the Librem people to waste a lot of time on having a spare processor on their SoC load a blob into the SoC memory controller from some not-user-accessible flash rather than just using the main CPU cores. This does not improve security because you still have the blob running with, you know, full control of RAM, yet RYF certification requires solutions like this.
gollark: It would be freer™, in my opinion, to have all the firmware distributed sanely via a package manager, and for the firmware to be controllable by users, than to have it entirely hidden away.
gollark: So you can have proprietary firmware for an Ethernet controller or bee apifier or whatever, but it's only okay if you deliberately stop the user from being able to read/write it.
gollark: No, it's how they're okay with things having proprietary firmware *but only if the user cannot interact with it*.
gollark: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.html

References
  1. «Река Ока», Russian State Water Registry
  2. Subtelny, Orest (2009-11-10). Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442697287.
  3. "History of Russia, the Russian Empire, in ancient times, read | we know everything - Mouzenidis Travel". Mouzenidis Travel. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  4. Tarasov, Илья Тарасов / Ilia. "Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов. Галинды // Исторический формат, № 3-4, 2017. С. 95-124". Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов. Галинды.
  5. Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (2008-10-31). The Viking World. Routledge. ISBN 9781134318254.
  6. Steinwedel, Charles (2016). Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552-1917. Indiana University Press. p. 13.
  7. Bruin, Cornelis de (1725), Voyage au Levant: c'est-à-dire, dans les principaux endroits de l'Asie Mineure, dans les isles de Chio, Rhodes, Chypre, etc., de même que dans les plus considérables villes d'Egypte, de Syrie, et Terre Sainte., 3, J.-B.-C. Bauche le fils, pp. 233–247
  8. Bruin 1725, p. 240
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