Nuralagus

Nuralagus, occasionally called the Minorcan giant lagomorph,[1] is an extinct genus of leporid. The genus contains the single species N. rex, described in 2011. It lived in the island of Menorca from the Messinian until around the middle of the Pliocene (5 to 3 million years ago). It went extinct when Majorca and Menorca were united as one island, letting the goat-like ungulate Myotragus balearicus colonize Nuralagus's habitat.

Nuralagus Temporal range: Miocene–Pliocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
From left to right, right femora of Myotragus, Nuralagus, and a modern European rabbit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Lagomorpha
Family:	Leporidae
Genus:	† Nuralagus Quintana et al., 2011
Species:	† N. rex
Binomial name
† Nuralagus rex Quintana et al., 2011

Description

Size of Nuralagus compared with a European rabbit and a person 5'9" tall.

Nuralagus rex was very different from modern rabbits. With a height of half a meter and an estimated weight of 12 kg (26 lb),[2] the species differed in size from all other noted fossils, and currently existing leporids.[3] Nuralagus rex was six times the weight of the extant European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and could weigh up to 23 kg (51 lb)[4] It had a comparatively small skull and small sensory receptors.[4] The small eyes and ears of this species are unlike those of modern rabbits. Nuralagus rex had a short stiff spine[5] which resulted in low mobility and inability to jump. Due to the absence of predators on Minorca, this rabbit experienced what has been called the “island rule”. This rule states that big animals living on an island with scarce resources tend to evolve smaller and small animals living with no predators tend to evolve larger.[1]

Habitat

So far, all of the extant fossils have been found in the northwest of Menorca.[3] N. rex appears to have lived in the scrublands of Menorca, subsisting primarily on roots and tubers.

Evolution

Restoration

Nuralagus rex entered what is now Menorca during the Messinian Salinity Crisis 5.3 million years ago. During this event, the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea connected the island to mainland Spain, letting Nuralagus's ancestor colonize the area. The subsequent Zanclean flood then returned the Mediterranean to its original sea levels, isolating Nuralagus's ancestor on Menorca.[1] Nuralagus's divergence from its ancestor corresponds to the general increase in leporid diversity found in the Pliocene. Although the time of its extinction is uncertain, it possibly coincided with the general decrease in leporid diversity found in the Holocene.[6]

There is a dearth of knowledge about the evolutionary history of Nuralagus rex in relation to other lagomorphs. However, similarities between the dental morphology of Nuralagus and Eurasian members of the extinct genus Alilepus have led to speculation that Alilepus is closely related to and, possibly, the ancestor of Nuralagus.[3][7] The theory that Alilepus gave rise to Nuralagus is apparently contradicted; Alilepus fossils found in Spain have been dated to the Quaternary period, well after Nuralagus would have been isolated on Menorca. Furthermore, Alilepus remains in areas other than Spain have been determined to be much older than Spanish specimens, implying that the genus arrived in Spain after its inception.[8] This opposes the idea that an ancestor of Alilepus living in Spain was also the ancestor of Nuralagus. On the other hand, Trischizolagus, an extinct genus of lagomorph thought to be a possible ancestor of the European rabbit, is known to have lived in Iberia between 3 and 6 million years ago, coinciding with the Messinian Crisis.[9] Therefore, it is possible that Trischizolagus is the ancestor of Nuralagus.

Nuralagus's unique traits were most likely the product of an insular environment containing no natural predators. Physical similarities between Nuralagus rex and Pentalagus furnessi (an extant insular lagomorph which until recently also did not have natural predators) despite the phylogenetic and geographical distance between the two species further supports this inference.[3]

References

1. Jennifer Vegas (March 21, 2011). "Biggest-ever bunny didn't hop, had no enemies". Discovery News. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
2. Susan Milius (2011). "The Bunny That Ruled Minorca". Science News. 179 (9): 18. doi:10.1002/scin.5591790921.
3. Quintana, Josep; Kohler, Mike; Moya-Sola, Salvador (2011). "Nuralagus rex, gen. et sp. nov., an endemic insular giant rabbit from the Neogene of Minorca". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 231–240. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550367.
4. Dell'Amore, Christine (22 March 2011). "Giant Rabbit Fossil Found: Biggest Bunny Was "Roly-Poly"". National Geographic News.
5. Kohler, Meike (7 April 2011). "Palaeontology: The giant rabbits of Minorca". Nature. 472 (7341): 9. doi:10.1038/472009c.
6. Ge, D; Wen, Z; Xia, L; Zhang, Z; Erbajeva, M (2013). "Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e59668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059668. PMC 3616043. PMID 23573205.
7. Naish, Darren. "You have your giant fossil rabbit neck all wrong". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
8. "Alilepus Dice 1931 (rabbit)". fossilworks. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
9. Alves, Paulo; Ferrad, Nuno; Hacklander, Klaus (2008). Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Berlin. ISBN 9783540724469.