Northern giant petrel

The northern giant petrel (Macronectes halli), also known as Hall's giant petrel, is a large predatory seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly, but is slightly north of, the similar southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus).

Northern giant petrel
Flying over Godthul, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Procellariidae
Genus:	Macronectes
Species:	M. halli
Binomial name
Macronectes halli Mathews, 1912[2]
Global map of eBird reports     Year-Round Range     Summer Range     Winter Range

Taxonomy

Both giant petrel species make up the genus Macronectes. They belong to the order Procellariiformes, the tube-nosed seabirds or petrels. All tube-noses have tubular nostrils, and all those in the family Procellariidae, the true petrels, have their nostrils united along the top of the bill. Procellariform birds have between seven and nine distinct horny plates for their bill, and in petrels one of these plates forms the hooked portion of their upper bill called the maxillary unguis. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[3] Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of sea water that they imbibe. It excretes a concentrated saline solution from their nostrils.[4]

Etymology

The genus Macronectes comes from the Greek makros meaning "long" or "large" and nēktēs meaning "swimmer". The name "petrel" refers to the Biblical account of Saint Peter walking on water,^{[Matt. 14:28–31]} referring to the way these birds run on top of the water as they are getting airborne.[5]

Description

Immature northern giant petrel in flight.

On Salisbury Plain, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories

Macronectes halli averages 90 cm (35 in) in length, with a range of 80 to 95 cm (31 to 37 in), possessing a wingspan of 150 to 210 cm (59 to 83 in). Size is somewhat variable and this species is broadly the same size as its southern sister species. The largest-bodied colony is in the South Georgia Islands, where 56 males averaged 4.9 kg (11 lb) and 43 females average 3.72 kg (8.2 lb).[6] The smallest-bodied are on the Chatham Islands, where 19 males averaged 3.66 kg (8.1 lb) and 21 females averaged 2.83 kg (6.2 lb).[7] Overall, weight for the species can range from 2.5 to 5.8 kg (5.5 to 12.8 lb).[6][7] Its plumage consists of grey-brown body with lighter coloured forehead, sides of face, and chin. Its bill is between 90 and 110 mm (3.5–4.3 in) long, slightly longer on average than the southern giant petrel, and is pinkish yellow with a brown tip. Its eyes are grey. The tarsus of the northern giant petrel is slightly longer on average than the southern species, but the southern has longer wings on average.[7] The juvenile Macronectes halli is entirely dark brown and lightens as it ages. It can be differentiated from Macronectes giganteus by the top of the bill, which on the southern species is green.[8]

Behavior

Feeding

A northern giant petrel picking a penguin carcass at Godthul, South Georgia

Two giant petrels eating a fur seal carcass at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia. In the rear is a brown skua.

The northern giant petrel feeds mainly on carrion (dead penguins and pinnipeds), as well as fish, krill, squid, and other cephalopods. They will follow fishing boats and cruise ships, eating any discarded fish and waste from the ships. During the breeding season, males eat more carrion than females, with the females feeding on pelagic sources. They are extremely aggressive and will kill other seabirds (mostly penguin chicks, sick or injured adult penguins and the chicks of other seabirds), even those as large as an albatross.[8]

Northern giant petrels forage in similar locations to southern giant petrels, but at different times due to the earlier breeding season of northern giant petrels. It is thought this temporal segregation in habitat-use reduces interspecific competition, whilst sexual segregation, due to females making more pelagic trips than males, reduces intraspecific competition.[9]

Breeding

Birds start breeding at an average age of ten years, and breed on islands in colonies, which they share with the southern giant petrel. They breed six weeks earlier than their counterparts.[8]

Range and habitat

M. halli is pelagic and is found throughout the Southern Ocean north of the Antarctic Convergence Zone, and north through Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and half of Australia. Over 4,500 pairs nest on islands in the South Georgia group. They also nest on some of the Chatham Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands, Macquarie Island and others. Their overall range is 82,600,000 km² (31,900,000 sq mi).[8]

Conservation

Breeding population and trends[8]

Location	Population	Date	Trend
South Georgia	4,500 pairs	2005	Increasing 30% per 20 yr
Forty-Fours	2,000 pairs	2000
Middle Sister	80–100 pairs	2000
Kerguelen Islands	1,450–1,800 pairs	1989
Crozet Islands	1,300 pairs	1989	Decreasing
Macquarie Island	1,300 pairs		Stable or increasing
Prince Edward Islands	650 pairs		Increasing
Antipodes Island	230 pairs	2003
Campbell Island	230 pairs	2000
Auckland Islands	50 pairs	2000
Total	17,000–21,000	2001	Increasing 34% per 10 yr

In a 2001 estimate, this species had between 17,000 and 21,000 mature birds. This number has been increasing over the last two decades, after being expected to decrease. The IUCN thus downgraded them from near threatened to least concern. Recent surveys have shown that most locations are increasing in numbers, except for the Crozet Islands. This is probably due to increases in fish waste, better control on longline fishing, and more carrion from fur seals.[8]

Currently, this bird is listed on CMS Appendix II and ACAP Annex 1. Future plans are to maintain surveys and counting of individuals, research movement and migration, and continue lowering the bycatch deaths by current means and if needed newer measures through CCAMLR, CMS, and FAO.[8]

Footnotes

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Macronectes halli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
2. BirdLife International (2009a)
3. Double, M. C. (2003)
4. Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
5. Gotch, A. T. (1995)
6. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
7. Carlos, C. J., & Voisin, J. F. (2008). Identifying giant petrels, Macronectes giganteus and M. halli, in the field and in the hand. Publishing Editor, 1.
8. BirdLife International (2009)
9. Granroth-Wilding, H.M.V.; Phillips, R.A. (2019). "Segregation in space and time explains the coexistence of two sympatric sub‐Antarctic petrels". Ibis. 161 (2): 101–116. doi:10.1111/ibi.12584.

References

• BirdLife International (2009). "Northern Giant-petrel - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 17 Jul 2009.
• BirdLife International (2009a). "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources" (xls). Retrieved 17 Jul 2009.
• Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
• Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
• Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
• Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.

External links

• Species factsheet by BirdLife International
• Photos by Christopher Taylor Nature Photography
• Southern and Northern Giant Petrels - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
• Northern giant petrel discussed in RNZ Critter of the Week, 7 July 2017