North Scottish Royal Garrison Artillery

The North Scottish Royal Garrison Artillery and its successors were Scottish part-time coast defence units of the British Army from 1908 to 1961. Although the unit saw no active service, it supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I.

North Scottish Royal Garrison Artillery
62nd (Scottish) Medium Regiment, RA
504th (Fife) Coast Regiment, RA
362nd (Highland) HAA Regiment, RA
Cap Badge of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
Active1908–1961
Country United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Force
RoleCoast Artillery
Part ofRoyal Garrison Artillery
Garrison/HQBroughty Ferry

Origin

When the Territorial Force (TF) was created from the old Volunteer Force under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, a new 'defended ports' artillery unit was formed with its headquarters (HQ) at Broughty Ferry in Forfarshire (modern Angus) near the City of Dundee on the north bank of the Firth of Tay. It was formed in the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) with personnel drawn from four former Volunteer units: 1st Aberdeenshire RGA, 1st Fifeshire RGA, 1st Forfarshire RGA and 1st Highland RGA. The new unit consisted of three companies, rising to four by the outbreak of World War I in 1914:[1][2][3]

North Scottish RGA

  • HQ: Broughty Ferry
  • No 1 Company: Territorial Barracks, Fonthill Road, Aberdeen
  • No 2 Company: Cromarty[4]
  • No 3 Company: Broughty Ferry[5]
  • No 4 Company, Drill Hall, Montrose[5]

World War I

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war the North Scottish RGA mobilised in Scottish Coast Defences under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel R.H. Adamson, TD.[2][3] Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies and batteries were created, releasing the 1st Line units to be sent overseas.[6]

By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent.[7]

Although complete defended ports units never left the UK, they did supply drafts of trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres to form complete new units for front line service. Two of the siege batteries formed in 1915–16 (67th and 109th) had cadres provided by the North Scottish RGA, while a number of others formed later in the Tay Defences (151st, 192nd, 231st, 254th, 267th, 283rd, 308th) may have included trained men from the unit among the recruits, although the Army Council Instructions did not specifically order this.[8]

Under Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The North Scottish RGA had six companies serving in the Aberdeen and Tay Garrison (1/1st, 1/2nd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, 2/2nd and 2/3rd) and one (2/1st Company) in the Forth Garrison, was reduced to just three (numbered 1–3), which were to be kept up to strength with Regular recruits.[9]

The Scottish Coastal Defences never saw action during the war. By April 1918 the Aberdeen and Tay defences under No 22 Coastal Fire Command (Broughty Ferry) consisted of:[10][11][12]

67th Siege Battery, RGA
Main article: 67th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery

67th Siege Battery was formed under War Office Instruction 144 of October 1915 from one company of the North Scottish RGA (TF).[13] The battery went out to the Western Front on 18 March 1916 manning four 8-inch howitzers.[14][lower-alpha 1] At this time batteries were switched between Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) as required.[17] 67th Siege Bty was with 21st HAG by the middle of June.[14][18]

8-inch Howitzer on the Somme, July 1916.

Somme

21st Heavy Artillery Group was with Fourth Army preparing for that summer's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme).[18][19] It was one of the groups assigned to XV Corps facing the Fricourt Salient, a position of considerable strength in the German line.[20][21] The bombardment programme was to extend over five days, U, V, W, X and Y, before the assault was launched on Z day. It began on 24 June, but on several days the weather was too bad for good air or ground observation and the programme was extended by two days (Y1 and Y2).[22] When the infantry launched their assault at 07.30 on Z Day (1 July), XV Corps made better progress than most other parts of the front, capturing Mametz and Fricourt. It could have pushed forward on 2 July if its neighbouring formations had not already suffered disaster, but opposition stiffened as the day went on.[23][24][25]

8-inch Howitzer under tow by a Holt tractor on the Somme, July 1916.

XV Corps continued fighting throughout the Somme Offensive, including the battles for High Wood, Delville Wood, Flers and the Transloy Ridges until the middle of October.[26] 67th Siege Bty was transferred to 3rd HAG on 2 December. It was then taken out of the line for rest on 16 January 1917.[14]

Arras

The battery joined VI Corps' Heavy Artillery in Third Army on 2 February 1917, employed in digging positions while their guns were not in action. It was assigned to 10th HAG supporting VI Corps in the forthcoming Battle of Arras. There were many more guns available for this attack and the artillery plan was much more carefully worked out than previous operations. VI Corps' attack on 9 April was relatively successful. However, the follow-up over succeeding days was less successful, the guns having to be moved forward through mud and destruction, and the later bombardments were rushed and less effective.[14][18][27][28]

Ypres
8-inch Howitzer at almost full recoil.

67th Siege Bty transferred to Fifth Army in the Ypres Salient in 19 May. It was then made up to six howitzers and was joined in by personnel from newly-arrived 318th Siege Bty.[14][18][29] On 29 June the expanded battery joined 99th HAG in Second Army as Second and Fifth Armies prepared for the forthcoming Third Ypres Offensive. Second Army's role was to provide flank support, but as the campaign bogged down it took over direction of the battle in September. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.[14][18][30][31][32]

Later war

67th Siege Bty was rested from 23 December to 15 January 1918. On 1 February 1918 the HAGs were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 67th Siege Bty remained with 62nd Brigade with Third Army until the Armistice.[14][18][17][33] Part of Third Army was engaged in the desperate fighting of the German Spring Offensive, but overall it was not obliged to retreat as far or to abandon as many heavy guns as Fifth Army further south. The German offensive had been halted on Third Army's front by 5 April.[34]

Third Army joined in the Allies' victorious Hundred Days Offensive with the Battle of Albert on 23/24 August when it swept across the old Somme battlefields.[34][35] By the end of August 62nd Bde RGA was with XVII Corps, attacking the Drocourt-Quéant Switch Line on 2 September. The advance was well-prepared by the heavy artillery and the attack was a major success[36][37]

Third Army continued its advance through the Hindenburg Line positions and across the Canal du Nord. On 8 October 62nd Bde supported XVII Corps in encircling Cambrai and compelling its evacuation by the enemy.[34][36][38] On 12 October XVII Corps probed forwards towards the River Selle. The 8th Battalion Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) went forward supported by 62nd Bde and patrols from the Queen's managed to cross the river by the one remaining girder of a blown bridge.[36][39] Third Army resumed its attack (the Battle of the Selle) on 20 October to clear the remaining area west of the Selle. No preliminary barrage was fired, the infantry attacking at 02.00 under a full moon to achieve surprise, supported by 62nd Bde.[36][40][41]

The last set-piece attack was the Battle of the Sambre. Zero hour for Third Army was 05.30 on 4 November, and XVII Corps attacked with complete success – some units advancing beyond their objectives – supported by 62nd Bde and many other guns, some of which had to move forward during the morning to bring down fire on the further objectives in the afternoon.[42][43]

By now the offensive had turned into a pursuit, and many of the heavy batteries had to be left behind. Fighting was ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany. Demobilisation began early in 1919 and war-formed units were progressively disbanded by the middle of the year.

109th Siege Battery, RGA
Crew positioning a 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer.

109th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed at Dover on 14 February 1916. A cadre of three officers and 78 other ranks (the establishment of a TF RGA company) was sent from the North Scottish RGA to form the basis of the new battery. Although the Army Council Instruction specified that the establishment of this batch of new batteries would be those for 6-inch guns, 8-inch or 9.2-inch howitzers, when 109th Siege Bty went overseas it was equipped with four 6-inch howitzers. It was apparently never raised to the 6-gun establishment that most batteries achieved in 1917.[14][44]

6-inch howitzer being moved through mud on the Western Front.

The battery went out to the Western Front on 7 June 1916 and joined 30th HAG with Fourth Army in time for the Battle of the Somme. It moved to 57th HAG on 15 February 1917, then when 57th moved to First Army, 109th Siege Bty moved to 62nd HAG and remained with Fourth Army. At this time, Fourth Army was following the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) and gun sites and ammunition dumps had to be laboriously relocated. Later, Fourth Army spent the summer months on the Flanders coast, waiting to cooperate with a breakthrough at the Ypres Salient that never came. 109th Siege Bty moved to 28th HAG on 19 May, to 27th HAG on 30 June, 44th (South African) HAG on 8 August, then to 81st HAG (Fifth Army) on 29 September and then to 72nd HAG with Third Army. 72nd HAG moved to Second Army in the Ypres Salient on 9 November, but the Third Ypres Offensive was just petering out, and soon afterwards Second Army HQ moved to the Italian Front and Fourth Army HQ took over. 109th Siege Bty moved to 47th HAG on 18 December and remained with it (as 47th Brigade, RGA, from 1 February 1918) until the Armistice.[14][18][19][30]

47th Brigade, RGA, was defined as an '8-inch Howitzer' brigade, but that was the largest equipment; three out of its four batteries, including 109th, were armed with 6-inch howitzers.[18][17][33] 47th Brigade was transferred from Fourth to Fifth Army on 14 March 1918, and was therefore caught up in the German Spring Offensive and the 'Great Retreat'. It moved back to Fourth Army's command on 1 May.[18]

The battery took part in Fourth Army's advances during the Hundred Days Offensive. By the Battle of the Selle on 17 October the 6-inch howitzer batteries of 47th Bde were supporting XIII Corps, with vigorous CB work and concentrations on important localities.[45][46][47] XIII Corps' follow-up attack on 23 October was accompanied by equally powerful support, even though poor weather on the preceding days limited air observation and spotting of enemy batteries.[45][48][49]

XIII Corps halted its pursuit on 9 November and only light forces maintained touch with the retreating Germans until the Armistice.[45] 109th Siege Battery was disbanded after the end of the war.

Interwar

The North Scottish RGA was placed in suspended animation in 1919 and reformed in 1920. The following year the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) and the unit was renamed as the North Scottish Coast Brigade, RGA; 'Coast Brigade' was changed to 'Heavy Brigade' when the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1924. The reformed unit had its HQ and 174 Heavy Bty at Queen Street, Broughty Ferry, and 173 Heavy Bty at Fonthill Barracks, Aberdeen, later at Wellington Street, Montrose. It formed part of the coast defence troops in 51st (Highland) Divisional Area.[1][2][50]

62nd (Scottish) Medium Brigade, RA

In 1934, the unit was converted to the role of mobile medium artillery for service in the field, as 62nd (Scottish) Medium Brigade, RA ('Regiment' being substituted for 'Brigade' in 1938). It was joined by 160 Bty from the Forth Coast Bde at Edinburgh and 172 Bty from the Clyde Coast Bde at Helensburgh.[1][2][51]

  • HQ: The Castle, Broughty Ferry
  • 160 (Forth) Medium Bty: Easter Road Barracks, Edinburgh
  • 172 (Clyde) Medium Bty (Howitzers): Drill Hall, Helensburgh
  • 173 (North Scottish) Medium Bty (Howitzers): Queen Street, Broughty Ferry
  • 174 (North Scottish) Medium Bty (Howitzers): Fonthill Barracks, Aberdeen

At this time medium brigades consisted of one battery of six 60-pounder guns and three of six 6-inch howitzers, all of World War I vintage but which by 1937 had been modernised with pneumatic tyres.[52]

Fife Heavy Regiment, RA

The TA underwent expansion and reorganisation after the Munich Crisis of 1938. In the case of 62nd Med Rgt, 160 Bty returned to the Forth Coast (now Heavy) Regiment, 172 Bty was disbanded, and 174 Bty transferred to 56th (Highland) Med Rgt. Then, just before the outbreak of war in 1939, the Regimental HQ and remaining 173 Bty of 62nd Med Regiment were joined by 163 Bty at Hunter Street, Kirkcaldy, from the Forth Heavy Rgt and re-converted to the coast defence role as the Fife Heavy Regiment, RA. Regimental HQ moved across the Tay to Kirkcaldy in Fifeshire.[1][2][53]

A 1927 report on coastal defences by the Committee of Imperial Defence had made recommendations for the defence of 15 'Class A' home ports, including the Firth of Forth (Scheme 7), but little was done to modernise them before the outbreak of World War II. Defences for the Tay were considered in 1930, but Dundee was designated a 'Class C' port and by 1939 was being considered for removal from the list.[54][55]

World War II

The TA's coast defences were mobilised on the outbreak of war in September 1939. After the Dunkirk evacuation a crash programme of coastal defence works was initiated against the invasion threat.[55] The coastal artillery regiments were reorganised again in July 1940, and the Fife Heavy Regiment in the Forth Defences was split into two:[53][56]

Mk VII 6-inch gun in typical coast defence emplacement, preserved at Newhaven Fort.
  • 504th (Fife) Coast Rgt
  • 507th (Fife) Coast Rgt

At their height in September 1941, the coastal defences of the Forth comprised the following guns:[55][57]

(At the same time, Dundee had 4 x 6-inch and Montrose had 2 x 6-inch. The Broughty Ferry guns were manned by 503rd (Forth) Coast Rgt and by the local Home Guard.[12])

However, as the invasion threat receded, these defences were seen as absorbing excessive manpower. In 1942 507th Coast Rgt was placed in suspended animation; RHQ of 504th Coast Rgt moved to Inchcolm in the Firth of Forth.[53][56]

By 1944, serious naval attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted and the War Office began disbanding surplus coastal units and redeploying their personnel. 504th (Fife) Coast Rgt was also placed in suspended animation at this time.[53][56]

Postwar

When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the two coast artillery units amalgamated again as 362nd Medium Regiment with RHQ at Montrose. The new unit was in 84 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA).[1][53][58][59][60] When 84 AGRA was disbanded in 1950, the regiment reorganised as 362nd (Highland) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment.[1] This was short-lived, and in 1952 the regiment amalgamated with 886 Locating Bty as 862 Locating Bty with Battery HQ at Dundee.[1][61][62]

There were further cuts to the TA in 1961 when the battery amalgamated with 275 and 276 (Highland) Field Rgts as 400 (Highland) (Aberdeen/Angus) Field Regiment, with 862 Bty forming Q (Arbroath/Montrose) Battery. After further mergers, the regiment was disbanded in 1975, but since 1986 105 (Scottish) Air Defence Rgt has been the designated successor unit.[1][63]

Honorary Colonels

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[2]

  • Col J. Davidson, appointed 8 December 1913
  • Lt-Col R.H. Adamson, CBE, TD, former CO, appointed 8 February 1922
  • Col J.Y.H. Ridout, DSO, appointed 24 March 1937

Footnotes
  1. At this stage of the war the 8-inch howitzers in use (Marks I–V) were improvised from cut-down and bored-out barrels of 6-inch coast defence guns, with the recoil checked by enormous wooden wedges.[15][16]

Notes
  1. Litchfield, p. 275.
  2. Monthly Army List, various dates.
  3. Conrad, 1914.
  4. Cromarty at Great War Centenary Drill Halls.
  5. Angus at Great War Centenary Drill Halls.
  6. Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.
  7. WO Instruction No 248 of October 1914.
  8. Army Council Instructions, 1915–1916.
  9. Army Council Instructions, April 1917.
  10. Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, Annexes 4 & 7.
  11. Castle Green Battery at Canmore.
  12. Dundee and the Tay in the Second World War.
  13. WO Instructions October 1915.
  14. 'Allocation of Siege Batteries RGA', TNA file WO 95/5494/4.
  15. Edmonds, 1916, Vol I, p. 301.
  16. Farndale, Western Front, p. 130.
  17. Farndale, Western Front, Annex E.
  18. 'Headquarters Heavy Artillery Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1.
  19. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 102–5.
  20. Edmonds, 1916, Vol I, pp. 346–7.
  21. Farr, pp. 84–6.
  22. Edmonds, 1916, Vol I, pp. 299–300, 304–5.
  23. Edmonds, 1916, Vol I, pp. 347–68.
  24. Farr, pp. 86–91.
  25. Farrar-Hockley, pp. 147–52.
  26. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 225–8.
  27. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 171–3.
  28. Farndale, Western Front, pp. 164–74.
  29. Army Council Instruction 2379 of 20 December 1916.
  30. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 82–9.
  31. Farndale, Western Front, pp. 211–13.
  32. Wolff, pp. 223–35, 249–51.
  33. Farndale, Western Front, Annex M.
  34. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 92–7.
  35. Edmonds, 1918, Vol IV, pp. 247–8.
  36. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 235–7.
  37. Edmonds, 1918, Vol IV, pp. 404–7.
  38. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, pp. 208–9.
  39. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, p. 253.
  40. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, pp. 334–6, 342–3.
  41. Farndale, Western Front, p. 309.
  42. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, pp. 486–8.
  43. Farndale, Western Front, p. 39.
  44. Army Council Instruction 387 of 21 February 1916.
  45. Becke, Pt 4, p. 213.
  46. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, pp. 295–6.
  47. Farndale, Western Front, p. 307.
  48. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, 1918, Vol V, p. 355.
  49. Farndale, Western Front, p. 312.
  50. Titles and Designations 1927.
  51. Forth Coast Rgt at Regiments.org.
  52. Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 4.
  53. Litchfield, p. 284.
  54. Collier, Chapter III.
  55. Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex B.
  56. Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex M.
  57. Collier, Appendix XIX.
  58. Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  59. Watson, TA 1947.
  60. AGRAs at British Army 1945 on.
  61. 850–870 Btys RA at British Army 1945 on.
  62. 871–895 Btys RA at British Army 1945 on.
  63. 372–413 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
gollark: I did not mean that the two things were separated, to clarify.
gollark: Flour, and because those need to be baked properly to work, which isn't a concern in this scenario.
gollark: Why does that matter? What if they're in some environment a millimeter apart through some contrived method, such that they probably will soon?
gollark: But the two separate things *could be used* to do that.
gollark: Why does it matter if they've actually fused, though?

References
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 4: The Army Council, GHQs, Armies, and Corps 1914–1918, London: HM Stationery Office, 1944/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-43-6.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol IV, 8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive, London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-28-2.
  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988, ISBN 1-870114-05-1.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
  • Don Farr, The Silent General: Horne of the First Army, Solihull, Helion, 2007, ISBN 978-1-874622-99-4.
  • Gen Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley, The Somme, London: Batsford, 1954/Pan 1966, ISBN 0-330-20162-X.
  • Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
  • War Office Instructions Issued During October 1915, London: HM Stationery Office.
  • War Office, Army Council Instructions Issued During February 1916, London: HM Stationery Office.
  • War Office, Army Council Instructions Issued During December 1916, London: HM Stationery Office.
  • War Office, Army Council Instructions Issued During April 1917, London: HM Stationery Office.
  • War Office, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).
  • Leon Wolff, In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign, London: Longmans, 1959/Corgi, 1966.
  • Lt-Col Michael Young, Army Service Corps 1902–1918, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2000, ISBN 0-85052-730-9.

External sources
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