Needles, California

Needles (Mojave: ʼAha Kuloh) is a city in eastern San Bernardino County, California, United States. It lies on the western banks of the Colorado River in the Mohave Valley subregion of the Mojave Desert, near the borders of Arizona and Nevada and roughly 110 miles (180 km) from the Las Vegas Strip. It is the easternmost city of the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area. Needles is geographically isolated from other cities in the county. Barstow, the nearest city within the county, is separated from Needles by over 140 miles of desert and 2 mountain ranges.[5] The city is accessible via Interstate 40 and U.S. Route 95. The population was 4,844 at the 2010 census, up from 4,830 at the 2000 census.

Needles, California
City in California
City sign
Location in San Bernardino County and the state of California
Coordinates: 34°50′53″N 114°36′51″W[1]
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountySan Bernardino County
IncorporatedOctober 30, 1913[2]
Government
 • City managerRick Daniels
Area
 • Total31.08 sq mi (80.49 km2)
 • Land30.58 sq mi (79.20 km2)
 • Water0.50 sq mi (1.29 km2)  1.49%
Elevation495 ft (151 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total4,844
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
4,976
 • Density162.73/sq mi (62.83/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP code
92363
Area codes442/760
FIPS code06-50734
GNIS feature IDs1652757, 2411220
Websitewww.cityofneedles.com

Needles was named after "The Needles", a group of pinnacles in the Mohave Mountains on the Arizona side of the river to the south of the city. The large Mohave Native American community shares the nearby Fort Mojave Indian Reservation and the town. Needles is a gateway to the Mojave National Preserve.

History

Needles was founded in May 1883 during the construction of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway,[6] which originally crossed the Colorado River at Eastbridge, Arizona three miles southeast of modern Needles. Its name was taken from the Needles, a group of pointed mountain peaks at the south end of the valley, visible only by boat from the Colorado River. However, the crossing was a poor site for a bridge, lacking firm banks and a solid bottom. A bridge was actually built, but it was of poor quality. Not only was it a "flimsy looking structure", but it was also an obstacle to navigation on the river. The flooding of the Colorado River destroyed the bridge three times – in 1884, 1886 and 1888. The railway finally built Red Rock Bridge, a high cantilever bridge, at a narrower point with solid rock footings ten miles downstream near today's Topock. The bridge was completed in May 1890, and the old bridge was dismantled.[7]:82

At first simply a tent town for railroad construction crews, the railway would eventually build a hotel, car sheds, shops and a roundhouse. Within only a month, Needles would have a Chinese laundry, a newsstand, a restaurant, several general stores, and about nine or ten saloons. Needles quickly became the largest port on the river above Yuma, Arizona.[7]:82 The railway and the Fred Harvey Company built the elegant Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts style El Garces Hotel and Santa Fe Station in 1908, which was considered the "crown jewel" of the entire Fred Harvey chain.[6] The landmark building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is being restored.

Needles was a major stop on the historic U.S. Route 66 highway from the 1920s through the 1960s.[8] For immigrants from the Midwest Dust Bowl in the 1930s, it was the first town that marked their arrival in California. The city is lined with motels and other shops from that era. The "Carty's Camp", which appears briefly in The Grapes of Wrath as the Joad family enters California from Arizona,[6] is now a ghost tourist court, its remains located behind the 1940s-era 66 Motel.

In 1949, the United States Bureau of Reclamation began an extensive project to dredge a new channel for the Colorado River that would straighten out a river bend that was causing serious silt problems since the Hoover Dam was completed.[9]

Needles is a tourism and recreation center.[6] The city is the eastern gateway to the Mojave National Preserve, a scenic desert area.

Geography

Climate

The city has a desert climate with a subtropical temperature range, with a mean annual temperature of 74.2 °F (23.4 °C).[10]

Needles, like Death Valley to the northwest, is known for extreme heat during the summer. The Needles weather station is frequently reported by the United States government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as the site of the highest daily temperature recorded in the U.S. during the desert summers. Needles occasionally sets national or world daily temperature records, along with other related records associated with extreme desert heat. For instance, on July 22, 2006, Needles experienced a record high low temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) at 6:00 am with a high temperature exceeding 120 °F (49 °C),[11] making it one of the few locations on Earth that have recorded a triple-digit overnight low temperature. Also, on August 13, 2012, Needles experienced a thunderstorm that deposited rain at a temperature of 115 °F (46 °C) starting at 3:56 pm, setting a new record for the hottest rain in world history. The air temperature was 118 °F (48 °C), tying Needles' record high for the date. Since the humidity was only 11%, the rain evaporated so that "only a trace of precipitation was recorded in the rain gauge". Weather records researcher Maximiliano Herrera reported that this was the lowest humidity at which rain has occurred on Earth in recorded history.[12] Later, on May 4, 2014, Needles reached a temperature of 102 °F (39 °C) with a dewpoint of −38 °F (−39 °C), for a relative humidity of 0.33%, the lowest value ever recorded on Earth.[13]

In the winter, temperatures are typically mild, with December, the coolest month, having a normal mean temperature of 52.9 °F (11.6 °C). The hottest month, July, has a normal mean temperature of 96.6 °F (35.9 °C).[14] On average, there are 119 days annually with a maximum of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or higher, 175 days with a maximum of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher, and 2.7 days with a minimum of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower.[14] Official record temperatures range from 18 °F (−8 °C) on January 22, 1937 to 125 °F (52 °C), last recorded on June 20, 2017.[14][15]

Annual normal rainfall is 4.62 in (117 mm), and there is an annual normal of 24 days with measurable precipitation.[16] The wettest year was 1939 with 13.33 in (339 mm) of rainfall and the driest year was 2006 with 0.70 in (18 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 7.61 in (193 mm) in September 1939.[14] The most rainfall in a calendar day was 3.49 in (89 mm) on August 19, 1906.[14] Snowfall is very rare in Needles, with the only month recording measurable snowfall being January 1949, when 15.2 in (38.6 cm) of snow fell, including 12.2 in (31.0 cm) inches on January 12, 1949.[14][10] The city is also known for moderate to locally severe thunderstorms during the monsoon season as well as humid conditions.

Needles is served by the National Weather Service's NOAA Weather Radio operating on 162.50 MHz from the Las Vegas National Weather Service.

Climate data for Needles Airport, California (1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 1] extremes 1888–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 85
(29)		 92
(33)		 99
(37)		 107
(42)		 118
(48)		 125
(52)		 125
(52)		 123
(51)		 120
(49)		 112
(44)		 92
(33)		 83
(28)		 125
(52)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 74.4
(23.6)		 81.2
(27.3)		 90.3
(32.4)		 99.4
(37.4)		 107.3
(41.8)		 114.3
(45.7)		 117.6
(47.6)		 115.6
(46.4)		 110.6
(43.7)		 100.3
(37.9)		 85.8
(29.9)		 73.7
(23.2)		 118.7
(48.2)
Average high °F (°C) 65.0
(18.3)		 69.8
(21.0)		 77.2
(25.1)		 85.2
(29.6)		 95.0
(35.0)		 104.2
(40.1)		 108.8
(42.7)		 106.9
(41.6)		 100.4
(38.0)		 87.5
(30.8)		 73.4
(23.0)		 63.3
(17.4)		 86.5
(30.3)
Average low °F (°C) 43.5
(6.4)		 46.7
(8.2)		 51.5
(10.8)		 58.6
(14.8)		 68.3
(20.2)		 77.2
(25.1)		 84.3
(29.1)		 82.8
(28.2)		 74.5
(23.6)		 62.0
(16.7)		 50.3
(10.2)		 42.5
(5.8)		 61.9
(16.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 33.6
(0.9)		 35.8
(2.1)		 40.1
(4.5)		 47.8
(8.8)		 55.6
(13.1)		 64.7
(18.2)		 75.0
(23.9)		 73.3
(22.9)		 63.5
(17.5)		 50.4
(10.2)		 38.3
(3.5)		 32.4
(0.2)		 30.6
(−0.8)
Record low °F (°C) 18
(−8)		 22
(−6)		 29
(−2)		 33
(1)		 39
(4)		 46
(8)		 57
(14)		 60
(16)		 40
(4)		 34
(1)		 25
(−4)		 20
(−7)		 18
(−8)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 0.72
(18)		 0.78
(20)		 0.54
(14)		 0.22
(5.6)		 0.09
(2.3)		 0.03
(0.76)		 0.16
(4.1)		 0.48
(12)		 0.43
(11)		 0.26
(6.6)		 0.40
(10)		 0.51
(13)		 4.62
(117)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 3.5 3.6 3.3 1.4 0.7 0.3 1.6 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.1 24.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 248 254.3 310 360 403 420 403 372 330 310 240 248 3,898.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8 9 10 12 13 14 13 12 11 10 8 8 11
Percent possible sunshine 79 82 83 92 93 97 92 90 89 88 78 81 87
Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 10 8 5 4 2 7
Source 1: NOAA,[14][16] WRCC[17]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (sun and uv)[18]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
19202,807—
19303,14412.0%
19403,62415.3%
19504,05111.8%
19604,59013.3%
19704,051−11.7%
19804,1201.7%
19905,19126.0%
20004,830−7.0%
20104,8440.3%
Est. 20194,976[4]2.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[19]

2000

As of the census[20] of 2000, there were 4,830 people, 1,940 households, and 1,268 families residing in the city. The estimated population in July 2006: 5,330 (+10.4% change).[21] The population density was 162.3 per square mile (62.6/km2). There were 2,551 housing units at an average density of 85.7 per square mile (33.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.9% White, 1.6% African American, 7.0% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.4% from other races, and 5.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.4% of the population.

There were 1,940 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 3.0.

In the city, the population was spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,108, and the median income for a family was $33,264. Males had a median income of $39,688 versus $19,483 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,156. About 21.2% of families and 26.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.2% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

Major employment in the city is supported by the BNSF Railway (formerly the Santa Fe Railroad). The depot has been a terminal (crew change point) for the railway since the late 19th century. The railroad company has been the city's main employment source for over a century.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.2 square miles (78 km2). 29.8 square miles (77 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (1.36%) is water.

The once smaller nearby communities of Bullhead City, Arizona, Lake Havasu City, Arizona, and Laughlin, Nevada have in recent years become larger communities than Needles.

The El Garces Hotel, a Harvey House, undergoing restoration in 2007

2010

The 2010 United States Census[22] reported that Needles had a population of 4,844. The population density was 154.9 people per square mile (59.8/km2). The racial makeup of Needles was 3,669 (75.7%) White (65.4% Non-Hispanic White),[23] 95 (2.0%) African American, 399 (8.2%) Native American, 35 (0.7%) Asian, 9 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 323 (6.7%) from other races, and 314 (6.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,083 persons (22.4%).

The Census reported that 4,839 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 5 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 1,918 households, out of which 650 (33.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 712 (37.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 331 (17.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 159 (8.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 186 (9.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 6 (0.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 588 households (30.7%) were made up of individuals and 238 (12.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52. There were 1,202 families (62.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.12.

The population was spread out with 1,283 people (26.5%) under the age of 18, 401 people (8.3%) aged 18 to 24, 1,038 people (21.4%) aged 25 to 44, 1,357 people (28.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 765 people (15.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

There were 2,895 housing units at an average density of 92.6 per square mile (35.7/km2), of which 1,015 (52.9%) were owner-occupied, and 903 (47.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 17.2%. 2,578 people (53.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,261 people (46.7%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Needles had a median household income of $29,613, with 28.8% of the population living below the poverty line.[24]

Government

The City of Needles was incorporated on October 30, 1913.[2] It is a charter city, led by an elected mayor and a city council with six elected members. Mayors serve two-year terms of office, and councilmembers serve four-year terms. The council designates a vice mayor from among its members.[25] The city council also appoints a city manager who is responsible for the operation of city departments. As of January 2020, the current city manager is Rick Daniels.[26]

State and federal representation

In the California State Legislature, Needles is in the 16th Senate District, represented by Republican Shannon Grove, and in the 33rd Assembly District, represented by Republican Jay Obernolte.[27]

In the United States House of Representatives, Needles is in California's 8th congressional district, represented by Republican Paul Cook.[28]

Politics

The March 9, 2009 voter registration tally for the city is as follows:

Proposals for secession

In 2008, claiming the county had been unwilling to help keep the city's troubled hospital open as a full-service medical facility, the city considered seceding from California and becoming part of neighboring Nevada, only a few miles away. The options of attaching itself to the state of Arizona or even forming a new county were also considered.[30] Proposals to change states would require approval from the United States Congress and both state legislatures.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Interstate 40, known locally as the Needles Freeway, is the major highway through Needles, connecting Barstow to the west and Arizona to the east. U.S. Route 95 also enters the city from the east on former Route 66 as a concurrency with the I-40 freeway, then splits with the Interstate west of the city, and heads north to Nevada. The Colorado River Bridge connects Needles directly with Mohave County, Arizona, and Arizona State Route 95.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service to Needles station, operating its Southwest Chief between Chicago and Los Angeles. It arrives between midnight and 2 am.

Local Transit service to the Needles area is provided by Needles Area Transit.[31]

As of August 2, 2016, Victor Valley Transit Authority has service from Needles to Barstow and Victorville on Fridays. To Barstow and Victorville, the bus leaves at 6:15 and arrives at Victorville at 10:30 am. On the reverse trip, buses leave Victorville at 2:30 pm and arrives at Barstow at 7:15 pm.

Public safety
John Lorimer was the first mayor of Needles. John's son Robert Burns Lorimer established the first volunteer fire department.

On July 1, 2016, San Bernardino County Fire Department annexed the City of Needles.[32] Fire Station 32 provides fire protection to the City of Needles and houses two Type 1 Engine companies, one Type 7 Engine company, one Water Tender and one 28 foot fireboat. The station is staffed full-time with career firefighters.

Since December 1989 the City of Needles has been patrolled by the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department under the command of Captain Ross Tarangle from the Needles Patrol Station.[33]

Medical services

Colorado Medical Center was once a full service hospital but at present it's more functioning as an urgent care.[34]

Education

Needles' elementary schools and Needles High School are part of the Needles Unified School District. The school district is one of the largest in the United States in terms of area with almost 6,000 square miles (16,000 km2) in its boundaries. The district runs from Amboy to Needles, and south to Parker Dam. It has 1,158 students enrolled.[35] The local Needles schools include Katie Hohstadt Elementary School, formerly called 'D' Street School (new home of Needles Head Start, and no longer a regular public school), Vista Colorado Elementary School (grades K–5), Needles Middle School (grades 6–8), Needles High School (grades 9–12), and the Educational Training Center (grades 9–12). Needles High School, due to its distance from other California schools, is a member of the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association, along with four other similarly placed California schools: Truckee, North Tahoe, South Tahoe, and Coleville.

Needles also has two private schools: the Needles Assembly of God Christian School and the Needles Seventh-day Adventist School.

Movies

Movies using locations in Needles:[36]

In the 1993 film Suture, the town of Needles is a key element of the plot.

In the 2010 film Legion, Dennis Quaid's character mentions calling his brother in Needles

Books
  • In the comic strip Peanuts, whose creator Charles Schulz lived in Needles as a boy, Snoopy's brother Spike lived in the desert outside Needles.[6] He frequently heads to Needles to partake of the town's nightlife, often running afoul of the local coyotes.

Recordings
  • In 2004, John Lowery (John 5), former guitarist for Marilyn Manson, released his CD Vertigo, in which the first track is entitled "Needles CA."
  • The town is mentioned in the lyrics of Hoyt Axton's "Never Been To Spain"; the song was a hit for Three Dog Night in 1972 and was also performed by Elvis –

Well I never been to England, but I kinda like the Beatles. Well, I headed for Las Vegas, only made it out to Needles. Can you feel it? Must be real. It feels so good!

  • Izzy Stradlin's 1999 album Ride On includes a track entitled "Needles" about his love of visiting the town.
  • In 2009 the song "Don't Look Down" by Barnaby Bright included the following :

We pulled into a truck stop Somewhere just outside of Needles California, You asked me for ten bucks and I said “What about the last ten bucks I loaned you?”

Television
  • Needles is shown as being one of the towns passed through by two would-be assassins making their way to Los Angeles in season 2, episode 21 of Mission: Impossible (1968), which starred Will Geer, later of The Waltons, as the leader of a deep sleeper agent Soviet cell, which had also captured lead character Jim Phelps.
  • In October 2006, two students and two teachers from Needles High School were invited to Washington DC to meet with the Under Secretary of Defense, in which they spoke of the new program at Needles High School called MOCK National Security Workshop. The students were also interviewed for the nationwide, fifteen-minute television news show, Channel One News, where the episode was aired on October 25.
  • Needles was the main site of a 2009 UFO Hunters episode investigating a supposed UFO Crash.
  • Needles High School was on a School Pride television episode on November 12, 2010.
  • In the Sex and the City season 6 episode "Out of the Frying Pan", Smith Jerrod and Samantha Jones attend the movie premiere of a Gus Van Sant film called Needles, CA.
  • Route 66 (1960) "The Strengthening Angels" TV Episode
  • The Amazing Race (2001) TV Series

Other connections
  • Needles (and the surrounding area) was the scene for the hit 1988 post-apocalyptic computer RPG Wasteland.
  • Murals paying homage to U.S. 66, the celebrated "Mother Road" which passed through Needles on its way between Chicago and Los Angeles, and painted by local artist Dan Louden, have become a popular tourist attraction.[37]

Notable people
gollark: Especially if the good post-quantum ones are significantly resource-hungrier somehow.
gollark: If everyone has to switch out currently-okay cryptographic algorithms in a hurry then there will be rather more insecure systems which don't get updated fast enough.
gollark: Has Procedure 9239-J been started?
gollark: How is testing going?
gollark: Also, it's a societally-approved way (which they also partially pay for, often) to study stuff fulltime.

References
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  1. "Needles". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  2. "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  3. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  5. "City of Needles Economic Development Strategic Plan" (PDF). 2014-04-22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-10. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  6. Beyer, John R. (January 19, 2020). "Needles, a small town with a big history". Beyer's Byways. Valley Daily Press. Gannett. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  7. Richard E. Lingenfelter, Steamboats on the Colorado River, 1852–1916, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1978 Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Fry, Hannah (2019-08-01). "This California town wants to be a 2nd Amendment 'sanctuary city' for guns and ammo". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
  9. "Putting A River In Its Place" Popular Mechanics, July 1949
  10. "Needles FAA Airport, California – Climate Summary". wrcc.dri.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  11. "Needles FAA Airport, California – Daily Summary". wunderground.com. July 22, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  12. Masters, Jeff (August 15, 2012). "Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F in Needles, California".
  13. Jeff Masters (22 June 2017). "A World Record Low Humidity? 116°F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran". Weather Underground. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  14. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  15. "Summary of Great Southwest US Heat Wave of 2017". Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  16. "Station Name: CA NEEDLES AIRPORT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  17. WRCC. "Western U.S. Climate Historical Summaries Weather". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
  18. "Monthly weather forecast and climate - Needles, CA". Weather Atlas. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  19. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  20. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  21. "Needles, California (CA) Detailed Profile – relocation, real estate, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, news, sex offenders". City-data.com. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  22. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Needles city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  23. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  24. "U.S. Census website".
  25. "City CounciI". City of Needles. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  26. "City Manager's Office - CITY OF NEEDLES, CALIFORNIA (Official Municipality Site)". City of Needles. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  27. "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  28. "California's 8th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  29. "District Count Summary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  31. "SANBAG: Public Transit". Sanbag.ca.gov. 2011-07-05. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  32. "San Bernardino County Fire Department". Sbcfire.org. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  33. "San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department". wp.sbcounty.gov/sheriff/. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  34. "City of Needles". City of Needles. 2002-06-28. Archived from the original on 2012-01-02. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  35. "Needles Unified School District schools, Needles, CA: charter and public schools. Needles school district". Greatschools.net. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  36. IMDB search results for Needles
  37. "A touch of paint cheers a desert town". Latimes.com. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  38. "City of San Bernardino – Mayor's Biography". Ci.san-bernardino.ca.us. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  39. "Max Rafferty, 1917–1982, Conservative U.S. Educator and Critic: Bibliography of Writings By and About Him," CORE (Collected Original Resources in Education) , VII, No. 1 (1983), Fiche 9 C1
  40. Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Courier. pp. 725–727. ISBN 978-0-486-23368-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  41. "Poets.org". 2001-08-10.
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