Naissaar
Naissaar (German: Nargen; Swedish: Nargö) is an island northwest of Tallinn (but belonging to Viimsi Parish) in Estonia. The island covers an area of 18.6 square kilometres (7.2 square miles). It is 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) long and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) wide, and lies about 8.5 kilometres (5.3 miles) from the mainland. The highest point on the island is Kunilamägi, which is 27 metres (89 feet) above sea level. The island consists predominantly of coniferous forest and piles of stones and boulders. In 2005, the island had a population of ten; in 2011 the island had 35 or so permanent residents and some summer residents. Administratively the island is divided into three villages: Lõunaküla (Storbyn), Tagaküla (Bakbyn), and Väikeheinamaa (Lillängin).
Until the Second World War, the island's population numbered about 450 people of Estonian-Swedish origin. However, these people fled during the war. Naissaar under Soviet rule was a military area and off-limits to the public.
Although the fortifications on the island date back to Peter the Great's scheme to fortify Tallinn, the main fortifications are from the period of Russian rule before World War II. Today, the previous small houses of the Swedish villages are being restored bit-by-bit. Also being restored is a narrow gauge railway that runs from the north to the southern tip of the island.
A notable native of the island was Bernhard Schmidt, the German-Estonian optician who invented the Schmidt telescope in 1930.
Lighthouse
The island received a lighthouse in 1788, though the present lighthouse dates to 1960. It is 47 meters tall.
History
The island's name means "island of women". It is possible, therefore, that Naissaar is the island the chronicle of Adam of Bremen mentioned around 1075 under the name "Terra Feminarum". Estonian Swedish fishermen were well-established on the island by the 15th Century, and the Swedes erected a small fortress there in 1705 during the Great Northern War. After the war Estonia became part of the Russian Empire. The Tsar had a new fortress, with five bastions, built in 1720, for the defense of Tallinn and St. Petersburg.
An epic single-ship action took place off the north end of the island on 23 June [O.S. 11 June] 1808 when the 14-gun Russian cutter Opyt put up an heroic though ultimately unsuccessful fight against the British 44-gun frigate HMS Salsette.
In 1850 the island's population was 155 people and by 1858 it had grown to 188, most of whom were Estonian Swedes. Between 1853 and 1856 the inhabitants built a new chapel that was part of the Swedish parish of St. Michael in Tallinn.
In the early twentieth century, Russia began the process of a modernization of its fortifications in the Gulf of Finland. However, the outbreak of the First World War stopped the planned improvements for Naissaar. Still, in 1914 the Russians opened a narrow-gauge railway line, with a total trackage of 37.7 km.
World War I
Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar Naissaare Nõukogude Vabariik | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917–1918 | |||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||
 The island of Naissaar close to the Estonian capital of Tallinn. | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
| Capital | Obernargen (Söderby) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Russian, Swedish, Estonian | ||||||||
| Government | Soviet republic | ||||||||
| Chairman1 | |||||||||
• 1917-1918 | Stepan Petrichenko | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War I | ||||||||
• Established | 17 December 1917 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 February 1918 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1918 | 18.56 km2 (7.17 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1918 | 300 | ||||||||
| Currency | "Kerensky ruble" (Keriniki) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
1 Chairman of the "Council of People's Commissars". | |||||||||
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The Ukrainian anarcho-syndicalist Stepan Petrichenko was taken into the Russian navy in 1913 and assigned to the battleship Petropavlovsk. During the February Revolution the ship was based on Naissaar, which had been emptied of its inhabitants in 1914. The Russians built a new fort on the island during the First World War, stationing 80-90 sailors there.[1] Estonia acquired some autonomy in April 1917 by a decree of the Russian provisional government, though Estonia remained under the suzerainty of the Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolution the Bolshevik rebels suspended Estonia's provisional government, the Maapäev. A local Council of Workers and Soldiers' Ambassadors convened on Naissaar, declaring the local People's Commissar Council on 17 December, which included the Commissioner for War, Home Affairs, Labor, Finance and Health; they were later joined by an Education Commissioner. Petrichenko was elected Chairman of the Council.[2] The Council declared: "In constitutional terms, Naissaar has been designed to be an independent Soviet republic", naming it the Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar.[3]
The Council began drafting a constitution, the capital was designated the Southern Village and the anthem "The Internationale". The flag became the red-black flag of anarcho-syndicalism. It was also intended to issue its own money, but the name of the units is unknown.[2] The Soviet Republic of Naissaar was also recognized, at least de-facto, by the workers' government in mainland Estonia, who sent prisoners to the island "to fortify some of the castles, clear the railroads, carry snow and dig sand."[3]
At this point the newly formed Estonian Provisional Government appealed to the German army for assistance. The Republic fought both the Bolsheviks and the Germans alike. However, after German forces occupied the island on February 26, 1918, the Baltic fleet evacuated most of its population, moving towards Helsinki and then to Kronstadt. Thus the "soviet republic" ceased to exist.[2] The few remaining people were imprisoned in the harbor barracks, and military buildings were destroyed. However, some of the sites were rescued by a local forest ranger who disconnected wires to the explosives.[3] A week later, the Bolsheviks ceded the Baltics to the German Empire, in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Stepan Petrichenko became widely known in 1921, as the leader of the Kronstadt uprising against the Bolsheviks, after which he fled to Finland.[2]
The Estonian government executed forty Bolshevik prisoners of war here in February 1919.[4] As the result of the German revolution and capitulation of Germany in World War I,[5] the German occupiers handed over rule of Naissaar to the Estonian Provisional Government on 19 November 1918. After the Estonian Constituent Assembly met on April 23, 1919, and the first elected government of the Republic of Estonia took office, the Estonian Provisional Government resigned on May 8, 1919.[6] The island then became part of the new Estonian Republic in 1920.
Between the wars
The Estonian Republic too used Naissaar as a naval base. In 1934, 450 people lived on the island, of whom 291 were Estonians, most of whom in turn were in the Estonian army. The army of the Republic of Estonia continued to use the railway for military purposes throughout the 1930s.
World War II
The Red Army occupied Naissar in 1940, only to have the Wehrmacht displace it a few months later. The population of Swedish fishermen preferred the Germans, and when the Red Army drove the Germans out in 1944, the last of the Swedish-speaking fishermen took refuge in Sweden.
Post-war
During the period of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union established its largest factory for naval mines in the Baltic on the island. The Soviets therefore declared the island a military area and off-limits to the public. The Soviets also used the railway to connect the factory to the port.
Post-Soviet period
When the Soviets left Naissaar in early 1993, they burned the explosives in the naval mines, leaving a multitude of metal casings scattered throughout the island. Many of these were scavenged as scrap iron, but a field of mines is still visible near the wharf at Mädasadam. Another legacy of the arms industry is that the soil of the island remains contaminated by oil and heavy metals.
In 1995 Naissaar was converted into a nature reserve.
Gallery
Naissaare lighthouse
Naissaare harbour light beacon.jpg)
Omari barn
Memorial stone in cemetery
South coast of Naissaar
Naissaare Church
Citations
- "Jalutuskäik saladusliku Naissaare lõunarajal". Eesti Loodus (in Estonian). Retrieved 2007-10-24.
- "Naissaar: The Estonian "Island of Women" Once an Independent Socialist Republic". Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- "Naissaare kroonika" (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2007-10-24.: "nõukogu kuulutab saare soldatite ja kindluseehitajate sotsialistlikuks vabariigiks."
- Kasekamp, Andres (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22598-8.
- Kortmann, C.; J. Fleuren (2004). Constitutional Law of 10 EU Member States. Kluwer. ISBN 978-90-13-03468-4.
- Jackson, Battle of the Baltic, page 9
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naissaar. |
- "Jalutuskäik saladusliku Naissaare lõunarajal"
- Fortress of Naissaar
- "Naissaar, Former Soviet Navy Base"
- F.F. Raskolnikov, "Tales of Sub-Lieutenant Ilyin. A prisoner of the British"
