NSAID hypersensitivity reactions

NSAID or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity reactions encompasses a broad range of allergic or allergic-like symptoms that occur within minutes to hours after ingesting aspirin or other NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Hypersensitivity drug reactions differ from drug toxicity reactions in that drug toxicity reactions result from the pharmacological action of a drug, are dose-related, and can occur in any treated individual (see nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs section on adverse reactions for NSAID-induced toxic reactions); hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug.[1] Although the term NSAID was introduced to signal a comparatively low risk of adverse effects,[2] NSAIDs do evoke a broad range of hypersensitivity syndromes. These syndromes have recently been classified by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force on NSAIDs Hypersensitivity.[3]

Classification

The classification organizes the hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs into the following five categories:

1. NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is an acute (immediate to several hours) exacerbation of bronchoconstriction and other symptoms of asthma (see aspirin-induced asthma) in individuals with a history of asthma and/or nasal congestion, rhinorrhea or other symptoms of rhinitis and sinusitis in individuals with a history of rhinosinusitis after ingestion of various NSAIDs, particularly those that act by inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme. NERD does not appear to be due to a true allergic reaction to NSAIDs but rather at least in part to the more direct effects of these drugs to promote the production and/or release of certain mediators of allergy. That is, inhibition of cellular COX activity deprives tissues of its anti-inflammatory product(s), particularly prostaglandin E2 while concurrently shuttling its substrate, arachidonic acid, into other metabolizing enzymes, particularly 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) to overproduce pro-inflammatory leukotriene and 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid metabolites and 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) to overproduce pro-inflammatory 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid metabolites, including eoxins; the condition is also associated with a reduction in the anti-inflammatory metabolite, lipoxin A4, and increases in certain pro-allergic chemokines such as eotaxin-2 and CCL7.[4][5][6][7][8]
2. NSAIDs-exacerbated cutaneous disease (NECD) is an acute exacerbation of wheals and/or angioedema in individuals with a history of chronic urticaria. NECD also appears due to the non-allergic action of NSAIDs in inhibiting the production of COX anti-inflammatory metabolites while promoting the production 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase pro-inflammatory metabolites and the overproduction of certain pro-allergic chemokines, e.g. eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, RANTES, and interleukin-5.[9][10]
3. NSAIDs-induced urticarial disease (NEUD) is the acute development of wheals and/or angioedema in individuals with no history of chronic NSAIDs-induced urticaria or related diseases. The mechanism behind NEUD is unknown but may be due to the non-allergic action of NSAIDs in promoting the production and/or release of allergy mediators.[11]
4. Single NSAID-induced urticarial/angioedema or anaphylaxis (SNIUAA) is the acute development of urticarial, angioedema, or anaphylaxis in response to a single type of NSAID and/or a single group of NSAIDs with a similar structure but not to other structurally unrelated NSAIDs in individuals with no history of underlying relevant chronic diseases. SNIUAA is due to a true IgE-mediated allergy reaction.[3][12]
5. Single NSAID-induced delayed reactions (SNIDR) are a set of delayed onset (usually more than 24 hour) reactions to NSAIDs. SNIDR are most commonly skin reactions that may be relatively mild moderately severe such as maculopapular rash, fixed drug eruptions, photosensitivity reactions, delayed urticaria, and contact dermatitis or extremely severe such as the DRESS syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, the Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (also termed Lyell's syndrome). SNIDR result from the drug-specific stimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to elicit a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.[3][13]

References

1. Kowalski ML, Makowska JS (July 2015). "Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new classification in real practice?". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 7 (4): 312–20. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312. PMC 4446629. PMID 25749768.
2. Buer JK (October 2014). "Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID'". Inflammopharmacology. 22 (5): 263–7. doi:10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2. hdl:10852/45403. PMID 25064056.
3. Kowalski ML, Asero R, Bavbek S, Blanca M, Blanca-Lopez N, Bochenek G, et al. (October 2013). "Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". Allergy. 68 (10): 1219–32. doi:10.1111/all.12260. PMID 24117484.
4. Claesson HE (September 2009). "On the biosynthesis and biological role of eoxins and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in airway inflammation and Hodgkin lymphoma". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 89 (3–4): 120–5. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.003. PMID 19130894.
5. Kupczyk M, Kurmanowska Z, Kupryś-Lipińska I, Bocheńska-Marciniak M, Kuna P (October 2010). "Mediators of inflammation in nasal lavage from aspirin intolerant patients after aspirin challenge". Respiratory Medicine. 104 (10): 1404–9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.04.017. PMID 20452758.
6. Kowalski ML, Makowska JS, Blanca M, Bavbek S, Bochenek G, Bousquet J, et al. (July 2011). "Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - classification, diagnosis and management: review of the EAACI/ENDA(#) and GA2LEN/HANNA*". Allergy. 66 (7): 818–29. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02557.x. PMID 21631520.
7. Ledford DK, Wenzel SE, Lockey RF (2014). "Aspirin or other nonsteroidal inflammatory agent exacerbated asthma". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice. 2 (6): 653–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.009. PMID 25439353.
8. Choi JH, Kim MA, Park HS (February 2014). "An update on the pathogenesis of the upper airways in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 14 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000021. PMID 24300420.
9. Mullol J, Picado C (May 2013). "Rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 33 (2): 163–76. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2012.11.002. PMID 23639706.
10. Simon RA, Dazy KM, Waldram JD (March 2015). "Update on aspirin desensitization for chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 15 (3): 508. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0508-7. PMID 25663486.
11. Kowalski ML, Makowska JS, Blanca M, Bavbek S, Bochenek G, Bousquet J, et al. (July 2011). "Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - classification, diagnosis and management: review of the EAACI/ENDA(#) and GA2LEN/HANNA*". Allergy. 66 (7): 818–29. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02557.x. PMID 21631520.
12. Himly M, Jahn-Schmid B, Pittertschatscher K, Bohle B, Grubmayr K, Ferreira F, Ebner H, Ebner C (April 2003). "IgE-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity to the pyrazolone drug propyphenazone". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 111 (4): 882–8. doi:10.1067/mai.2003.163. PMID 12704373.
13. Rozieres A, Vocanson M, Saïd BB, Nosbaum A, Nicolas JF (August 2009). "Role of T cells in nonimmediate allergic drug reactions". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 9 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832d565c. PMID 19474707.