North Carolina's 12th congressional district

North Carolina's 12th congressional district
	North Carolina's 12th congressional district since January 3, 2017
	Alma Adams; D–Charlotte
Area	441 sq mi (1,140 km2)
Distribution	98.93% urban[1]; 1.07% rural;
Population (2016)	849,357[2]
Median income	$58,787[2]
Ethnicity	41.43% white; 37.54% black; 14.98% Hispanic; 5.74% Asian; 0.31% Native American;
Occupation	51.9% White-collar; 32.1% Blue-collar; 16.0% Gray-collar;
Cook PVI	D+18[3]

North Carolina's 12th congressional district is a congressional district located in the city of Charlotte and surrounding areas in Mecklenburg County. Prior to the 2016 elections, it was a gerrymandered district located in central North Carolina that comprised portions of Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, Lexington, Salisbury, Concord, and High Point.

It was one of two minority-majority Congressional districts created in the state in the 1990s. Between 2003 and 2013, there was a small plurality of White Americans in the district according to the 2000 United States Census, although African Americans made up comparable proportion of its voting population. As redrawn for the 2012 elections and under the lines used prior to the 2016 elections, the district had an African-American majority according to the 2010 United States Census. The 12th district is the most Democratic district in North Carolina, and it has never been represented by a Republican.

North Carolina had a twelfth seat in the House in the nineteenth century and in the mid-twentieth century (1943–1963). Most of the territory in the district's second incarnation is now in the 11th district.

Re-establishment from 1990

The district was re-established after the 1990 United States Census, when North Carolina gained a House seat due to an increase in population. It was drawn in 1992 as one of two minority-majority districts, designed to give African-American voters (who comprised 22% of the state's population at the time) the chance to elect a representative of their choice; Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act prohibited the dilution of voting power of minorities by distributing them among districts so that they could never elect candidates of their choice.[4]

In its original configuration, the district had a 64 percent African-American majority in population. The district boundaries, stretching from Gastonia to Durham, were so narrow at some points that it was no wider than a highway lane. It followed Interstate 85 almost exactly.[5][6] One state legislator famously remarked, after seeing the district map, "if you drove down the interstate with both car doors open, you’d kill most of the people in the district."[7][8]

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Shaw v. Reno (1993) that a racial gerrymander may, in some circumstances, violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.

The state legislature defended the two minority-majority districts as based on demographics, with the 12th representing people of the interior Piedmont area and the 1st the Coastal Plain.[4] Subsequently, the 12th district was redrawn several times and was adjudicated in the Supreme Court on two additional occasions.[4] The version created after the 2000 census was approved by the US Supreme Court in Hunt v. Cromartie. The district's configuration dating from the 2000 census had a small plurality of whites, and it was changed only slightly after the 2010 census. African Americans make up a large majority of registered voters and Hispanics constitute 7.1% of residents.

On February 5, 2016, U.S. Circuit Judge Roger L. Gregory ruled that the district, along with North Carolina's 1st congressional district,[9] must be redrawn from its post-2010 configuration,[10] and that race could not be a mitigating factor in drawing the district.[11] This decision, in the case of Cooper v. Harris, was subsequently upheld by a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court in a decision by Justice Elena Kagan on May 22, 2017.[12] In her decision, Justice Kagan noted that this marked the fifth time the 12th district had appeared before the Supreme Court, following Shaw v. Reno and Hunt v. Cromartie which had both been heard twice before the Court.[13]

In all of its configurations, it has been a Democratic stronghold. Its previous incarnation was dominated by black voters in Charlotte, Greensboro, and Winston-Salem. The redrawn map made the 12th a compact district comprising nearly all of Mecklenburg County, except the southeast quadrant. Due to Charlotte's heavy swing to the Democrats in recent years, the reconfigured 12th is no less Democratic than its predecessor.

List of members representing the district

Member	Party	Years	Cong ress	Electoral history
District created March 4, 1803
Joseph Winston	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1807	8th 9th	Elected in 1803. Re-elected in 1804. Retired.
Meshack Franklin	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1813	10th 11th 12th	Elected in 1806. Re-elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810. Redistricted to the 13th district.
Israel Pickens	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817	13th 14th	Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1813. Re-elected in 1815. Retired.
Felix Walker	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1823	15th 16th 17th	Elected in 1817. Re-elected in 1819. Re-elected in 1821. Lost re-election.
Robert B. Vance	Jackson Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825	18th	Elected in 1823. Lost re-election.
Samuel P. Carson	Jacksonian	March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833	19th 20th 21st 22nd	Elected in 1825. Re-elected in 1827. Re-elected in 1829. [data unknown/missing]
James Graham	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837	23rd 24th	Elected in 1833. Re-elected in 1835. Seat declared vacant.
Vacant		March 29, 1836 – December 5, 1836	24th
James Graham	Anti-Jacksonian	December 5, 1836 – March 3, 1837	24th 25th 26th 27th	Elected in 1836 to finish his term. Also elected in 1837 to the next term. Re-elected in 1839. Re-elected in 1841. Redistricted to the 1st congressional district and lost re-election.
James Graham	Whig	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843	24th 25th 26th 27th
District inactive		March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1933
Zebulon Weaver	Democratic	January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947	78th 79th	Redistricted from the 11th congressional district and re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Lost renomination.
Monroe M. Redden	Democratic	January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953	80th 81st 82nd	Elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Retired.
George A. Shuford	Democratic	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959	83rd 84th 85th	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Renominated but later withdrew because of ill health.
David M. Hall	Democratic	January 3, 1959 – January 29, 1960	86th	Elected in 1958. Died.
Vacant		January 29, 1960 – June 25, 1960	86th
Roy A. Taylor	Democratic	June 25, 1960 – January 3, 1963	86th 87th	Elected to finish Hall's term. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the 11th district.
District inactive		January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1993
Mel Watt	Democratic	January 3, 1993 – January 6, 2014	103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th	Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
Vacant		January 6, 2014 – November 4, 2014	113th
Alma Adams	Democratic	November 4, 2014 – Present	113th 114th 115th 116th	Elected to finish Watt's term. Also elected in 2014 to the next term. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018.

Recent election results

Year	Democratic	Republican	Libertarian
2002	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 98,821	Jeff Kish: 49,588	Carey Head: 2,830
2004	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 154,908	Ada M. Fisher: 76,898	—
2006	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 71,345	Ada M. Fisher: 35,127	—
2008	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 215,908	Ty Cobb Jr.: 85,814	—
2010	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 103,495	Greg Dority: 55,315	Lon Cecil: 3,197
2012	Y Melvin L. Watt (Incumbent): 247,591	Jack Brosch: 63,317	—
2014 special	Y Alma Adams (Incumbent): 127,668	Vince Coakley: 41,578	—
2014	Y Alma Adams (Incumbent): 130,096	Vince Coakley: 42,568	—
2016	Y Alma Adams (Incumbent): 234,115	Leon Threatt: 115,185	—
2018	Y Alma Adams (Incumbent): 203,974	Paul Wright: 75,164	—

Historical district boundaries

2003–2013

2013–2017

gollark: *is now waiting for this to very slowly finish running for profiling purposes*

gollark: Okay, probably not that, but above linear.

gollark: Looks like it somehow takes `O(n log n)` time?

gollark: I put in 16 times the data and it runs 37 times slower.

gollark: Hmm. This does NOT run in linear time.

References

https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/cd_state.html
Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.
"Partisan Voting Index – Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
senate.leg.state.mn.us "North Carolina Redistricting Cases: the 1990s", National Conference of State Legislatures
"Electoral Vote Reforms". politicsnj.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04.
"State Profile -- North Carolina". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
"Thomas right to oppose racial 'homelands'". The Item. August 17, 1994.
"12th District's History, Future Will Be Getting More Attention". WFAE. May 15, 2013.
Simpson, Ian (February 8, 2016). "Judges find two N. Carolina congressional districts racially gerrymandered". Reuters. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Choate, Paul (5 February 2016). "Federal court invalidates maps of North Carolina's 1st, 12th congressional districts". High Point, NC: WGHP FOX8. Retrieved February 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Judges strike down 1st, 12th Districts". The Times-News. Burlington, NC. The Associated Press. 6 February 2016.
Howe, Amy (May 22, 2017). "Opinion analysis: Court strikes down N.C. districts in racial gerrymandering challenge". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
"Opinion of the Supreme Court" (PDF).

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

External links

Mel Watt's official website

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] ttps://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/cd_state.html

[census.gov-2] Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.

[Cook-3] "Partisan Voting Index – Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.

[redistrict-4] senate.leg.state.mn.us "North Carolina Redistricting Cases: the 1990s", National Conference of State Legislatures

[5] "Electoral Vote Reforms". politicsnj.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04.

[6] "State Profile -- North Carolina". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2010.

[7] "Thomas right to oppose racial 'homelands'". The Item. August 17, 1994.

[8] "12th District's History, Future Will Be Getting More Attention". WFAE. May 15, 2013.

[9] Simpson, Ian (February 8, 2016). "Judges find two N. Carolina congressional districts racially gerrymandered". Reuters. Retrieved February 8, 2016.

[10] Choate, Paul (5 February 2016). "Federal court invalidates maps of North Carolina's 1st, 12th congressional districts". High Point, NC: WGHP FOX8. Retrieved February 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

[11] "Judges strike down 1st, 12th Districts". The Times-News. Burlington, NC. The Associated Press. 6 February 2016.

[scotusblog-opinion-analysis-12] Howe, Amy (May 22, 2017). "Opinion analysis: Court strikes down N.C. districts in racial gerrymandering challenge". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved May 23, 2017.

[scotus-opinion-13] "Opinion of the Supreme Court" (PDF).