NASA X-57 Maxwell

The NASA X-57 Maxwell is an experimental aircraft being developed by NASA, intended to demonstrate technology to reduce fuel use, emissions, and noise.[3]

X-57 Maxwell
Artist's concept of the X-57
Role Experimental light aircraft
National origin United States
Manufacturer ESAero[1]
First flight Planned 2020[2]
Primary user NASA
Developed from Tecnam P2006T

Development

The experiment involves replacing the wings on a twin-engined Italian-built Tecnam P2006T (a conventional four-seater light aircraft) with Distributed electric propulsion (DEP) wings each containing electrically driven propellers. Test flights were initially planned to commence in 2017.[4] First flight is expected in 2020.[2]

The first test phase uses an 18-engine truck-mounted wing. The second phase will install the cruise propellers and motors on a standard P2006T for ground- and flight-test experience. Phase 3 tests will involve the high-lift DEP wing and demonstrate increased high-speed cruise efficiency. The leading-edge nacelles will be fitted, but the high-lift propellers, motors and controllers will not be installed. Phase 4 adds the DEP motors and folding propellers to demonstrate lift-augmentation.[5]

LEAPTech project

The Leading Edge Asynchronous Propeller Technology (LEAPTech) project is a NASA project developing an experimental electric aircraft technology involving many small electric motors driving individual small propellers distributed along the edge of each aircraft wing.[6][7][8] To optimize performance, each motor can be operated independently at different speeds, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, improving aircraft performance and ride quality, and reducing aircraft noise.[9]

The LEAPTech project began in 2014 when researchers from NASA Langley Research Center and NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center partnered with two California companies, Empirical Systems Aerospace (ESAero) in Pismo Beach and Joby Aviation in Santa Cruz, California. ESAero is the prime contractor responsible for system integration and instrumentation, while Joby is responsible for design and manufacture of the electric motors, propellers, and carbon fiber wing section.[9]

In 2015, NASA researchers were ground testing a 31 ft (9.4 m) span, carbon composite wing section with 18 electric motors powered by lithium iron phosphate batteries. Preliminary testing up to 40 mph took place in January at Oceano County Airport on California's Central Coast. Mounted on a specially modified truck, it was tested at up to 70 mph across a dry lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base later in 2015.[9]

The experiment precedes the X-57 Maxwell X-plane demonstrator proposed under NASA's Transformative Aeronautics Concepts program. A piloted X-plane should fly within a couple of years, after replacing a Tecnam P2006T wings and engines with an improved version of the LEAPTech wing and motors. Using an existing airframe will allow engineers to easily compare the performance of the X-plane with the original P2006T.[9]

X-57 Maxwell
The Maxwell was included in an illustration for National Aviation Day 2016

The X-57 project was publicly revealed by NASA Administrator Charles Bolden on 16 June 2016 in a keynote speech to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) at its Aviation 2016 exposition. The plane was named for Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.[3]

NASA's first X-plane in over a decade, it is part of NASA's New Aviation Horizons initiative, which will also produce up to five larger-scale aircraft. The X-57 was built by the agency's SCEPTOR project, over a four-year development period at Armstrong Flight Research Center, California, with a first flight initially planned for 2017.[10][11][12]

In July 2017, Scaled Composites was modifying a first P2006T to the X-57 Mod II configuration by replacing the piston engines with Joby Aviation electric motors, to fly early in 2018. Mod III configuration will move the motors to the wingtips to increase propulsive efficiency. Mod IV configuration will see the installation of the Xperimental, LLC high aspect ratio wing with 12 smaller propellers along its leading edge to augment its takeoff and landing aerodynamic lift.[13]

The donor Tecnam P2006T was received in California in July 2016. In a December 2016 test, a battery cell was shorted and the overheating spread to other cells, requiring the packaging to be redesigned from eight to 16 modules with aluminum honeycomb separators. The Rotax 912s will be replaced by 60 kW (80 hp) electric motors for the Mod II. The Mod III weight target is 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) from the P2006T 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) and aims for 500% higher high-speed cruise efficiency as the higher wing loading will reduce cruise drag, while wingtip propellers will counter the wingtip vortices. The Mod IV with 12 propellers to take off and land at the same speeds as the P2006T is yet unfunded.[14]

In December 2017, the redesigned passively cooled battery module with 320 lithium-ion cell down from 640 passed testing. The experience helped Electric Power Systems develop a battery for the Bye Aerospace Sun Flyer 2 which made its first flight in April 2018. Joby Aviation delivered three cruise motors in 2017, and was assembling the final pair in June 2018. Motor acceptance testing involving an 80-hr. endurance test was to be simplified before vehicle integration. Contractor ES Aero will lead extensive ground-tests over months, culminating in a mission-like 30 minutes at full power test, before flying within 2019.[15]

By September 2018, the first Joby Aviation JM-X57 electric cruise motor were mounted with controllers, batteries and new cockpit displays at Scaled Composites in Mojave, before flight tests in mid-2019. Construction of the ESAero high aspect ratio, low drag composite wing was then almost finished, to fly the Mod 3 by mid-2020.[16]

Mod II ground test of the new electric motors on the original wing, June 2019

Built by Xperimental, the cruise-optimized wing load testing was completed by September 2019, to ±120% of design load limit, verifying free movement of control surfaces and vibration testing for flutter predictions. After motor ground runs, ESAero was to deliver the Mod 2 X-plane with electric motors replacing the original piston engines to NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in California on the first week of October.[2] ESAero delivered it on October 2, 2019.[17] Systems ground testing should start by the end of 2019, and flight tests are to begin in the third quarter of 2020.[18]

Design
Model of the final mod 4 with centerline cut, showing battery system, high aspect ratio wing, electric motors, and traction power bus

Modified from a Tecnam P2006T, the X-57 will be an electric aircraft, with 14 electric motors driving propellers mounted on the wing leading edges.[19] All 14 electric motors will be used during takeoff and landing, with only the outer two used during cruise. The additional airflow over the wings created by the additional motors generates greater lift, allowing for a narrower wing. The aircraft seats two.[20] It will have a range of 100 mi (160 km) and a maximum flight time of approximately one hour. The X-57's designers hope to reduce by five-fold the energy necessary to fly a light aircraft at 175 miles per hour (282 km/h).[10] A threefold reduction should come from the switch from piston engines to battery-electric.[2]

Distributed propulsion increases the number and decreases the size of airplane engines. Electric motors are substantially smaller and lighter than jet engines of equivalent power. This allows them to be placed in different, more favorable locations. In this case, the engines are to be mounted above and distributed along the wings rather than suspended below them.[5]

The propellers are mounted above the wing. They will increase the air flow over the wing at lower speeds, increasing its lift. The increased lift allows it to operate on shorter runways. Such a wing could be only a third of the width of the wing it replaces, saving weight and fuel costs. Typical light aircraft wings are relatively large to prevent the craft from stalling (which happens at low airspeeds, when the wing cannot provide sufficient lift). Large wings are inefficient at cruising speed because they create excess drag.[4] The wings will be optimised for cruise, with the motors protecting it from low-speed stalls and achieving the small aircraft standard of 61 kn (113 km/h).[5]

The speed of each propeller can be controlled independently, offering the ability to change the over-wing airflow pattern to cope with flying conditions, such as wind gusts. When cruising, the propellers closer to the fuselage could be folded back to further reduce drag, leaving those towards the wing tips to move the plane. Such aircraft would have no in-flight emissions, operate with less noise and reduce operating costs by an estimated 30%.[4] Cruising efficiency was expected to increase 3.5-5-fold.[5]

The 31.6 ft (9.6 m) span wing with an aspect ratio of 15 compares to 37.4 ft (11.4 m) and 8.8 for the stock P2006T wing, the slender wing's chord is 2.48 ft (0.76 m) at the wing root and 1.74 ft (0.53 m) at the tip.[5] The wing features 12 1.89 ft (0.58 m) diameter cruise propellers that each require 14.4 kW (19.3 hp) of motor power at 55 kn (102 km/h) and turn at 4,548 rpm. The five-blade propellers fold in cruise to reduce drag. Each wingtip hosts two 3-blade 5 ft (1.5 m) diameter cruise propellers that each require 48.1 kW (64.5 hp) at 150 kn (280 km/h) and turn at 2,250 rpm. The wingtip location offers favorable interaction with the wingtip vortices, expected to provide a 5% drag saving.[5] The 47 kWh (170 MJ) battery packs weight 860 lb (390 kg) for a 121 Wh/kg density.[16]

The high-lift array of 12 propellers should maintain the 58 kn (107 km/h) stall speed. The optimized wing has 40% of the baseline area, reducing friction drag, and a wing loading 2.6 times higher.[2] It will be 32.8 ft (10.0 m) wide but will have a 40% smaller chord, for a wing loading up from 17 to 45 psf (83 to 220 kg/m2), and should cruise at a higher lift coefficient, around 4, more than double the baseline wing.[18]

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See also

References
  1. Julie Lynem (September 29, 2015). "ESAero, based in Oceano, to build NASA X-plane". The Tribune.
  2. Graham Warwick (Sep 30, 2019). "The Week In Technology, Sept. 30-Oct. 4, 2019". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  3. Beutel, Allard (2016-06-17). "NASA Electric Research Plane Gets X Number, New Name". NASA. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
  4. "Electrifying flight". The Economist. 17 Sep 2015. ISSN 0013-0613.
  5. Graham Warwick (September 4, 2015). "NASA's Electric-Propulsion Wing Test Helps Shape Next X-Plane". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  6. Grady, Mary (18 March 2015). "NASA's Electric Airplane Project Moves Forward". AVweb.
  7. Szondy, David (18 March 2015). "Could this 18-motor wing be the future of electric aircraft?". Gizmag.
  8. Golson, Jordan (20 March 2015). "NASA Straps 18 Propellers to a Wing, Because Science". Wired.
  9. Merlin, Peter (16 March 2015). "LEAPTech to Demonstrate Electric Propulsion Technologies". NASA.
  10. Matt McFarland (June 16, 2016). "NASA's new electric plane could be a significant step toward a cleaner era of aviation". Washington Post.
  11. Alan Boyle (June 17, 2016). "NASA gets first official X-plane in a decade: Electric craft named X-57 Maxwell". GeekWire.
  12. Yasmin Tayag (June 17, 2016). "NASA Admin Charlie Bolden: X-57 Will Fly Next Year". Inverse.com.
  13. Graham Warwick (Jul 19, 2017). "NASA Pushing Ahead With Electric X-plane". Aviation Week Network.
  14. Graham Warwick (Oct 26, 2017). "Electric X-Plane Nears Crucial Battery Test". Aviation Week Network.
  15. Warwick, Graham; Norris, Guy (Jun 5, 2018). "NASA Shares Hard Lessons As All-Electric X-57 Moves Forward". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  16. Guy Norris (Sep 5, 2018). "Motor Mounting Marks Milestone For NASA's Electric X-plane". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  17. Potter, Sean (3 October 2019). "NASA Takes Delivery of First All-Electric Experimental Aircraft". NASA. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  18. Guy Norris (Nov 14, 2019). "NASA All-Electric X-57 Readied For Ground-Test Phase". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  19. Keith Button (May 2016). "Flying on Electrons" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
  20. Steve Fox (26 July 2016). "Cockpit of the First All-Electric Propulsion Aircraft". NASA.
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