Montenegro Vilayet
The Vilayet of the Black Mountain (or Montenegro Vilayet) was an Ottoman administrative unit within the Sanjak of Scutari, consisting of parts of modern-day Montenegro. It was established in the 16th century and existed until 1696. Although claimed by the Ottomans, the area was de facto independent with the Montenegrin tribes, with the support of the Eparchy of Cetinje, constantly waging wars against Turks.[1]
| Montenegro Vilayet Vilâyeti Karadağ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| 1528–1696 | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1528 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1696 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  | ||||||||
Etymology
In Ottoman Turkish, it was known as the "Vilayet of the Black Mountain" (vilâyet-i Kara Dağ[2] or "Vilâyeti Karadağ";[3] Serbo-Croatian: vilajet Crna Gora[4]). However, for simplicity it is frequently referred to as the "Montenegro Vilayet."
The bishops of Cetinje used the term "land (zemlja) of the Black Mountain (Crne Gore)".
Background
The greater part of the Zetan principality lost its status as an independent state, becoming a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, until it was added to the Sanjak of Scutari in 1499.[5] In 1514 this territory was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as a separate Sanjak of Montenegro, under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević. When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was joined to the Sanjak of Scutari, as a unique administrative unit with certain degree of autonomy.[6]
History
The 1582–83 census registered that the vilayet, an autonomous part of the frontier of the Sanjak of Scutari, had the nahiyah of Grbavci (13 villages), Župa (11 villages), Malonšići (7 villages), Pješivci (14 villages), Cetinje (16 villages), Rijeka (31 villages), Crmnica (11 villages), Paštrovići (36 villages) and Grbalj (9 villages); a total of 148 villages.[7]
The Montenegrin tribes, with support of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Cetinje, fought guerilla wars against the Ottomans with some degree of success. Although the Ottomans continued to nominally rule the country, the mountains were said to have never been completely conquered. There existed tribal assemblies (zbor). The head bishop (and tribal leaders) often allied themselves with the Republic of Venice. The Montenegrins fought and won two important battles at Lješkopolje, in 1603 and 1613, under the leadership and command of Metropolitan Rufim Njeguš. This was the first battle, of many, that a bishop had led, and managed to defeat the Ottomans.
During the Great Turkish War, in 1685, Suleiman, Pasha of Scutari, led a contingent that approached Cetinje,[8] and on the way clashed with hajduks in Venetian service under the command of Bajo Pivljanin at the hill of Vrtijeljka (in the Battle of Vrtijeljka), where they annihilated the hajduks.[9] Afterwards, the victorious Ottomans paraded with 500 severed heads through Cetinje,[10] and also attacked the Cetinje monastery and the palace of Ivan Crnojević.[11]
The Montenegrins expelled the Ottomans and asserted independence after the Great Turkish War (1683–1699).
Demographic history
- 1521
- 1523: seven nahia.
- 1570
- The census of 1582–83 registered the "vilayet of the Black Mountain" (vilayet-i Kara Dağ) as a separate administrative unit within the Sanjak of Scutari. The vilayet consisted of the following nahiyah, with number of villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa with 11, Malonšići with 7, Pješivci with 14, Cetinje with 16, Rijeka with 31, Crmnica with 11, Paštrovići with 36 and Grbalj with 9 villages, which brings the total number of villages to 148.[7]
- 1592 list by monk. A total of 40 villages in Montenegro (Old Montenegro), divided administratively by knežine. Katun nahia had 10 villages. Compared with the 1521 and 1523 censuses, the borders changed only north of Momišić in Zeta. Information is very scarce, and only gain importance when compared to Bolizza's data.[12]
- Marino Bizzi's 1610 report.
- The vilayet was extensively described in Mariano Bolizza's Relazione e descrizione del sangiacato di Scutari (1614), which contains the earliest description about the people and geography of modern era Montenegro. Montenegro paid an annual tribute.
Cultural history
Buildings
These include buildings known to have been built between 1528 and 1697.
- Ottoman buildings
- Clock Tower (Podgorica), built in 1667
- Orthodox monasteries and churches
- Dobrilovina Monastery, rebuilt in 1594
- Ostrog monastery, built in 1665
- Piva Monastery, built in 1573
Governors
- Skenderbeg Crnojević (1514–28)
- Derviš-beg Sarvanović (fl. 1592–97)
References
- Stephen Clissold et al. (1968). A short history of Yugoslavia from earliest times to 1966, Harvard University, chapter 4, section III, The elective vladikas.
- Archivum Ottomanicum. 14-15. Mouton. 1996. p. 98.
- Journal of Ottoman studies. Enderun Kitabevi. 1980. p. 63.
Vilâyeti Karadağ
- Drustvo Istoricara Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo (1962). Godisnjak. p. 357.
To se odrazilo u savremenoj domaćoj i turskoj terminologiji, jer je, po turskoj terminologiji, Crna Gora bila vilajet, a to znači istorijski stvorena teritorija, baš ono isto što znači u crnogorskoj terminologiji »zemlja«. Kao vilajet Crna Gora je i dobila ...
- Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Год. 1499. припојена је била Црна Гора скадарском санџакату. Али, год. 1514. одвојио је султан поново и поставио јој за управника, као санџак-бега, потурченог Станишу, односно Скендер-бега Црнојевића.
- Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
1528... Црна Гора је потом поново припојена скадарском санџакату и остала је са извесним ... правима његов саставни део...
- Vasić, Milan (1991), "Etnički odnosi u jugoslovensko-albanskom graničnom području prema popisnom defteru sandžaka Skadar iz 1582/83. godine", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273
- Zbornik za narodni život i običaje južnih slavena. 1930. p. 109.
- Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Bje-Crn. Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod. 1980. p. 49.
- The South Slav Journal. Dositey Obradovich Circle. 1983. p. 93.
- Peter II (Prince-Bishop of Montenegro) (1905). Gorski vijenac, vladike crnogorskoga. Hrvatska knjižarnica. p. 61.
- Viktor Novak (1951). Istoriski časopis. 2–4. p. 137.
Further reading
- Đurđev, Brainslav (1953). Turska vlast u Crnoj Gori u XVI i XVII veku: prilog jednom nerešenom pitanju iz naše istorije. Svjetlost.
- Solovjev, Aleksandar (1935). "Πoпиc цpнoгopcкиx плeмeнa из 1592". Cпoмeник. SKA. 78.
- Pavle S. Radusinović (1978). Stanovništvo Crne Gore do 1945. godine: opšta istorijsko-geografska i demografska razmatranja. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti.