MongoDB

MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with optional schemas. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and licensed under the Server Side Public License (SSPL).

MongoDB
Developer(s)MongoDB Inc.
Initial releaseFebruary 11, 2009 (2009-02-11)[1]
Stable release
4.2.8[2] / 15 June 2020 (2020-06-15)
Preview release
4.4.0-rc9[3] / 27 May 2020 (2020-05-27)
Repository
Written inC++, Go, JavaScript, Python
Operating systemWindows Vista and later, Linux, OS X 10.7 and later, Solaris,[4] FreeBSD[5]
Available inEnglish
TypeDocument-oriented database
LicenseSource-available
Websitewww.mongodb.com/ 

History
See also: MongoDB Inc. § History

10gen software company began developing MongoDB in 2007 as a component of a planned platform as a service product. In 2009, the company shifted to an open-source development model, with the company offering commercial support and other services. In 2013, 10gen changed its name to MongoDB Inc.[6]

On October 20, 2017, MongoDB became a publicly traded company, listed on NASDAQ as MDB with an IPO price of $24 per share.[7]

On October 30, 2019, MongoDB teamed up with Alibaba (NYSE:BABA) Cloud, who will offer its customers a MongoDB-as-a-service solution. Customers can use the managed offering from BABA's global data centers.[8]

Main features

Ad-hoc queries

MongoDB supports field, range query, and regular-expression searches.[9] Queries can return specific fields of documents and also include user-defined JavaScript functions. Queries can also be configured to return a random sample of results of a given size.

Indexing

Fields in a MongoDB document can be indexed with primary and secondary indices.

Replication

MongoDB provides high availability with replica sets.[10] A replica set consists of two or more copies of the data. Each replica-set member may act in the role of primary or secondary replica at any time. All writes and reads are done on the primary replica by default. Secondary replicas maintain a copy of the data of the primary using built-in replication. When a primary replica fails, the replica set automatically conducts an election process to determine which secondary should become the primary. Secondaries can optionally serve read operations, but that data is only eventually consistent by default.

Load balancing

MongoDB scales horizontally using sharding.[11] The user chooses a shard key, which determines how the data in a collection will be distributed. The data is split into ranges (based on the shard key) and distributed across multiple shards. (A shard is a master with one or more replicas.). Alternatively, the shard key can be hashed to map to a shard – enabling an even data distribution.

MongoDB can run over multiple servers, balancing the load or duplicating data to keep the system up and running in case of hardware failure.

File storage

MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load balancing and data replication features over multiple machines for storing files.

This function, called grid file system,[12] is included with MongoDB drivers. MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content to developers. GridFS can be accessed using mongofiles utility or plugins for Nginx[13] and lighttpd.[14] GridFS divides a file into parts, or chunks, and stores each of those chunks as a separate document.[15]

Aggregation

MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation: the aggregation pipeline, the map-reduce function, and single-purpose aggregation methods.[16]

Map-reduce can be used for batch processing of data and aggregation operations. But according to MongoDB's documentation, the Aggregation Pipeline provides better performance for most aggregation operations.[17]

The aggregation framework enables users to obtain the kind of results for which the SQL GROUP BY clause is used. Aggregation operators can be strung together to form a pipeline – analogous to Unix pipes. The aggregation framework includes the $lookup operator which can join documents from multiple collections, as well as statistical operators such as standard deviation.

Server-side JavaScript execution

JavaScript can be used in queries, aggregation functions (such as MapReduce), and sent directly to the database to be executed.

Capped collections

MongoDB supports fixed-size collections called capped collections. This type of collection maintains insertion order and, once the specified size has been reached, behaves like a circular queue.

Transactions

MongoDB claims to support for multi-document ACID transactions since the 4.0 release in June 2018.[18] This claim was found to not be true as MongoDB violates snapshot isolation.[19]

Editions

MongoDB Community Server

The MongoDB Community Edition is free and available for Windows, Linux, and OS X.[20]

MongoDB Enterprise Server

MongoDB Enterprise Server is the commercial edition of MongoDB, available as part of the MongoDB Enterprise Advanced subscription.[21]

MongoDB Atlas

MongoDB is also available as an on-demand fully managed service. MongoDB Atlas runs on AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.[22]

Architecture

Programming language accessibility

MongoDB has official drivers for major programming languages and development environments.[23] There are also a large number of unofficial or community-supported drivers for other programming languages and frameworks.

Serverless access

MongoDB Stitch[24] provides serverless access to MongoDB and other services. Client libraries are available for JavaScript,[25] iOS,[26] and Android.[27]

Management and graphical front-ends
Record insertion in MongoDB with Robomongo 0.8.5

The primary interface to the database has been the mongo shell. Since MongoDB 3.2, MongoDB Compass is introduced as the native GUI. There are products and third-party projects that offer user interfaces for administration and data viewing.[28]

Licensing

MongoDB Community Server

As of October 2018, MongoDB is released under the Server Side Public License (SSPL), a license developed by the project. It replaces the GNU Affero General Public License, and is nearly identical to the GNU General Public License version 3, but requires that those making the software publicly available as part of a "service" must make the service's entire source code available under this license.[29][30] The SSPL was submitted for certification to the Open Source Initiative but later withdrawn.[31] The language drivers are available under an Apache License. In addition, MongoDB Inc. offers proprietary licenses for MongoDB. The last versions licensed as AGPL version 3 are 4.0.3 (stable) and 4.1.4.

MongoDB has been dropped from the Debian, Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions due to the licensing change. Fedora determined that the SSPL version 1 is not a free software license because it is "intentionally crafted to be aggressively discriminatory" towards commercial users.[32][33]

Bug reports and criticisms

Security

Due to the default security configuration of MongoDB, allowing anyone to have full access to the database, data from tens of thousands of MongoDB installations has been stolen. Furthermore, many MongoDB servers have been held for ransom.[34][35]

From the MongoDB 2.6 release onwards, the binaries from the official MongoDB RPM and DEB packages bind to localhost by default. From MongoDB 3.6, this default behavior was extended to all MongoDB packages across all platforms. As a result, all networked connections to the database will be denied unless explicitly configured by an administrator.[36]

Technical criticisms

In some failure scenarios where an application can access two distinct MongoDB processes, but these processes cannot access each other, it is possible for MongoDB to return stale reads. In this scenario it is also possible for MongoDB to roll back writes that have been acknowledged.[37] This issue was addressed since version 3.4.0 released in November 2016[38] (and back-ported to v3.2.12).[39]

Before version 2.2, locks were implemented on a per-server process basis. With version 2.2, locks were implemented at the database level.[40] Since version 3.0,[41] pluggable storage engines were introduced, and each storage engine may implement locks differently.[41] With MongoDB 3.0 locks are implemented at the collection level for the MMAPv1 storage engine,[42] while the WiredTiger storage engine uses an optimistic concurrency protocol that effectively provides document-level locking.[43] Even with versions prior to 3.0, one approach to increase concurrency is to use sharding.[44] In some situations, reads and writes will yield their locks. If MongoDB predicts a page is unlikely to be in memory, operations will yield their lock while the pages load. The use of lock yielding expanded greatly in 2.2.[45]

Up until version 3.3.11, MongoDB could not do collation-based sorting and was limited to byte-wise comparison via memcmp which would not provide correct ordering for many non-English languages when used with a Unicode encoding. The issue was fixed on August 23, 2016.

Prior to MongoDB 4.0, queries against an index were not atomic. Documents which were being updated while the query was running could be missed.[46] The introduction of the snapshot read concern in MongoDB 4.0 eliminated this phenomenon.[47]

Although MongoDB claims in an undated article entitled "MongoDB and Jepsen"[48] that their database passed Distributed Systems Safety Research company Jepsen's tests, which it called “the industry’s toughest data safety, correctness, and consistency Tests”, Jepsen published an article in May 2020 stating that MongoDB 3.6.4 had in fact failed their tests, and that the newer MongoDB 4.2.6 has more problems including “retrocausal transactions” where a transaction reverses order so that a read can see the result of a future write.[49][50]. Jepsen noted in their report that MongoDB omitted any mention of these findings on MongoDB's "MongoDB and Jepsen" page.

Prominent users

MongoDB is known to be used by Barclays; Bosch; Cisco; the City of Chicago; Codecademy; Coinbase; eBay; Foursquare; HSBC; IBM; Orange S.A.; Sega; The Gap, Inc.; Uber; Urban Outfitters; and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.[51][52]

MongoDB World

MongoDB World is an annual developer conference hosted by MongoDB, Inc.[53]

YearDatesCityVenueNotes
2014 [54]June 23–25New YorkSheraton Times Square Hotel
2015 [55]June 1–2New YorkSheraton Times Square Hotel
2016 [56]June 28–29New YorkNew York Hilton Midtown
2017 [57]June 20–21ChicagoHyatt Regency ChicagoFirst year not in New York City
2018 [58]June 26–27New YorkNew York Hilton Midtown
2019 [59]June 17–19New YorkNew York Hilton Midtown
2020 [60]May 4–6New YorkNew York Hilton MidtownCanceled due to COVID-19 pandemic but was held entirely online as opposed to an in-person conference.
gollark: Ugh, you are SIMILAR TO a triangle formed by 3 dodecahedra orbiting Pluto (dwarf planet).
gollark: I would need to spend several hours recompiling it.
gollark: It's quite big and complex.
gollark: Wow, this is actually worse.
gollark: Like rustaceous attributes.

See also

References
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Bibliography
  • Banker, Kyle (March 28, 2011), MongoDB in Action (1st ed.), Manning, p. 375, ISBN 978-1-935182-87-0
  • Chodorow, Kristina; Dirolf, Michael (September 23, 2010), MongoDB: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 216, ISBN 978-1-4493-8156-1
  • Pirtle, Mitch (March 3, 2011), MongoDB for Web Development (1st ed.), Addison-Wesley Professional, p. 360, ISBN 978-0-321-70533-4
  • Hawkins, Tim; Plugge, Eelco; Membrey, Peter (September 26, 2010), The Definitive Guide to MongoDB: The NoSQL Database for Cloud and Desktop Computing (1st ed.), Apress, p. 350, ISBN 978-1-4302-3051-9
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