Middle Street Synagogue

The Middle Street Synagogue is a synagogue in the centre of Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. It was the centre for Jewish worship in Brighton and Hove for more than a century. Although it is not in full-time use, the building is still open at certain times, and services are still held at certain times of the year. It has been listed at Grade II*,[2] reflecting its architectural and historic importance.

Middle Street Synagogue
Religion
AffiliationJudaism
Ecclesiastical or organizational statusSynagogue
Year consecrated1875
StatusPreserved; intermittently active
Location
LocationMiddle Street, Brighton, Brighton and Hove,  UK
Geographic coordinates50°49′16″N 0°8′34″W
Architecture
Architect(s)Thomas Lainson
StyleNeo-Byzantine
Groundbreaking1874
Completed1875
Construction cost£12,000 (£1.14 million in 2020)[1]
Direction of façadeWest

History

A Jewish community existed in the Brighton area for nearly a century before Middle Street synagogue was built in 1874.[3][4] A Bavarian settler, Emanuel Hyam Cohen, established a Jewish school on the seafront in the 1780s and a place of worship between 1789 and 1792.[4][5] The latter moved from Jew Street (off Bond Street) to West Street in 1808, but there is no record of the nature of the buildings; meetings may in fact have taken place in private houses.[4] The Brighton Regency Synagogue was built in 1823 on land leased from a hotel, and enlarged by David Mocatta (architect of Brighton railway station, and member of the prominent Jewish Mocatta family) in 1836. It was used until the new synagogue was opened in Middle Street in 1875.[6] Situated on Devonshire Place, the stuccoed building in the Classical style still stands; an inscription on the outside, including the Hebrew calendar year of opening (5598), can still be seen on the entablature, but it is now in commercial use.[5][7] The Chanukah menorah at the Middle Synagogue was brought from the Brighton Regency Synagogue.[8]

Chief Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler attended the start of construction work in Middle Street on 19 November 1874.[6] The architect, Thomas Lainson, had been responsible for many buildings in Hove, including a Congregational church and the residential development on the Wick Farm estate,[9] and also the Bristol Road Methodist Church in Kemptown.[10] After ten months of work at a cost of £12,000 (equivalent to £1.14 million in 2020),[1] the dedication ceremony took place on 23 September 1875 and the synagogue was opened.[11] Its capacity of 300[12] was six times higher than that of its predecessor.[7]

The Sassoon family, a wealthy Jewish dynasty with links to Brighton and Hove, funded various expansions and improvements over the next few decades, especially in respect of the internal fittings, which are very elaborate for a synagogue. Electric lighting was installed in 1892, making it the first electrically lit synagogue in Britain.[9][13] Although the Jewish community in the city numbered 4,000 by 2004, the Middle Street synagogue fell out of regular use at that time, although it is still opened regularly for educational and architectural tours of the interior,[3] especially during the annual Brighton Festival.[14] Urgent structural repairs, including a new roof, were required by that time. A combination of fundraising concerts, auctions and a grant of several hundred thousand pounds from the government agency English Heritage enabled restoration work to take place.[3]

Middle Street Synagogue was listed at Grade II* by English Heritage on 20 August 1971.[2][13] This status is given to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest".[15] In February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures in the city of Brighton and Hove.[16] It was also licensed for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 and had the registration number 30824.[17]

Architecture
Entrance

The synagogue has been described as Brighton's second most important historic building, behind the Royal Pavilion.[3]

The exterior, which was executed in pale Sussex brick by the builders George Cheesman and son, is in an eclectic blend of Italian Renaissance and Neo-Byzantine Revival styles.[18] The west-facing elevation to Middle Street uses yellow bricks in an English bond pattern, while the other walls are of brown brick.[13] The arched windows are surmounted by contrasting red and blue tiles, and are flanked by red coloured columns.[11][12] There is a large rose window in the west-facing frontage. The façade consists of five bays, alternately projecting and recessed; on the ground floor the layout of windows (protected since the 1960s with translucent safety panels) is two in each end bay and one each in the two recessed bays, with the wooden entrance door on the centre bay (between two pink columns with ornamented capitals). On the first floor, the eight windows are arranged in pairs on the three projecting bays, with one in each of the recesses.[13]

Sharman Kadish remarks that "Nothing prepares the visitor for the sumptuousness of Middle Street's interior."[18] There are ladies' galleries on three sides, held up by cast-iron columns decorated with imitation marble-effect paintwork with gilded metalwork capitals depicting plants, fruit, flowers and crops from the Middle East region.[9][13] Thomas Lainson's design for the interior followed the Neo-Byzantine Revival style, .[11] The building takes the form of a basilica. There are ladies' galleries on three sides, held up by cast-iron columns decorated with imitation marble-effect paintwork. the capitals are fashioned of hammered copper and iron, each one is individually worked to show a different one of the species of plants, fruit, flowers and crops from the Land of Israel.[9][13][18]

The particularly decorative and ornate interior, funded by the generosity of the Sassoon family and visitors from outside Brighton,[9][13] was built mostly of iron, but the surfaces that meet the eye are lavishly stenciled, gilded, or made of brass, marble, and mosaics.[13] The Torah Ark sits on a marble-stepped dais in the centre of the apse, below an arch supported by elaborate columns. It is top-lit via a stained glass half-dome. The surrounding rails, menorah and pulpit are all brass.[13] There is late-19th century stained glass in all of the windows,[13] much of it by Campbell & Smith.

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See also

References

Notes
  1. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  2. Historic England. "The synagogue and attached gate (1381796)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  3. "English synagogue handed massive government grant". European Jewish Press. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  4. Dale 1989, p. 192.
  5. Elleray 2004, p. 13.
  6. Dale 1989, p. 193.
  7. Historic England (2007). "Numbers 38 and 39 and attached walls and piers, Devonshire Place (east side), Brighton, Brighton and Hove, East Sussex (1380432)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  8. Kadish 2006, p. 75.
  9. Carder 1990, §115.
  10. Historic England (2007). "Methodist Church and attached railings, Montague Place (west side), Brighton (1380359)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
  11. Dale 1989, p. 194.
  12. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987, p. 39.
  13. Historic England (2007). "The Synagogue and attached gate, Middle Street (east side), Brighton, Brighton and Hove, East Sussex (1381796)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  14. "Brighton Festival Fringe 2008". Brighton Festival Fringe website. Brighton Festival Fringe Ltd. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  15. "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  16. "Images of England — Statistics by County (East Sussex)". Images of England. English Heritage. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  17. Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 30824; Name: Jews' Synagogue; Address: Middle Street, Brighton; Denomination: Jews). Retrieved 13 September 2012. (Archived version of list from April 2010; Click here for access to subsequent updates)
  18. Kadish 2006, p. 73.

Bibliography
  • Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopaedia of Brighton. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. ISBN 0-86147-315-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dale, Antony (1989). Brighton Churches. London EC4: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00863-8.CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Elleray, D. Robert (2004). Sussex Places of Worship. Worthing: Optimus Books. ISBN 0-9533132-7-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kadish, Sharman (2006). Jewish Heritage in England: An Architectural Guide. English Heritage. ISBN 1-905624-28-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • A Guide to the Buildings of Brighton. School of Architecture and Interior Design, Brighton Polytechnic. Macclesfield: McMillan Martin. 1987. ISBN 1-869865-03-0.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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