Michael Willmann

Michael Leopold Lukas Willmann (27 September 1630 – 26 August 1706) was a German painter. The Baroque artist became known as the "Silesian Rembrandt",[1][2] "Silesian Apelles"[3] or "Silesian Raphael"[4] and has been called the greatest Silesian painter of the baroque period.[5]

Michael Willmann
Self portrait, 1682
Born
Michael Willmann

(1630-09-27)27 September 1630
Königsberg, Duchy of Prussia
DiedAugust 15, 1706(1706-08-15) (aged 75)
Leubus, Holy Roman Empire
NationalityDutch
EducationJacob Adriaensz Backer
Known forPainting
Notable work
The Martyrdom of the Apostles cycle
MovementBaroque

Life
Portrait of Arnold Freiberger, Abbot of Leubus
Orpheus playing a harp
Jacob's ladder

Willmann was born in Königsberg (Królewiec; today Kaliningrad), Duchy of Prussia a fief of Kingdom of Poland. He was educated by his father, the painter, Christian Peter Willmann. His family was impoverished Calvinist nobility. Michael went to the Dutch Republic in 1650 to learn from the masters, and he was inspired by the works of Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, and Anthony van Dyck. For financial reasons he was unable to afford studying at the studio of a well-known painter. He therefore studied on his own, often copying works of the artists he was inspired on. His early style was particularly influenced by the style of Rembrandt.[5] While he is often described as self-thought, he studied for a time under Jacob Adriaensz Backer.[6]

After two years in the Netherlands, mostly spent in Amsterdam, in 1653 Willmann returned to Königsberg, passed his master's examination, and began to travel. After visiting Danzig (Gdańsk), Willmann went to Prague, where he stayed from 1653–55. He then spent about a year in Breslau (Wrocław).[7][8] Willmann's first known painting, Landscape with John the Baptist, commissioned by Abbot Arnold Freiberger of the Abbatia Lubensis abbey in Leubus (Lubiąż), Lower Silesia, dates from 1656. Leubus, a village in the Silesian part of the Holy Roman Empire, would become the setting of much of Willmann's creativity.[9]

From 1657–58 Willmann was in Berlin as the court painter of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.[8][9] He painted mythological scenes for the elector, presumably for his residence at Königsberg Castle. In 1660 Willmann returned to Leubus, which allowed him a large workshop.[10]

Willmann's workship, modeled after those of the Dutch painters, quickly spread his fame. The extensive family studio included his son Michael Leopold Willmann the Younger,[11] his daughter Anna Elisabeth, and Anna Elisabeth's husband Christian Neuenhertz and son Georg Wilhelm Neunhertz. Willmann's studio also counted Johann Kretschmer from Glogau (Głogów), Johann Jacob Eybelwieser from Breslau, the Cistercian Jacob Arlet from Grüssau, and Willmann's stepson Jan Kryštof Liška.[12][13][5]

Willmann became the leading painter of Silesia through his expressiveness, technical dexterity, and speed. Willmann worked on orders from the patriciate of Breslau, as well as churches and monasteries throughout Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia. He received contracts for the Cistercian monasteries in Grüssau, Heinrichau, Kamenz, Rauden, and Himmelwitz.[5] With the assistance of his students and assistants, Willmann produced 500 paintings and frescos during his life; about 300 or so have survived till modern day.[10] Most of his frescos were created after the 1680s.[5]

On 26 November 1662 Willmann married Helena Regina Lischka (Liška) from Prague.[5] In May 1663 he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism and took the baptismal names Leopold (after the emperor) and Lukas (after the patron saint of painters).[5] Willmann's prosperity allowed him in 1687 to acquire a manor near Leubus and sponsor the educations of his son and stepson in Italy.[5] Willmann was detailed in Academia, the 1683 Latin edition of Joachim von Sandrart's Teutsche Academie der edlen Bau-, Bild und Malereikünste.

Willmann died in Leubus in 1706, and was buried in the abbey's crypt alongside the abbots.[10] Because his son died shortly before his father, the studio passed to Willmann's stepson J. K. Liška until 1712, and to Willmann's grandson Georg Wilhelm Neunhertz until 1724, after which it closed. Willmann's house was destroyed in a fire in 1849.

Works

Willman's style was inspired by artists such as Rembrant, Rubens, van Dyck and Pietro da Cortona. His distinctive style comes from background sketching technique and the adjustment of details. This style has been continued by his students.[5]

Painters influenced by Willmann include Wenzel Lorenz Reiner,[14] Petr Brandl, Johann Michael Rottmayr, and Franz Anton Maulbertsch.

Perhaps his most famous work is the series of paintings from The Martyrdom of the Apostles cycle.[5]

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References
  1. Kaczorowska, Katarzyna (2014-02-10). "Na tropach Michała Willmanna. Śląski Rembrandt przyprawia o wielkie emocje". Gazeta Wrocławska (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  2. Norman Davies; Roger Moorhouse (31 December 2011). Microcosm: A Portrait of a Central European City. Random House. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-1-4481-1408-5.
  3. Kozieł, Andrzej (2000). "Wielkie przedsiębiorstwo czy mała rodzinna firma? Kilka hipotez na temat warsztatu Michaela Willmanna". Willmann i inni. Malarstwo, rysunek i grafiki na Śląsku i w krajach ościennych w XVII i XVIII wieku. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  4. Albert August Scholz (9 November 2013). Silesia: Yesterday and Today. Springer. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-94-017-6002-7.
  5. Jagiełło, Jakub (March 2011). "Michael Willmann". Culture.pl. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  6. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1974). Bulletin - The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Museum of Fine Arts. p. 3.
  7. Reinhold Vetter (1992). Schlesien: deutsche und polnische Kulturtraditionen in einer europäischen Grenzregion. DuMont. p. 75. ISBN 978-3-7701-2690-3.
  8. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum (1993). Baroque art in Central Europe. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum. p. 386. ISBN 978-963-7441-44-8.
  9. Hubertus Lossow (1994). Michael Willmann (1630-1706): Meister der Barockmalerei. Bergstadtverlag W.G. Korn. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-87057-179-5.
  10. Maciejewska, Beata (9 March 2020). "Cenne obrazy wybitnego barokowego artysty cudem przetrwały zawieruchę wojenną. Po wojnie poupychano je po parafiach". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  11. Kozieł, Andrzej. Michael Willmann i jego malarska pracownia, Wrocław 2013 („Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis”, 3463, Historia Sztuki, 33), cz. 1: Eseje.
  12. Kozieł, Andrzej (2001). Michael Willmann und sein Kreis: Johann Christoph Liska, Georg Wilhelm Neunhertz und Johann Jakob Eybelwieser : Zeichnungen : [Katalogbuch zu den Ausstellungen in Salzburg: Salzburger Barockmuseum, 20. Juli bis 2. September 2001, "Michael Willmann und sein Kreis - Zeichnungen" ; Stuttgart: Graphische Sammlung der Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, 15. September bis 18. November 2001, "Michael Willmann (1630-1706) - Zeichnungen. Eine Künstlerwerkstatt des Barock in Schlesien" ; Breslau: Muzeum Narodowe we Wroclawiu, Dezember 2001 bis Jänner 2002, "Michael Willmann ... "] (in German). Salzburger Barockmuseum. ISBN 978-3-901925-26-9.
  13. Kozieł, Andrzej; Lejman, Beata (2002). Willmann and others (in Polish). Instytut Historii Sztuki Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Oddział Wrocławski Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki. ISBN 978-83-88649-51-6.
  14. Oldřich J. Blažíček (1968). Baroque Art in Bohemia. Artia. p. 116.

Further reading
  • Colmar Grünhagen: Willmann, Michael Lucas Leopold . In: General German Biography (ADB). Volume 43, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1898, p 301.
  • Dehio Manual of the monuments in Poland, Silesia, Munich · Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X.
  • Hugo Weczerka (eds.): Handbook of historical sites Silesia . Stuttgart 1977.
  • Joachim Bahlcke including: Handbook of historical sites Bohemia and Moravia, Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8
  • Knaurs art guide Czech Republic, ISBN 3-426-26609-1.
  • Hubertus Lossow : Michael Willmann 1630-1706 . Wurzburg, 1994, ISBN 3-87057-179-9.
  • Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt : Michael Leopold Willmann, in: Konigsberg lives in Rococo. Significant contemporaries of Kant . Writings of JG Herder-winning country library, Volume 7, Siegen 1981, p 84–94.
  • Ernst Kloss : Michael Willmann. Life and works of a German Baroque painter, Wroclaw 1934.
  • Franz Wagner (Eds.): Michael Willmann (1630-1706), studies of his work . Concept: Rüdiger Klessmann and Bozena Steinborn, catalog for the exhibition in Salzburg and Wroclaw 1994.
  • R. Albinus: Königsberg lexicon. Würzburg 2002.
  • Detlev Arens: Prague - culture and history of the "Golden City",
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