Matrix (mass spectrometry)

In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB).

This article is about ionization assisting compounds for mass spectrometry. For the non-analyte components of a sample, see matrix (chemical analysis).

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MALDI is an ionization technique where laser energy is absorbed by a matrix to create ions from large molecules without fragmentation. The matrix, typically in excess, is mixed with the analyze molecule and deposited on a target. A table of matrix compounds, their structures, laser wavelengths typically used, and typical application is shown below.

MALDI Matrix List
CompoundAbbreviationStructureWavelength (nm)Applications
9-aminoacridine[1] 9AA 337 lipids, metabolites
α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid[2] CHCA 337, 355 peptides, lipids, nucleotides
ferulic acid[3][4] FA 337, 355, 266 proteins
2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid|[5] DHB 337, 355 peptides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides
3-hydroxy picolinic acid[6] HPA 337, 355 oligonucleotides
picolinic acid[7] PA 266 oligonucleotides
sinapinic acid[3][4] SA 337, 355, 266 peptides, proteins, lipids

Matrix-assisted ionization

Matrix-assisted ionization is an ionization method in mass spectrometry that creates ions via the creation of particles at atmospheric pressure and transfer to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.[8]

List of Matrix-assisted Ionization Compounds[9]
CompoundAbbreviationStructure
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DHB
2-aminobenzyl alcohol
anthranilic acid
2-hydroxyacetophenone

Fast atom bombardment

FAB uses a high energy beam of atoms directed at a surface to create ions.[10] FAB matrix compounds are typically liquids.

FAB Matrix List
CompoundAbbreviationStructure
glycerol
thioglycerol
3-nitrobenzyl alcohol NBA
18-crown-6 ether
2-nitrophenyloctyl ether NPOE
diethanolamine
triethanolamine
gollark: Apparently LEA can substitute for ADD in some cases.
gollark: Wouldn't steganographically storing data in instructions probably require somewhat complex analysis of program function and stuff?
gollark: * wasm
gollark: Hmmm, what if bf2asm?
gollark: I already have one which is "JIT-compiled" by embedding an entire C compiler binary and the program's source code.

See also

References
  1. Vermillion-Salsbury, Rachal L.; Hercules, David M. (2002). "9-Aminoacridine as a matrix for negative mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 16 (16): 1575–1581. doi:10.1002/rcm.750. ISSN 0951-4198.
  2. Beavis, R. C.; Chaudhary, T.; Chait, B. T. (1992). "α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry". Organic Mass Spectrometry. 27 (2): 156–8. doi:10.1002/oms.1210270217.
  3. Beavis, R. C.; Chait, B. T.; Standing, K. G. (1989). "Matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry using 355 nm radiation". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 3 (12): 436–9. Bibcode:1989RCMS....3..436B. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290031208. PMID 2520224.
  4. Beavis, R. C.; Chait, B. T.; Fales, H. M. (1989). "Cinnamic acid derivatives as matrices for ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of proteins". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 3 (12): 432–5. Bibcode:1989RCMS....3..432B. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290031207. PMID 2520223.
  5. Strupat, K.; Karas, M.; Hillenkamp, F. (1991). "2,5-Dihidroxybenzoic acid: A new matrix for laser desorption—ionization mass spectrometry". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes. 72 (111): 89–102. Bibcode:1991IJMSI.111...89S. doi:10.1016/0168-1176(91)85050-V.
  6. Wu, K. J.; Steding, A.; Becker, C. H. (1993). "Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid as an ultraviolet-sensitive matrix". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 7 (2): 142–6. Bibcode:1993RCMS....7..142W. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290070206. PMID 8457722.
  7. Tang, K.; Taranenko, N. I.; Allman, S. L.; Cháng, L. Y.; Chen, C. H.; Lubman, D. M. (1994). "Detection of 500-nucleotide DNA by laser desorption mass spectrometry". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 8 (9): 727–30. Bibcode:1994RCMS....8..727T. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290080913. PMID 7949335.
  8. Peacock, Patricia M.; Zhang, Wen-Jing; Trimpin, Sarah (2017). "Advances in Ionization for Mass Spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 89 (1): 372–388. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04348. ISSN 0003-2700.
  9. Li, Jing; Inutan, Ellen D.; Wang, Beixi; Lietz, Christopher B.; Green, Daniel R.; Manly, Cory D.; Richards, Alicia L.; Marshall, Darrell D.; Lingenfelter, Steven; Ren, Yue; Trimpin, Sarah (2012). "Matrix Assisted Ionization: New Aromatic and Nonaromatic Matrix Compounds Producing Multiply Charged Lipid, Peptide, and Protein Ions in the Positive and Negative Mode Observed Directly from Surfaces". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (10): 1625–1643. Bibcode:2012JASMS..23.1625L. doi:10.1007/s13361-012-0413-z. ISSN 1044-0305.
  10. Morris HR, Panico M, Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgwick RD, Tyler A (1981). "Fast atom bombardment: a new mass spectrometric method for peptide sequence analysis". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101 (2): 623–31. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91304-8. PMID 7306100.
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