Maring Naga
The Maring is one of the Naga[2] ethnic group inhabited in Manipur State in North East India. Their name is derived from mei meaning fire and ring meaning to start or produce. The people of Maring tribe are called Maringa. A mainly Christian people, they inhabit mainly in Tengnoupal District and nearby areas.
 A Maring traditional dress | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 45,000 Approx [1] | |
| Languages | |
| Maring | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Naga people |
Meaning
The term "Maring" is derived from the word "Meiring" or "Meiringba" where "Mei" stands for "fire" and "ring" stands for "alive" which means "the people who keep fires un-quenched/alive".
The traditional oral history says that "Maring" or "Meiring" or "Meiringba" obtained fire from a traditional ways of making fire called "Meihongtang" using dry wood of a particular tree called Khongma-heeng with bamboo strips and dry bushes or grasses. The bamboo strips are rubbed with dry grasses/bushes against dry Khongma-heeng until fire produced due to friction.
The fire thus produced is considered "sacred" (Meikhring) and were set up at sacred places like village altar called Malamun or Rlhamun, Village Gate called Palshung and Dormitories called Rkhang. The sacred fire is kept burning by feeding fire woods (Meirupheeng) and this practice of keeping fire alive/burning continued till the dawn of Christianity in Maring Land.
Today, the Marings are settled mostly in Chandel District in the South-Eastern part of the present State of Manipur (India) bordering Myanmar. Some of them are found scattered in places like Senapati, Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, Thoubal, Imphal East and West Districts of Manipur.
History and Legend
Oral legend of Maring forefathers that have been handing down from generation to generation says that the Marings were once living inside a cave called "Nungmuisho" in Kulvi-Shongshong under the rulership of Khopu-Rampuwith full civilization like;
- Charang: Purangmei (Rangmeithil)
- Dangsha: Khalsherung
- Makung: Kungkrung and
- Kansou: Tontang/Tantang: Tangkirung (Phur'in-Phurkham/Tumpok-Khingmanchok)
The legend further says that the life inside the cave or underneath the Earth was terribly difficult and hard. However they could not come out of the cave as there was a big stone gate called "Lungthung" sealing the gate of the cave. They tried to open the Lungthung (stone gate) using several means like pig, cow and buffalo but failed.
According to the legend, the flattened nose of pig and the crack marks on buffalo's horns were received while trying to push open the Lungthung (Stone gate). After much consultation among themselves, Shirimpa Bungrang (a black male Mithun – white spotted) was sent and the Mithun opened the gate at last.
Thus, the Marings who had been struggling to set free themselves from the terrible and hard life in Nungmuisho (Cave or underneath the Earth) at last could come out of the cave and thus the first settlement on earth begun there at Kulvi-Shongshong.
It is also said that Mithun is therefore the only accepted animal for important rituals and ceremonies like naming of person (Minphuk-phalphuk), erection of monument stones (Thillai), ritual ceremony for erection of flower vats and poles (Paryao/halbu-bun), as Bride Price, etc.
Beliefs and Rituals
From Kulvi-Shongshong, the Maring people gradually scattered to different directions and established many settlements into village. The Indigenous faith/belief (Primal religion) of the Marings has been firmly based on traditional ways of invocations, worships, offerings, sacrifices, appeasement and healing.
They believed in all these systems and practiced them for their sustenance. The Marings believed that there is one God, called/known as Om (The Supreme Deity), whose natural benevolence is believed to be only one and is above all.
He is the Creator (Seempi-ShapiPu) of all things, including heavens (thangwan, nungthou, khiya ram) and human beings and things; the Sustainer (Dunpi-yukpiPu), the God of Universe (Shimlei-ThangwanPu).
Besides this, they worshipped other lesser gods or gods of the lower realm called 'Thrai'. They also worshipped the local deity called Rampu-tupu/ram thrai/lukbamthrai (god of the high places/sacred places); they also believed in the village deity (Kholamal-pu/pallshungthrai); and the 'ancestral deity' called Cheem-thrai.
Whenever the Marings worship God/Umpu or the deities, they make offerings (thuina-put makat), sacrifice animals (malamthut), ranging from a mere offering of water (yuykhyingbunsunda) to an offering (sacrifice) of birds and animals including Mithun(Shirim).
Maring Lasses in Traditional Attire Maring Lasses in Traditional Attire They also prepare ritual feasts. The Marings also believed in the existence of the evil spirits or devils, called Shea-krao, Langa (lhim-krao), tathi-tahoikhi-krao, kmang-krao, etc. These are the malevolent spirits, which caused sickness or diseases and sufferings to human beings.
These devils or the evil spirits are not worshipped, but they were propitiated/appeased with sacrifices of animals called luk-khang or luk-thut or puluk-thut so that they don't harm or trouble human beings.
The Marings believed that there is life after death. They believed that those who died the good dead will go up above, while the bad will go below to a place inside the earth i.e. khiya ram (the hell or the place of dead).
But those who died in an extraordinary/unnatural manner will flit about between heaven and the earth (uncertain place). The reward of a virtuous life is immediate, since "after death the good are born again at once into this world".
The Marings performed ritual rites in every feast or festival and various occasions connected with the traditional and customary functions such as seed sowing, harvesting, house constructions and inaugurations, child births, cleansing ceremony after the child birth (tuytrumkngei), marriage and death or condolence and funerals, etc.
Marings worshiped God in different forms and places according to the situations and occasions. They worship the household deity as cheemthrai. The local deity is worshipped as rampu-tupu.
The deity of high places/sacred places or groves is worshipped as Lukbamthrai; the village Altar deity is worshipped as Kho-lamunPu; the fertility deity' is worshipped as Umhai.
The God of blessing is worshipped as Umkarsui-Umkarshang. Above all, the Marings worshipped the God of Universe (Shimlei-ThangwanPu), the Creator of both living and non-living beings as Seempi-shapipu Dunpu.
They also worshipped the spirit of the Patriotic Heroes of the village(s) in order to protect the village(s) or the villager(s) from their enemies and the evils and even to help them in the warfare or in the battle fields to confront their enemies during the times of head hunting.
The Maring Tribe belongs to Naga inhabiting mainly in Chandel district of Manipur.
HNUNGKAAP The biggest of Maring festivals, celebrating after every five years.
ORIGIN: In the line of mythological concept, Marings are believed to have emerged from the dome type of vast cave (thlei-khur). They used to be on regular or routine hunting since the time of life in the cave or beneath the earth. It is obviously perceived to the knowledge of the general people that Marings are socially cultured community from the days in the cave. They led socially nurtured life even while living in the cave. Eventually they came out from the cave. There they come across one unnatural beast. Many people were eaten and post great danger to their survival. So the village council (leipak upa:-Khulpu-Khullak, Keishang and Khangshillak) decided to kill the said demon like giant beast. With concerted effort they could finally killed the beast which they called SOVI -YA.
PURPOSE: As the SOVI- YA was killed with fierce encountering the killing event placed a significant mark in the line of Maring history. Signifying the success the Marings celebrated the function resplendently. Today every traditional Maring villages are celebrating the festival called Hnungkaap. That year will be called Hnungkum which means the year of Hnungkaap.
TIME OF CELEBRATION: The Hnungkaap festival is celebrated every five year in the month of May.
ACTIVITIES: the celebration marks the glory of the people for killing of the giant beast Sovi-ya. One symbolic model effigy of the Sovi-ya is made out of special plunk by decorating in the form of a peculiar beast. The name of the tree used for the totem is Kantro in Maring dialect. The decoration is done by Soupulrui (a post in the village council of Maring culture holding by the Charang clan). People believed that shooting at the tongue and eye will mark ones bad luck or crime during the five years to come. Also shooting at the stomach and throat will mark him of cultivating plenty of paddies during the coming five years.
The totem of the beast is hung on the top of the tree grown in the centre and western side of the village. The opening ceremony is as follows:
All the men of the village are lined up with a bow (fuila) and arrow (laachei) in front of the Totem. The laarungs (traditional Maring choir master) will sing the traditional folklore. Right after that to open the ceremony the KHULPU of Charanga Clan of the village will first shoot at the Totem followed by the KHULLAK of Dangshawa Clan and KEISHANG, respectively. After that all the men will shoot at the spotted totem of the beast. The shooting is performed with profound musical applause of drum beating as a mark of success and joyful celebration with dance.
The second session of the festival is an act of calling the souls of departed forefathers. This is done to remember the departed souls of forefathers and who are no more on earth. At this moment all the youths, elders and old men and women used to dance from door to door throughout the day and night. Every house owner offers many specially prepared food items. Under the laarungs they will sing many folk songs. During this mainly they will sing Phunglaa (hymn of clan) which describes the clan from the ancestors. Besides all these activities there is grant feast.
The third and closing ceremony is done with the act of sending of souls of departed forefathers as farewell. All will go to the PALTHUNG (village gate) to drop the departed souls. There they will say "go the spirit of ancestors, we are staying back, bye- bye". This is followed by cultural dance in the night and thus the resplendent celebration of Hnungkaap wind up.
See also
- Maring Naga language
References
- "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). MHA GOI.
- Hodson, TC (1911). Naga tribes of Manipur.
