Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky
Margarete "Grete" Schütte-Lihotzky (January 23, 1897 in Margareten bei Wien, Austria-Hungary – January 18, 2000)[1] was the first female Austrian architect and a Communist activist in the German resistance to Nazism. She is mostly remembered today for designing what is known as the Frankfurt kitchen.
Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 23, 1897 |
| Died | January 18, 2000 (aged 102) Vienna |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Alma mater | University of Applied Arts Vienna |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse(s) | Wilhelm Schütte |
| Design | Frankfurt kitchen |
Early life and education
Margarete Lihotzky was born 23 January 1897 into a bourgeois family in Margareten, (since 1850 a part of) Vienna.[1] Her grandfather Gustav Lihotzky was a mayor of Czernowitz, Ducal Bukovina, and her mother Julie Bode was relative of Wilhelm von Bode. Her father was a liberal-minded civil servant Erwin Lihotzky, whose pacifist tendencies made him welcome the end of the Habsburg Empire and the founding of the republic in 1918, Lihotzky became the first female student at the Kunstgewerbeschule (today University of Applied Arts Vienna),[1] where renowned artists such as Josef Hoffmann, Anton Hanak or Oskar Kokoschka were teaching. Lihotzky almost did not get in. Her mother persuaded a close friend to ask the famous artist Gustav Klimt for a letter of recommendation. In 1997, celebrating her 100th birthday and reminiscing about her then decision to study architecture, she remarked that "in 1916 no one would have conceived of a woman being commissioned to build a house -- not even myself."[2]
Lihotzky studied architecture under Oskar Strnad, and winning prizes for her designs even before her graduation. Strnad was one of the pioneers of sozialer Wohnbau in Vienna, designing affordable yet comfortable social housing for the working classes. Inspired by him, Lihotzky understood that connecting design to functionality was the new trend that would be in demand in the future. After graduating, among her other projects she collaborated with Adolf Loos, planning settlements for World War I invalids and veterans. During this time she also worked alongside architect Josef Frank and philosopher Otto Neurath in the context of the newly founded Austrian Association for Settlements and Small Gardens. Her memories of these and many other Austrian architects and intellectuals are collected in her book Warum ich Architektin wurde (Why I Became an Architect).
Housing work
In 1926 she was called to the Hochbauamt of the City Council of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, by the architect and city planner Ernst May where she worked on the New Frankfurt project.[1] May had been given the political power and financial resources to solve Frankfurt's housing shortage. He and Schütte-Lihotzky, together with the rest of May's assembled architectural staff, successfully brought functional clarity and humanitarian values to thousands of the city's housing units.
Lihotzky continued her work by designing kindergartens, students' homes, schools and similar community buildings. In Frankfurt she met colleague Wilhelm Schütte, whom she married the following year.[1]
Frankfurt Kitchen
As part of the New Frankfurt-project Lihotzky created the Frankfurt Kitchen in 1926, which was the prototype of the built-in kitchen now prevalent in the western world. Based on the scientific research by U.S. management expert Frederick Winslow Taylor and her own research, Lihotzky used a railroad dining car kitchen as her model to design a "housewife's laboratory" using a minimum of space but offering a maximum of comfort and equipment to the working mother. The Frankfurt City Council eventually installed 10,000 of her mass-produced, prefabricated kitchens in newly built working-class apartments.
On her 100th birthday Schütte-Lihotzky commented "You'll be surprised that, before I conceived the Frankfurt Kitchen in 1926, I never cooked myself. At home in Vienna my mother cooked, in Frankfurt I went to the Wirthaus [restaurant/pub]. I designed the kitchen as an architect, not as a housewife ".[3]
Wartime activities
When the political situation in the Weimar Republic began to further deteriorate and unduly favour the political right, Schütte-Lihotzky joined a team of seventeen architects, the "May Brigade", led by architect Ernst May and including her husband and Erich Mauthner, also from Vienna. In 1930 they travelled to Moscow by train. There the group of architects was commissioned to help realize the first of Stalin's five-year plans, for example by building the industrial city of Magnitogorsk which, situated in the middle of nowhere in the southern Ural Mountains, Russia, on their arrival only consisted of mud huts and barracks: It was to have 200,000 inhabitants in a few years' time, the majority of them working in the steel industry. Although the May Brigade was credited with the construction of 20 cities in three years, the political conditions were bad and the results mixed. May left Russia in 1933 when his contract was up.
With the exception of brief business trips and lecture tours to Japan and China, Schütte-Lihotzky remained in the Soviet Union until 1937, when Stalin's Great Purge made life there intolerable and dangerous as well. She and her husband moved first to London and later to Paris, France. Also, in 1933 Schütte-Lihotzky had presented some of her work at the Chicago world's fair, Century of Progress.
In 1938 Schütte-Lihotzky, together with her husband, was called to Istanbul, Turkey, to teach at the Academy of Fine Arts, and to reunite with exiled German architect Bruno Taut. (Unfortunately Taut died soon after their arrival.) Schütte-Lihotzky also designed kindergarten pavilions based on the ideas of Maria Montessori. On the eve of World War II Istanbul was a safe meeting place for many exiled Europeans, a common destination for exiled Germans, and the Schüttes encountered artists such as the musicians Béla Bartók and Paul Hindemith.
In Istanbul Schütte-Lihotzky also met fellow Austrian Herbert Eichholzer, an architect who at the time was busy organizing Communist resistance to the Nazi regime. In 1939 Schütte-Lihotzky joined the Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ) and in December 1940, of her own free will, together with Eichholzer, travelled back to Vienna to secretly contact the Austrian Communist resistance movement. Schütte-Lihotzky agreed to meet a leading Resistance member nicknamed "Gerber" Erwin Puschmann and help set up a communications line with Istanbul.[4] She met "Gerber" at the Cafe Viktoria on January 22, 1941, where they were surprised and arrested by the Gestapo,[4] only 25 days after her arrival.[1] While Eichholzer and other resistance fighters, who had also been seized, were charged with high treason, sentenced to death by the Volksgerichtshof and executed in 1943, Schütte-Lihotzky was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment and brought to a prison in Aichach, Bavaria. She was liberated by U.S. troops on April 29, 1945.
After the war
After the war, she went to work in Sofia, Bulgaria, eventually returning to her native Vienna in 1947. However, her strong political views—she remained a Communist—prevented her from receiving any major public commissions in post-war Austria, despite the fact that innumerable buildings all over the country had been destroyed and had to be rebuilt (Wiederaufbau). Consequently, apart from designing some private homes, Schütte-Lihotzky worked as a consultant in China, Cuba and the German Democratic Republic. In 1951 she separated from her husband, Wilhelm Schütte.
Belatedly, her accomplishments were officially recognized in Austria. She was first recognised for her non-architecture activities: in 1977 she received a medal for her peace work and, in 1978, an honour badge for her work in the Resistance.[5] She received the Architecture Award from the City of Vienna in 1980.[6] In 1985 she published her memoirs, Erinnerungen aus dem Widerstand. Further awards followed, but, always true to her convictions, she refused to be honoured in 1988 by then Austrian Federal President Kurt Waldheim on grounds of the latter's dubious wartime past.[6] She eventually received it in 1992. In 1995 she was one of a group of Austrian Holocaust survivors who sued Jörg Haider after a debate in the Austrian parliament on bomb attacks on Romanies in which Haider had referred to Nazi concentration camps as "prison camps".
In 1990 a scale model of the Frankfurt Kitchen was put on display in the Austrian Museum for Applied Art in Vienna.[5]
She celebrated her 100th birthday in 1997, dancing a short waltz with the Mayor of Vienna and remarking, "I would have enjoyed it, for a change, to design a house for a rich man."
Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky died in Vienna on January 18, 2000, five days before her 103rd birthday, of complications after contracting influenza.[1][5] She was interred in the Vienna Central Cemetery.
The award-winning Australian singer, writer and director Robyn Archer has written a play based on Schütte-Lihotzky's life. Architektin, featuring Helen Morse, Ksenja Logos, Craig Behenna, Duncan Graham, Antje Guenther, Michael Habib and Nick Pelomis, produced by the State Theatre Company of South Australia, and directed by Adam Cook, had its Opening Night on 2 September 2008 at the Dunstan Playhouse, Adelaide, South Australia. The song "The Frankfurt Kitchen" by Rotifer is also a tribute to her work.
Honours and awards
- Architecture Award of the City of Vienna (1980)
- Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1992)[7]
- Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria (1997)[8]
Further reading
- Peter Noever, MAK (Ed.), Authors: Renate Allmayer-Beck, Susanne Baumgartner-Haindl, Marion Lindner-Gross, Christine Zwingl: Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky. Soziale Architektur - Zeitzeugin eines Jahrhunderts. Böhlau, Vienna (1996), ISBN 3-205-98607-5.
- Susan R. Henderson, Building Culture: Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative, 1926-1931. Peter Lang, 2013. ISBN 978-1433105876
- Susan R. Henderson, A Revolution in Woman’s Sphere: Grete Lihotzky and the Frankfurt Kitchen (reprint), in Housing and Dwelling (Barbara Miller Lane, ed.). Routledge, 2006, chapter 7, 248-258. ISBN 978-0415346566
- Susan R. Henderson, Reputations. Grete Schütte-Lihotzky in AR. The Architectural Review (June 27, 2015), 96-98.
- Susan R. Henderson, Housing the Single Woman, JSAH (2009)
- Alfons Puigarnau, “The Woman Architect Schutze Lihotzky.” in Women's Creativity since the Modern Movement (1918-2018) Toward a New Perception and Reception (2018). ISBN 978-961-05-0106-0
References
- "Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky: 'Sie haben gedacht, ich würde verhungern'". dieStandard.at (in German). 18 January 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- "Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky: 'Sie haben gedacht, ich würde verhungern'". dieStandard.at (in German). 18 January 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Sie haben gedacht, ich würde verhungern ... 1916 konnte sich niemand vorstellen, dass man eine Frau damit beauftragt, ein Haus zu bauen - nicht einmal ich selbst
- "Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky: 'Sie haben gedacht, ich würde verhungern'". dieStandard.at (in German). 18 January 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
Es wird Sie überraschen dass ich, bevor ich die Frankfurter Küche 1926 konzipierte, nie selbst gekocht habe. Zuhause in Wien hat meine Mutter gekocht, in Frankfurt bin ich ins Wirtshaus gegangen. Ich habe die Küche als Architektin entwickelt, nicht als Hausfrau
- Chiu, Charles S. (1994). Women in the Shadows: Mileva Einstein-Marie, Margarete Jeanne Trakl, Lise Meitner, Milena Jesenska, Margarete Schutte-Lihotzky. Die Deutsche Bibliothek. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0-8204-8856-1.
- "Margarete Schuette-Lihotzky; Pioneering Architect". Los Angeles Times. 22 January 2000. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- Pace, Eric (23 January 2000). "Margarete Schutte-Lihotzky, Noted Austrian Architect, 102". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- "Reply to a parliamentary question" (pdf) (in German). p. 926. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- "Reply to a parliamentary question" (pdf) (in German). p. 1111. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
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