Mandarin (character)

The Mandarin is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the archenemy of Iron Man.[1][2][3] The character was created by Stan Lee and designed by Don Heck, first appearing in Tales of Suspense #50 (cover-dated Feb. 1964).[4] The character is described as being born in China before the Communist revolution to a wealthy Chinese father and an English aristocratic mother, both of whom died when he was very young. He is characterized as a megalomaniac, attempting to conquer the world on several occasions, yet also possessing a strong sense of honor.

Mandarin
Mandarin, on the cover of The Invincible Iron Man #511 (December 2011). Art by Salvador Larroca
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Tales of Suspense #50 (Feb. 1964)
Created by	Stan Lee (writer) Don Heck (artist)
In-story information
Team affiliations	Mandarin's Minions Hand Tong
Notable aliases	Gene Khan Zhang Tong Tem Borjigin
Abilities	Superb athlete Superhumanly skilled martial artist Brilliant and brutal tactician Gifted strategist Genius-level intellect Wears ten rings that grant various powers
Altered in-story information for adaptations to other media
Alter ego	Arnold Brock – The Iron Man TV Series Xin Xhang/Shin Xhang Gene Khan/Temugin – Iron Man: Armored Adventures

The Mandarin is portrayed as a genius scientist and a superhumanly skilled martial artist. However, his primary sources of power are 10 rings that he adapted from the alien technology of a crashed space ship. Each ring has a different power and is worn on a specific finger.

In other media, the Mandarin has been shown in several forms of animation and computer games. An impostor and actor of the Mandarin played by Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley, respectively, featured in the 2013 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3,[5] with a "real Mandarin" revealed to exist in the short film All Hail the King;[6] the aforementioned "real Mandarin" is set to appear in the upcoming film Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), where he will be portrayed by Tony Leung Chiu-wai.[7] In 2009, The Mandarin was ranked as IGN's 81st-greatest comic book villain of all time.[8]

Publication history

The Mandarin first appeared in Tales of Suspense #50 (Feb. 1964), written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Don Heck.[9]

The Mandarin appeared in Invincible Iron Man, in the story arc titled "The Future" in 2012, written by Matt Fraction and illustrated by Salvador Larroca. In an interview, while being asked about the possible appearance of the Mandarin in the future, the current writer of Iron Man comics, Brian Michael Bendis, told that he has no plans as of right now to bring the Mandarin back to Iron Man comics, stating, "nothing with the Mandarin right now, just because I'm so more focused on the new stuff."[10]

Fictional character biography

Origins

The Mandarin's late father was one of the wealthiest men in pre-revolutionary mainland China (and a descendant of Genghis Khan), while his late mother was an English noblewoman. Their son was born in an unnamed village in mainland China before the Communist revolution. The boy's parents died soon after his birth, and he was raised by his (paternal) aunt, who was embittered against the world and raised him with much the same attitude. Every last bit of the family fortune was spent obsessively training the Mandarin in science and combat, with the result that he was penniless by adulthood. Without the wealth to pay the taxes on his ancestral home, the Mandarin was evicted by the government.[11]

Hoping to find a means of avenging himself upon the civilization that had taxed him and rendered him homeless, the Mandarin explores the forbidden Valley of Spirits, where no one has dared to set foot for centuries.[11] There he finds the skeleton and starship of Axonn-Karr, an intelligent dragon-like alien from the planet Maklu IV, who had come to Earth centuries ago and died. Over the following years, the Mandarin studies Makluan science until he masters it. He also learns how to use the 10 rings that he found within the starship, which are apparently its propulsion source, among other things.[12] The Mandarin then becomes a conqueror, and subjugates the villages around the Valley, and through his advanced science, rapidly becomes a power that not even the Chinese Army can successfully challenge. He then embarks on a long series of attempts to achieve world domination. The Chinese, though fearing him, ask for his help, but he will not become subservient to them.

The Mandarin sees technology as the surest means to achieve his goals. Over the years, he frequently attempts to turn the weapons and computers of various nations against them. Among the Mandarin's earliest schemes is the sabotage and theft of American missiles and spy planes built by Tony Stark. To restore public confidence in his workmanship, Stark dons his Iron Man armor and flies to China to investigate.[13] Iron Man soon became the Mandarin's principal obstacle against his plans for world domination.

The cover of Tales of Suspense #50 (Feb. 1964), the first appearance of the Mandarin. Art by Jack Kirby

During three of their early confrontations, the Mandarin manages to take Iron Man (or his alter ego Tony Stark) captive, but fails to kill him. Similarly, Iron Man thwarts the Mandarin's various schemes, but is unable to bring him to justice. Some of the Mandarin's early technological achievements are the launching of a small orbiting satellite whose "death-ray" he aims at Stark Industries, and the building (later retconned as "the reprogramming, the refitting, and the recharging") of Ultimo, a 30-foot (9.1 m) humanoid android possessing vast destructive power.[14] The Mandarin would employ Ultimo four times over the years,[15] but it was always defeated by Iron Man.

The Mandarin's teleportation technology, derived from Makluan science, enables him to kidnap people at will or teleport himself out of threatening situations. He teleports the Swordsman to his castle just before the Avengers capture him, plotting to use him to destroy the Avengers and adding the technology to his sword to aid him, though the Swordsman betrays him and throws the bomb away. During his fifth encounter with Iron Man, the Mandarin teleports Harold J. "Happy" Hogan, a friend and confidant of Iron Man, to his castle in China half a world away. Hogan is wearing the Iron Man armor at the time to help protect his employer's secret identity, and the Mandarin mistakes him for his foe. In rescuing Hogan, Iron Man physically bests the Mandarin in personal combat for the first time. Iron Man redirected the missiles that the Mandarin had launched so that they hit the Mandarin's castle, destroying it.[16] The Mandarin escaped by means of his teleportation machinery, and he materialized aboard his orbiting satellite. There, he constructs a gemlike device capable of broadcasting "hate-rays" toward Earth. The Mandarin, using his teleportation technology, assembles several former enemies of the Avengers to perform missions for him: the Living Laser, who attacks Asia with Ultimo, but is beaten by Thor and Hawkeye; the original Power Man and the Swordsman, who, with an army of mercenaries, attacked a South American country, but are beaten by Goliath, the Wasp, and Iron Man; the Enchantress; and the Executioner, who lead an army of trolls in Africa, but are beaten by Hercules and the Scarlet Witch. The Avengers manage to thwart the Mandarin's scheme after getting to the satellite, despite being hit by his hate-rays that make each of them attack the person nearest to themselves. However, the Wasp is nearest to the Mandarin and her attack on him shuts off the rays. The Mandarin is sucked into space and the Avengers are able to destroy his satellite.

The Mandarin then establishes a base in China's Gobi Desert, and turns his attention to the Hulk for a time, hoping to make the dull-witted brute into an accomplice. Two attempts at controlling the Hulk proved futile. First he places a device on the Hulk's neck, hoping to use him to start a war which will allow the Mandarin to take over the world. However, Nick Fury foils this scheme.[17] Next the Mandarin allies himself with the American criminal the Sandman, who had just been beaten by the Hulk earlier.[18] The Hulk destroys the Mandarin's desert base and the Mandarin sends the Sandman into a hot vat, turning him to glass.[19] The glass later shatters, and the Sandman has to recover slowly in the Mandarin's satellite den.[20] When the Mandarin next attacks Iron Man, he employs an android in the Hulk's likeness rather than the real Hulk. The Mandarin sets up a makeshift base of operations in the United States, and attempts to discredit Anthony Stark publicly. Holding Iron Man captive for the fourth time, the Mandarin tries to learn if Iron Man is actually Stark, but Stark fools him with a rubber mask over his own features. His plans thwarted, the Mandarin tries to kill Stark's then-girlfriend, Janice Cord, but the Mandarin's betrothed Mei Ling saves her at the cost of her own life.[21]

The Mandarin's Avengers

The Mandarin's Avengers (or the Avatars of the Mandarin) is a fictional group of villains appearing in Marvel Comics. The characters work for their leader, the Mandarin, and are most famous for their role in the Iron Man and War Machine comic book series. This group was first glimpsed in Iron Man #309 (October 1994) and was seen in full in Force Works #6 (December 1994). The characters were created by Len Kaminski (writer), Tom Morgan (artist), and Nel Yomtov (editor).

Avatar characters and abilities

• Ancestor – Draws on his ancestor's strength to increase his size and powers.[22]
• Deluge – Has a liquid body form and control over water.
• Foundry – Fire shoots from his eyes and he can morph his hands into weapons.[23]
• Lich – A skeletal monster who uses his claws and strength.
• Old Woman – Controls the elements through her staff.
• Q'Wake – Superhuman strength and shock power.
• Sickle – Representation of China, he possesses strength and a scythe.
• Turmoil – The servant to the Mandarin that is an incarnation of the storm.
• Warfist – Superhuman strength and martial arts skill along with a spiked club for a weapon.[24]

New bodies

Returning to China, the Mandarin seeks a means to increase his rings' power, and learns of the legendary Eye of Yin, a talisman of power created by an ancient group of Chinese sorcerers. The Mandarin manipulates the Royal Family of the Inhumans, who at the time, live in the nearby Himalayan Mountains of Tibet, into locating the idol for him. Yet before he can fully incorporate the Eye's power in his rings, Black Bolt, the ruler of the Inhumans, overpowers him, strips him of his 10 rings, and hides them. Unable to find the rings, the Mandarin journeys back to the Valley of Spirits and the ruins of the Makluan starship, where he first acquired the rings. There he found a headband containing technology which enabled him to recover the rings. The Mandarin uses his newfound power to restore his castle to its original state. The Unicorn, another frequent opponent of Iron Man, seeks the Mandarin's aid in curing him of a progressive disease. The Mandarin and the Unicorn travel to the United States to attack their common enemy, Iron Man, but in the heat of battle, the Mandarin finds that the headband has somehow exchanged his consciousness with that of the Unicorn. The Mandarin is forced to flee, desperate to separate himself from the Unicorn's dying body.[25]

When the Mandarin arrives at his castle in China, he finds that it has been taken over by the Yellow Claw, another master criminal and a warlord of Chinese origin. The Mandarin is forced to flee to another laboratory to try to restore his mind to its rightful body, which he manages with the unwilling aid of the Japanese mutant Sunfire.[26] In a subsequent battle with Iron Man, the Mandarin's interim headquarters is destroyed.[27] The Mandarin then launches an attack on the Yellow Claw in an attempt to regain his own castle, but is fatally injured when the Yellow Claw robot he is battling explodes.[28] In a battle between Iron Man and the Yellow Claw that follows, the Mandarin's castle is also destroyed for the second time.[29] However, unknown to the Yellow Claw, as the Mandarin is dying, he uses the headband's mind-transferring capacities to transfer his consciousness into his 10 rings. When the rings are confiscated by the Yellow Claw's power-hungry servant Loc Do and activated by him, the Mandarin's consciousness enters his body, permanently driving out Loc Do's consciousness. Using his matter-rearranger ring, the Mandarin transforms Loc Do's body into a younger duplicate of his own original one.[30]

The Mandarin returns to his castle, discovering that it has again been destroyed. After rebuilding it, the Mandarin attempts to capture Iron Man with his teleportation devices, but once again catches someone else clad in his armor. This time it is Michael O'Brien, later to become a friend of Stark's and the second man to wear the Guardsman's armor. Iron Man flies to O'Brien's rescue, clad in an old set of armor, saves O'Brien, thwarts the Mandarin's attempt to bomb the United States, and for a second time bests him in personal combat and then destroys his castle again. Perhaps due to the effect of the Mandarin's mental domination ring on him, Iron Man does not take the Mandarin into custody, but allows him to remain free.[31]

The Mandarin later schemes to turn the Great Vibranium Mound of Wakanda into Type II Vibranium, which destroys the molecular cohesion of metals. He also tries to destroy China's entire rice crop with radiation in an attempt to force a starving nation into war. In the second of these plots, the Mandarin encounters James Rhodes during Rhodes' custodianship of the Iron Man armor.[32]

Heart of Darkness

When Stark tries to set up a branch of Stark Enterprises in Hong Kong, Iron Man and the Mandarin once again come into conflict. The Mandarin has taken the name of Zhang Tong, and had become a financial leader in Hong Kong. As Tong, he controls a number of government officials and industry leaders of Hong Kong. The Mandarin thwarts all of Stark's attempts to set up a business branch, even resorting to murder. The Mandarin now employs a group called the Hand to do his dirty work. When on a mission, a Hand member is allowed to take one of the Mandarin's rings and use its powers. As a precaution, if the Hand member is to be captured, he will fanatically try to kill himself. If the Hand member is to be killed or knocked out, the ring will automatically teleport back to the Mandarin. The Mandarin's agents kidnap James Rhodes and several of Stark's other employees, forcing Iron Man into single combat in exchange for their lives. Iron Man defeats the Mandarin once again, and helps Stark's employees escape the Hand. The Mandarin's minions are left without their weapons when their master is knocked unconscious, causing his rings to teleport back to him automatically and leaving them unarmed and unable to stop Stark's employees from fleeing.

At one point, during a period in which the then thought-dead X-Men had disbanded, the mutant heroine Psylocke passes through the mystic portal known as the Siege Perilous. The portal relocates her to an Asian shore, leaving her an amnesiac. The man known as Matsu'o Tsurayaba finds her and believes he could save his brain-dead lover Kwannon by switching her mind with Psylocke.[33] He makes an arrangement with the Mandarin to help him with the switch, since his rings will be able to facilitate it. Working with the otherdimensional sorceress known as Spiral, they are able to do this successfully. Mandarin conditions Psylocke (now in Kwannon's body) to believe herself to be Lady Mandarin, the Mandarin's assassin. During this time, the Mandarin teams up with several other villains during the "Acts of Vengeance" storyline. He also confronted the Avengers.[34] After completing several assignments for him, Psylocke is eventually rescued by her X-Men teammates Wolverine and Jubilee. The three then defeat the Mandarin, causing events which lead to the severing of the Mandarin's relationship with the Hand.[35]

Sometime later, the Mandarin discovered that one of his rings is an elaborate counterfeit. One of his underlings had betrayed him, surrendering the ring to Chen Hsu, an ancient wizard who lived in San Francisco. Hsu, elfin in appearance but puissant in power, gives up the ring to the Mandarin, who collapses as soon as he put it on. Chen Hsu tends to him, removing the veil of confusion from his mind; soon the Mandarin realizes that his memories had been fragmented because of the theft of the ring, because the rings were still linked to his consciousness.

Next, Chen Hsu makes the Mandarin an offer that involves them traveling to the Valley of the Dragons. There, Chen Hsu uses a magic herb to awaken Fin Fang Foom, an ancient and powerful dragon. Under the control of Hsu, the dragon obeys the Mandarin, laying waste to an army sent by the Chinese government to stop him. Soon the Mandarin claims a third of China's territory, and the authorities sent out a call for help to Iron Man.

When Iron Man confronts the Mandarin and Fin Fang Foom, eight other dragons appear. It is revealed that many thousands of years ago, a number of aliens from the planet Kakaranathara, the fourth planet of the star Maklu, traveled to Earth to look for the conflict which was unknown in their culture, and which they craved. The ship crashed, stranding them on Earth for thousands of years, after which the Mandarin found the ship and claimed their rings. Now, they demand them back, but he refuses them. Iron Man forcibly combines his power with the rings, and manages to destroy the Makluan dragons. The blast vaporizes the Mandarin's hands, and renders him comatose.

For months, he lies in a state between life and death, in the care of a peasant woman who does not know who he is. Over time, his hands grow back, though they do so as reptilian claws, and the rings call to him again, to reclaim them.

The Mandarin discovers the Heart of Darkness, an orb of apparently mystic energy; the alien Century believes it is an ancient artifact which acts as a "lens" to attract and focus all manner of dark power.[36] The Mandarin uses its power to turn back time in China, and literally transforms it into a feudal nation again, one in which electronic equipment cannot not operate.[37] Iron Man, with his team Force Works and ally War Machine defeat him, but not before the Mandarin discovers that Tony Stark is the man inside the Iron Man armor.[38]

Iron Man infects the Mandarin with a techno-organic virus, and the Heart, seeing him infected with technology, rejects the Mandarin and implodes. Iron Man believes him dead, though in reality the Mandarin has been transported and transformed, by the last flare of the orb's magic, into a janitor in the Hong Kong branch of Stark Enterprises.[38]

Eventually, the Mandarin's memories return to him. The Mandarin believes that the feudalism of yesterday has merely been transformed into the capitalism of today, leading him to set into motion plans to create a giant flying fortress, called the Dragon of Heaven, through which he can conquer Russia and eventually the world.[39] During this time, Iron Man reappears after being believed dead in a battle against the psychic menace Onslaught. The Mandarin initiates a series of attacks on Iron Man,[40] culminating in a battle with the Dragon of Heaven.[41] Eventually it is revealed that the Mandarin's primary purpose is not to conquer Russia, but instead to test Iron Man himself, prove him worthy as a foe, and to justify the Mandarin's own thoughts on the feudal nature of capitalism. The Mandarin appears to die as the Dragon of Heaven explodes, but Iron Man is not convinced that his foe has truly met his end.[42]

Temugin

Despite the uncertainty of his fate, it would be nearly 10 years before the Mandarin returned to the pages of Iron Man. In the interim, Iron Man faces Mandarin's son, Temugin. Temugin has precious few memories of his father, and most of them involve his father taking him to the monastery where he was raised and trained by monks. Temugin is sensitive, spiritual, and extremely powerful because of his control of chi, the living force in all things.

One day, Temugin receives a package containing the severed hands of the Mandarin, bearing all 10 rings of power. Temugin knows that he is honor-bound to fulfill his father's wishes for him. He challenges Iron Man in order to avenge his father's death, and he proves a deadly adversary even without the rings.[43]

After Tony Stark reveals a conspiracy for mass murder in his own ranks, Temugin appears to have forgiven Iron Man for the death of his father and to have turned to more lofty pursuits, but events indicate that the evil power of the rings has corrupted his soul.

Temugin had been named after his, and the Mandarin's, claimed ancestor Genghis Khan, whose birth name was Temujin (also spelled Temuchin, Temudjin, u also variates to ü).

Temugin is later contacted by the double-crossing Spot, who gives him a super-weapon that MODOK had been planning to steal. In this appearance, Temugin speaks of the Mandarin as "my late father", and bears the rings, one of which he uses to imprison Spot in another dimension with nothing but money. In the following issue, the Puma tears off at least one of Temugin's hands, but despite this, he retained at least half of the rings—and possibly all of them, as Nightshade, who used the rings on his lost hand, is not seen with them at the end of the story.[44]

Nevertheless, he later reappeared without the rings, and with a cybernetic arm, as a member of the Atlas Foundation, having been selected as a secondary candidate for the position of its ruler by the ancient dragon Mr. Lao. In this capacity he is a constant irritant to Jimmy Woo, the head of Atlas.

Revival

The Mandarin is revived in a subsequent Iron Man story arc, in which he is revealed to have been in a prison in central China for some time. It is revealed that he has lost his hands (most likely the hands that were sent to Temugin were, in fact, actually the Mandarin's), and that he has been living with no food or water for years, an ability that is likely due to his mastery of chi. Despite being handless and starved, he is able to kill several men armed with guns via his mastery of the martial arts. His rings have been returned to him, and are re-assimilated into his body by heating them and burning them into his spine.[45]

After attacking Iron Man, via S.H.I.E.L.D.—with dozens of unwitting proxies in the form of extremist splinter groups, equipped by him with hyper-advanced biological weapons—he eventually resurfaces as Tem Borjigin (yet another name of Genghis Khan), now employing artificial hands.

Government infiltration

The Mandarin infiltrates the U.S. government via his role as CEO of Prometheus, a corporation specializing in bio-engineered weaponry. He appears to be using Tony Stark's former love interest Maya Hansen to produce an army of soldiers enhanced with Extremis,[46] an artificial biotech virus created by Hansen that when introduced into a subject with a specific gene receptive to it (which only 2.5% of the population possess), grants that subject a super-boosted immune system and a greatly enhanced healing ability that can spontaneously generate new, improved organs, but which increases aggression and kills anyone injected with it who lacks the gene for it.[47] Mandarin is also financing and arming terrorists around the globe, and plans to unleash the Extremis virus on the public, expecting the 97.5% fatality ratio to cause a mass catastrophe of deaths.[46] The Mandarin admits to Hansen that even he will die in the outbreak, but she and those with the gene to survive will become free from disease and effectively immortal. Though he has his Extremis disabled, Iron Man defeats the Mandarin while wearing the Silver Centurion armor by tearing five of the rings out of the Mandarin's spine, blasting him with those rings, his unibeam, and repulsors at the same time, and then freezing him as he is engulfed in deadly concentrated Extremis virus. Iron Man then prevents the Extremis outbreak.[48]

When the Mandarin's apparently frozen body is autopsied, all that is found is a blackened husk, not unlike an Extremis chrysalis.[48]

Enter the Mandarin

In 2007, the Mandarin appeared in Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin, an expanded and modified retelling of his earliest appearances in Tales of Suspense. The series was written by Joe Casey and drawn by Eric Canete.[49]

"Mandarin: The Story of My Life"

In Invincible Iron Man Annual #1 by Matt Fraction, a new updated origin of the Mandarin is offered. Here, the Mandarin kidnaps a young up-and-coming film producer to tell his life's story. He relates the same story that he once told Iron Man in Tales of Suspense of his English noblewoman mother and his schooling at the finest boarding schools in the land. The director learns that much of what the Mandarin says is contradictory and false, and it is hinted that the Mandarin has used one of his own rings to make himself believe this tapestry of half-truths. The director discovers that the Mandarin was the son of an opium den prostitute who went on to become a powerful underworld figure before discovering the Ten Rings of Power in an alien craft, the pilot of which he brutally slew to obtain them. The Mandarin slaughtered the Red Chinese army officials for daring to cross him, while financing his operations with drug and gun smuggling, aided by the mercenary Raza. In this retelling, he is also said to have been at the camp in which Tony Stark constructed his Iron Man armor, though Stark is unaware of this fact.

Angered at the Mandarin holding his wife hostage, the director shoots the film as he wishes, not as the Mandarin dictates. The Mandarin denounces this telling of his past as lies and angrily destroys the theater in which it was being shown before having the director killed. Later, he regrets murdering the director, noting that he really did love his films.[50]

"Stark Resilient"

At the conclusion of the 2010–2011 "Stark Resilient" storyline, it is revealed that the Mandarin is the father of Sasha Hammer, as she introduces her boyfriend Zeke Stane to her parents.[51]

With help from Zeke Stane, Mandarin recruits Blizzard, Chemistro, Crimson Dynamo, Firebrand, Firepower, Living Laser, Melter, Mauler, a Titanium Man, Vibro, and Whirlwind, as well as building some new Dreadnought robots in a plot to take out Iron Man.[52]

"Long Way Down", "The Future", and death

In the 2012 storyline "The Long Way Down", it is revealed that the Mandarin has gained some measure of mental control over Tony Stark, apparently established around the time of the "World's Most Wanted" and "Stark Disassembled" arcs, wherein Stark effectively wiped his own mind to safeguard critical S.H.I.E.L.D. data from Norman Osborn and H.A.M.M.E.R. How the Mandarin gained this control is as yet unrevealed, but it has been stated that he is "in [Stark's] head" and had been observing and influencing his actions since Stark's return to public life.[53] Among these actions were implanted design ideas for "Titanomechs", huge squid-like war machines apparently capable of taking over the world (as seen in an alternate future in Invincible Iron Man #500).[54]

This led into the next storyline "The Future", in which the Mandarin kidnaps Stark and brings him to Mandarin City to develop 10 Titanomechs, which Mandarin plans to use as host bodies for each of his 10 rings, which he reveals are actually vessels for the souls of 10 alien beings. In truth, the Mandarin serves these beings, and has planned all along to "resurrect" them in this fashion.[55]

Tony forms an alliance with others that the Mandarin has imprisoned, including Ezekiel Stane, Whirlwind, Blizzard, and the Living Laser. In a rebellion against Mandarin, Stark manages to alert his staff at Stark Resilient to find him, and manages to destroy the Titanomechs. In the ensuing battle, the Mandarin is apparently killed by Stane, much to the dismay of Iron Man.[56]

Rings of the Mandarin

In the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Iron Man by writer Kieron Gillen, the Mandarin's rings managed to escape from S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Weapon Vault Omega, the Mento-Intensifier Ring staying behind to create the illusion that the rings were still there. Each of the rings later started finding new hosts with the purpose of "saving Earth from Tony Stark", using persuasive language and mind control to bend them towards their cause against Iron Man. Each one of them has been codenamed, from Mandarin-One to Mandarin-Ten:

• The Matter-Rearranger Ring was taken by a Chinese gang warlord calling himself Lord Remaker. He commanded numerous triads which protected the city from anyone who wanted to interfere. However, he was stripped from his power when Tony Stark decided to rebuild the city into a futuristic utopia. Upon obtaining the "Remaker" ring, Lord Remaker became Mandarin-One.[57]
• Colin Sixty was part of the clone output created by A.I.M. He was created specifically to be sold to Cortex Inc. As "C. Anderson Sixty", Colin Sixty was put under the charge of the regional direction of Cortex Inc.'s Lunar operations in Tranquility Gulch. When Tony Stark, the governor of Tranquility Gulch went on a quest to kick out major competitors in the exploitation of Phlogistone, he revealed Anderson Sixty's true nature to the press, in order to discredit Cortex by having allied with A.I.M.. With his life ruined, Colin tried to kill Stark with a laser cutter, using his martial arts training, Stark disposed of Colin's weapon and maimed his hand in a tank of liquid nitrogen. He was found by Mandarin's Impact Ring and made Mandarin-Two.[58]
• Alec Eiffel was a fascist who was chosen by Mandarin's Vortex Ring to be its host Mandarin-Three in order to help it and the other rings have revenge on Tony Stark.[59]
• It is revealed that after reclaiming his kingdom Svartalfheim, Malekith the Accursed was approached by the Disintegration Beam Ring seeking a host becoming Mandarin-Four. Malekith bent its will to his rather than letting it control his mind. He has now begun a campaign to attack all other "Mandarins" and take their rings, desiring "the full set" before attacking Tony Stark. Though he is usually a foe of Thor and other magical beings, his opposition to Iron Man is rooted in Elves' traditional weakness towards iron.[60]
• Victor Kohl is the black sheep of his family where he was the only member of his family that did not go through Terrigenesis during the Inhumanity storyline. Victor was confronted by the Black Light Ring of the Mandarin which found him acceptable to be its wearer. With its power and still under the influence of alcohol, Victor attacked the Inhuman Nativity Center where Robert was apparently killed. Iron Man appeared to stop him and Victor had to flee after the Golden Avenger injured his shoulder with a laser. The ring teleported Victor to a safe place. While recovering, Victor suffered from Terrigenesis for his surprise. As soon as he resurfaced, Victor was found and confronted by Medusa. She showed to him the rest of the body of his father, which was destroyed during Victor's rampage in the Nativity Center. She also explained to Victor that he did not suffer from Terrigenesis, not because he did not have blood ties with his family, but because the level of exposure to Terrigen Mists to activate the Terrigenesis in certain individuals can vary. She exiled Victor from the Inhumans for his actions. Victor blamed himself for what he did, but the ring managed to make him blame Tony Stark from not stopping him when he was rampaging drunk. The Ring also suggested Victor's new nickname called the Exile. Exile was also referred to as Mandarin-Five.[61] He was later killed by Arno Stark.[62]
• The White Light Ring approached the Mole Man in order to help it and the other rings have revenge on Tony Stark where he became Mandarin-Six.[59]
• Abigail Burns is an English activist who believes the world needs to be saved from capitalism, corporate hegemony and the impotence of democracy for which among her activities she wrote columns. One night, the Fire Blast Ring approached her and decided she possessed the suitable will to become the Mandarin-Seven and her mission was to "save the world from Tony Stark." Besides being referred to as Mandarin-Seven, Abigail calls herself "Red Peril".[63]
• Marc Kumar was a freelancer P.R. and marketing expert who met Pepper Potts in Las Vegas, during Tony Stark's absence in space, while he was handling a drunk client at a party Pepper was attending. After dating for months, Marc proposed to Pepper in Scotland. From the stories Pepper told him about Stark, Marc came to the conclusion that he treated her bad, and grew resentful at Tony. He was approached by the Mento-Intensifier Ring in order to help get revenge on Tony Stark where he became Mandarin-Eight.[64]
• An unnamed Broadway director/composer/conductor was formerly in charge of a musical based on Iron Man's life called "The Man In the Iron Mask" which showed Tony Stark as a pervert. Under the orders of Stark himself, the director was replaced and he took it poorly. The Electro-Blast Ring latched onto an egotistical musical-theatre artist calling himself "The Lighting Conductor" and operated as Mandarin-Nine.[60]
• The supervillain Endotherm was chosen by the Ice Blast Ring to become Mandarin-Ten and help to get revenge on Tony Stark. His ring was later stolen by Abigail Burns using a Master Ring.[59]

However, after the Dark Elf Malekith the Accursed beheaded Mandarin-One and Mandarin-Nine, as well as cutting off the hands of Mandarin-Six,[60] the remaining six Mandarins joined forces just in time to attack Malekith while Iron Man was also mounting an assault on the Dark Elves. With Malekith defeated, the Mandarins initially contemplated continuing to work together due to Kumar's influence, but after Tony and Arno were able to use the four rings they had recovered already to form a 'Master Ring' that could control the others, as well as convincing the former Mandarin-Six to help them, most of the remaining Mandarins were defeated in a final assault; the only one to escape was the Mole Man, who concluded that the rings had been more trouble than they were worth, as he was content with the status quo.

With all 10 rings now in custody, Iron Man realized the recovered Recorder 451's corpse from deep space was transmitting an alien frequency that had upgraded the rings to become sentient.[62]

Encounter with Punisher and death

The final Mandarin turned up in his Tem Borjigen alias when Baron Zemo selected him as the public face of the HYDRA-occupied Bagalia in his shared plot with Dario Agger and the Roxxon Energy Corporation to have the United Nations recognize Bagalia as an independent nation. As part of his revenge on HYDRA for manipulating him during the "Secret Empire" storyline, the Punisher finds the Mandarin making a speech at the United Nations and fires a special bullet. After using his rings to slow down the bullet while trying to deflect it, the Mandarin is struck in the head and killed with the bullet, which is witnessed by Baron Zemo and everyone watching his speech.[65]

Powers and abilities

The Mandarin is a superb athlete with tremendous skill in the various martial arts. Through repeated practice, he has toughened all the striking surfaces of his body, especially his hands, which are covered with thick calluses. He can even split Iron Man's magnetic-beam reinforced alloy armor with repeated blows. So great is the Mandarin's martial arts ability, that he can even survive years without food and water, apparently sustaining himself purely via his mastery of chi. The precise degree of the Mandarin's martial arts powers has been the subject of multiple implied retcons by Marvel Comics. Initially, the Mandarin was portrayed as being such a superhumanly skilled martial artist that he could destroy Iron Man's armor with his bare hands.[66]

The Mandarin is one of Marvel Earth's greatest scientific geniuses, and highly skilled in various sciences. Not only has he made himself into an expert authority on alien Makluan science, but he has also built upon this knowledge by making further discoveries based upon it.

The principal personal weapons of the Mandarin are the 10 rings which he wears on the fingers of both hands. The rings' operations cannot be explained by contemporary Earth science, but it is known that they served as near-limitless power sources for the warp-drive engines of the Makluan starship of Axonn-Karr. The Mandarin learned how to convert the rings to his personal uses and to make them respond to his mental commands. The fingers on which he wears each ring, and the known functions for which he uses each ring, are given below.

As of writer Kieron Gillen's tenure on Iron Man, new names have been revealed for some rings which the rings—apparently sentient—use to identify one another. Capable of speech and inter-communication via telepathy, the rings demonstrate personality traits and are even capable of mocking and humiliating the Nightbringer ring for failing to find a host at the same time as its fellows.[61] The sentience was later revealed to be a temporary power-up caused by contact with the Recorder.

Digit	Left hand	Right hand
Little finger	Ice Blast/"Zero" The ring emits waves of cold which can be used to stun an opponent. The ring usually causes the moisture in the air in the path of its blast to turn to ice, and can lower an object's temperature to nearly absolute zero. The gem is shaped like multiple small cylindrical capsules, colored blue-white.	Black Light/"Nightbringer" The ring can create an area of absolute blackness that seems to absorb all light used within it. Although "black light" is a term used to refer to ultraviolet radiation, the darkness created by the ring is probably a form of the "Darkforce". The gem is shaped like four tiny black-blue dots, arranged in a square shape in groups of two.
Ring finger	Mento-Intensifier/"The Liar" The ring magnifies the wearer's own psionic energy, allowing him to place one or more people under his mental control and to transmit orders to them mentally. Most frequently used to create illusions. The gem is shaped like a blue diamond/tilted square.	Disintegration Beam/"Spectral" The ring emits a beam of energy that destroys all bonds between the atoms and molecules of the object that it strikes. This ring needs twenty minutes to recharge after use. The gem is shaped like a golden square.
Middle finger	Electro-Blast/"Lightning" The ring emits electricity in amounts and intensities mentally determined by the wearer. The maximum current attainable is not known. The gem is shaped like an angled green line.	Vortex Beam/"Spin" The ring causes the air to move about at high speed in a vortex. The vortex can be used as an offensive weapon, as a means of levitating objects, or as a means of propelling the ring's wearer through the air. The gem is shaped like a simple blue circle.
Index finger	Flame Blast/"Incandescence" The ring emits infrared radiation or heat at intensities mentally determined by the wearer. Usually the heat produces flame through incandescing the molecules in the air in the path of the blast. The heat beam can be used to trigger chemical explosions. The maximum amount of heat that it can generate is not known. The gem is shaped similarly to the ice blast ring, but with four capsules and a red color.	Impact Beam/"Influence" This ring can project various forms of energy, most frequently that of fast neutrons with great concussive force. The ring has also been used to project intense sonic vibrations and to create magnetic waves to attract or repel objects. The ring may be capable of emitting other forms of energy as well, and has been used to send Iron Man slamming through a mountain. The gem is shaped like a star, colored purple (or red).
Thumb	White Light/"Daimonic" This ring can emit various forms of energy along the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been used to create gravity powerful enough to make Iron Man bury himself by trying to walk forward. The gem is shaped like two white circles, set in gold (almost like a pair of eyes).	Matter Rearranger/"Remaker" This ring can rearrange the atoms and molecules of a substance, or speed up or slow down their movement, so as to produce various effects. The ring has been used to condense water vapor in the air to liquid water, to solidify gases, to create lethal poison gas from the air, to turn a group of men to stone, to turn a man into a beetle, to turn a mountain into a rock-monster, and to make a stone hand large enough to engulf Iron Man's body erupt from the floor. The ring cannot transmute elements or rearrange the atoms and molecules of Iron Man's magnetic-beam reinforced armor. The gem is shaped like a small purple circle.

Over the years through mental discipline achieved through meditation and long practice in use of the rings, the Mandarin has established a strong psionic link with his 10 power rings, which was made many times stronger during the period in which his mind/spirit actually inhabited them. One result is that no one who wears the rings other than the Mandarin himself can command them without his permission. The Mandarin can now command the rings even when they are separated from him by vast distances. He can mentally monitor events taking place near a ring that has been separated from him. Continued exposure to the alien rings made his hands green and scaly. He can voluntarily give temporary control over a ring to his servants. If the servant dies or falls unconscious, the ring teleports back to the Mandarin. Conversely, if the Mandarin himself is knocked out, all the rings automatically return to him. On one occasion, this left the Mandarin's servants powerless to stop some of Tony Stark's employees, that the Mandarin had kidnapped, from escaping.

The Mandarin has also used a force-field generator, but this is not part of his standard weaponry.

He has also used a head band enabling him to transfer his mind into his rings or into another's body, and a teleportation device hidden on his person, both examples of Makluan technology.

The Mandarin is a brilliant and brutal tactician and a gifted strategist. He also abides by a very strict code of honor. When he attempted to stop Stark Enterprises from establishing itself in Hong Kong, the Mandarin challenged Iron Man to a duel, stating that if he won, he would take control of Stark Enterprises' Hong Kong operations, and that he would cease hindering Stark's activities if he lost. When Iron Man defeated him in fair combat, he lived up to his end of the agreement. On another occasion, he killed one of his minions for attempting to drug him during a practice session, angry that one of his students would use such dishonorable tactics.

Other versions

Spider-Ham

In the Spider-Ham universe, there is a version of the Mandarin who is a ring-tailed lemur named Mandaringtail.[67]

Heroes Reborn

In the Heroes Reborn reality created by Franklin Richards, a version of the Mandarin exists, but is revealed to be a robot created by Doctor Doom as a puppet to control HYDRA.[68]

Marvel Mangaverse

In the Marvel Mangaverse, the Mandarin was an enemy of Iron Man and Iron Girl. The Mandarin is killed by the Hand, who steal his rings and sever his hands.

House of M

In the House of M reality, the Mandarin was a long-dead Chinese warlord famous for his supernatural rings. The rings (still bonded to the Mandarin's mummified hands) were apparently uncovered by Shang-Chi and his gang, but this was revealed to be a trap set by the Kingpin.[69]

Ultimate Marvel

In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, the Mandarin appears in a flashback in Ultimate Avengers vs. New Ultimates, with Tony Stark in an earlier armor prototype attacking Mandarin holding James Rhodes captive.[70] This is actually not in continuity with the Ultimate Universe, as this is an Iron Man animated series which Nick Fury is watching; the Mandarin is a fictional character invented for the self-promoting cartoon.[70]

Although the initial incarnation does not actually exist, a version of the Mandarin appears in Ultimate Comics: Iron Man as an organization rather than a lone supervillain.[71] Mandarin International is a company that helped Howard Stark build Stark International into a successful company.[72] Years later, they reclaim what was "theirs": Tony Stark and his legacy. Stark located them in Hong Kong, and came into conflict with their "caretakers" Taku and Jane stealing DNA from Stark and access their defense satellites. With help from War Machine and S.H.I.E.L.D., they were stopped and their facility was destroyed, although it sent a message to caretaker Li from an unknown individual.[73]

Secret Wars (2015)

In Secret Wars, the Mandarin is the ruthless emperor of the wuxia-inspired K'un-Lun region of Battleworld. Here he is named Zheng Zu, Master of the Ten Rings, a martial arts school that uses mystical powers and techniques based on the powers of his 10 rings from the mainstream continuity. Like his namesake, he is the father of Shang-Chi, who is wanted for the murder of Lord Tuan, the master of the Iron Fist school, the main rivals of the Ten Rings school. It is later revealed he sent his assassin, Red Sai of the Red Hand school, to assassinate Tuan but ultimately failed. To spare his lover and her students from the emperor's wrath, Shang-Chi killed Tuan; Zu had his son implicated and exiled for the murder to cover his own involvement. Representing the Ten Rings, Emperor Zu hosts the tournament held every 13 years to decide who the next ruler of K'un-Lun should be, a position he has held for 100 years. When Shang-Chi returns from his exile to represent his own school, The Lowest Caste, Zu allows him to participate, but alters the rules so that Shang-Chi would have to defeat every representative before facing him in the Thirteen Chambers. During their fight, Zu attempts to kill his son with the Spectral Touch technique, only for the move to pass through him due to Shang-Chi learning how to become intangible. Shang-Chi proceeds to use nine of the 10 techniques against his father and ultimately defeats him with the Gorgon's Eye, which turns him into stone. With Zu's defeat, Shang-Chi becomes the new emperor of K'un-Lun.[74]

In other media

Television

• The Mandarin appears in The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Henry Ramer.[75]
• The Mandarin appears in the Iron Man animated series, voiced by Ed Gilbert (season 1) and Robert Ito (season 2). Arnold Brock is an archaeologist who stumbled upon a buried alien spaceship protected by clay warriors. After touching the ship's crystalline power source, he was altered by its power and discovered ten gems within it, which he fastened into his slain wife's rings; allowing him to use their powers. After using them to battle Iron Man and his allies in Force Works, the Mandarin loses his rings and spends most of season two traveling around the Earth to find them. He eventually reclaims his rings and uses the Heart of Darkness to rob the world of technology. Iron Man defeats him by turning his own energy against him and defeating him in an exo-armor, giving him amnesia and costing him the right hand rings. As Iron Man left Brock, a group of desert bandits found the latter and robbed him of his left hand rings.
• A teenage version of Temugin appears as the Mandarin in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Vincent Tong. Under the alias "Gene Khan", he sought the power of the Makluan rings and kidnapped Howard Stark in an attempt to force him to help him find them. When the elder Stark refused to cooperate, Gene attempted to befriend his son Tony instead. His criminal, stepfather Xin "Shin" Zhang (also voiced by Vincent Tong), initially claimed to be the "true Mandarin" before Gene imprisoned him early in the series and disposed of him off-screen by the season one finale. During his quest to find the rings, Gene discovers he is part Makluan due to genetic modifications passed down by his ancestor, which allows him to wield the power rings. Both Gene and Zhang are capable of using the rings to create a suit of black and gold futuristic-samurai armor, which they use to assume the identity of the Mandarin, a form capable of great strength and durability. Gene eventually obtains all 10 rings, but his hunger for power brings about a Makluan invasion at the end of the series. After helping Earth's heroes repel the invaders, Gene decides to become a protector to the Earth instead and vanishes.
• The Mandarin appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload miniseries, voiced by Barry Dennen.
• The Mandarin appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, where he is voiced by Taiten Kusunoki.

Film

• The Mandarin is featured in the direct-to-video animated film The Invincible Iron Man, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version is an ancient ruler of a vicious Chinese dynasty who used five rings, supernatural means, and two dragon Guardians: Fin Fang Foom and Zhen Ji Xang. He was defeated after losing his rings, which were scattered around the globe to prevent him from taking over the world. By the present, the rings are gathered and used by his descendant Li-Mei (voiced by Gwendoline Yeo), allowing him to project his spirit through her, but he is eventually defeated by Tony Stark.
• Several variations on the Mandarin concept appear in media connected to the Marvel Cinematic Universe:
  • The Mandarin is referenced in the 2008 film Iron Man via a terrorist group called the The Ten Rings,[76] who briefly appear again in the 2010 movie Iron Man 2 and the 2015 movie Ant-Man.[77][78] Screenwriter Alfred Gough said in 2007 that he had developed an Iron Man movie for New Line Cinema which included the Mandarin as the villain, conceiving him as an Indonesian terrorist who masqueraded as a rich playboy who Tony Stark knew.[79]
  • Sir Ben Kingsley appears in promotional material for Iron Man 3 as the Mandarin[80] and implied to be the Ten Rings' leader.[77][81] In the film however, the "Mandarin" is a terrorist persona adopted by Advanced Idea Mechanics founder Aldrich Killian (Guy Pearce) to mask his illegal genetic activities while the idealized image is portrayed by British character actor Trevor Slattery. Inspired by the character and Mallen, director Shane Black specified that Killian was the intended MCU version of the Mandarin as signified by the dragon tattoos on his chest, while Slattery is supposed to portray the idealized terrorist persona image as Killian's proxy.[6][82] In interviews, Kevin Feige suggested that Killian built this idea from legends he previously heard, and hinted that the audience should believe in the strong possibility that there may be a comic-book-accurate depiction known within the MCU.[83][84][85]
  • Ben Kingsley reprises his role in the Marvel One-Shot short film All Hail the King,[86] in which Trevor Slattery is imprisoned in Seagate Prison following Iron Man 3. He is interviewed by Jackson Norriss, who reveals that Killian based the Mandarin on a powerful historical figure of the same name. Revealing himself to be an agent of the Ten Rings, Norriss kidnaps Slattery on the real Mandarin's behalf to punish him for abusing his name.
  • The real Mandarin will appear in the upcoming film Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, portrayed by Tony Leung Chiu-wai.[87][88]
• An Inhuman variation of Victor Kohl / Exile appears in the Marvel Rising franchise, voiced by Booboo Stewart.[89]
  • Exile appears in Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors. He aligns himself with Hala the Accuser to get revenge on humans for their prejudice against Inhumans and helps her kidnap young Inhumans so her fellow Kree can turn them into warriors. While chasing Dante Pertuz, Exile encounters Ms. Marvel and Squirrel Girl, who he saves from one of Dante's attacks aimed at him before fleeing from S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Daisy Johnson and Patriot. After encountering Ms. Marvel again, whom he has taken an interest in, Exile reveals his allegiance to Hala and his true plans in an attempt to have her join him. She refuses, leading to him kidnapping and imprisoning her on Hala's ship. When Ms. Marvel, Lockjaw, and Dante escape and help the trapped Inhumans, Exile attempts to stop them, but he defeated by Ms. Marvel and dismissed by Hala. Enraged, Exile uses his powers to transform himself into a monster before he is defeated by Dante, Ms. Marvel, Captain Marvel, Patriot, Daisy, and Squirrel Girl. Reverting to his normal form, Exile escapes.
  • Exile appears in Marvel Rising: Chasing Ghosts, plotting to continue what Hala started. To this end, Exile joins force with an Inhuman named Sheath, however their partnership frays once Ghost Spider, George Stacy, and the police find them. After Exile and Sheath are defeated, they are both arrested.

Video games

• The Mandarin appears as the final boss of the 1991 arcade game Captain America and the Avengers.
• The Mandarin appears as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by James Sie. This version was originally a member of the Masters of Evil until he rebelled against Doctor Doom and left the group. Loki later impersonates him in Atlantis to draw the heroes to him.
• The Mandarin appears in the Iron Man-themed table in Marvel Pinball.
• The Mandarin appears in Marvel Avengers Alliance. In the 9th Spec Ops mission, Mandarin makes contact with Iron Man after sending Eric Savin to act as his proxy.
• The Mandarin appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
• The Mandarin appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes,[90] voiced by John DiMaggio. He and Aldrich Killian lead Extremis soldiers in taking over Stark Tower. After Killian is defeated, Mandarin hijacks Iron Man's Hulkbuster Armor to fight him and Captain America. However, he is defeated and arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D. The Trevor Slattery version also appears as a playable character.
• The comic book Mandarin, Aldrich Killian, and Trevor Slattery all appear as playable characters in Lego Marvel's Avengers.

Toys

• The Mandarin is the 94th figurine in The Classic Marvel Figurine Collection.
• A figure of the Mandarin and a variant chase were released in wave 2 of Toy Biz's 6" Marvel Legends Face-Off line. The regular version was in a green outfit and was packaged with Iron Man, whereas the variant was in a red outfit and was packaged with War Machine.
• The Mandarin was released in wave 1 of Toy Biz's 1994 Iron Man line, based on his appearance from the 1994 animated series.
• The Mandarin was released in Hasbro's 3.75" figure line based on the Iron Man: Armored Adventures animated series.
• The Mandarin, under the name "Zhang Tong," was released in The Danger of Dreadknight 4-pack from the Marvel Super Hero Squad line, packaged with two figures of Iron Man and one of Dreadknight.
• A figure of the Mandarin was released in wave 36 of the Marvel Minimates line.
• A figure of the Mandarin was released in wave 5 of Hasbro's 3.75" Iron Man 2 movie tie-in line. A red version came out in a Marvel Universe comic pack with Iron Man's Silver Centurion armor.
• A Lego mini-figure of the Mandarin was released in Lego Marvel Super Heroes set 76007 (Iron Man: Malibu Mansion Attack) and 76008 (Iron Man vs. the Mandarin: Ultimate Showdown), released by Lego in March 2013.
• A series of Mandarin figurines were released by HeroClix.

References

1. Douglas, Edward (April 27, 2008). "Terrence Howard on the Future of War Machine". Superhero Hype
2. Anders, Charlie Jane (November 5, 2009). "Iron Man's Arch Enemy The Mandarin, Like You've Never Seen Him Before". io9
3. "Iron Man’s Origin and Backstory". Iron Man Armory. Retrieved May 7, 2013
4. DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.
6. Breznican, Anthony (May 4, 2013). "'Iron Man 3' does WHAT to The Mandarin? – SPOILER ANALYSIS". Entertainment Weekly
7. "Marvel Announces Shang-Chi Film, Cast, Release Date". CBR. July 20, 2019.
8. "Mandarin is number 81" Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. IGN. Retrieved 10–05–09
9. DeFalco, Tom; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1960s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. Dorling Kindersley. p. 99. ISBN 978-0756641238. Following the tradition of Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu and Atlas' own Yellow Claw, the Mandarin first appeared in Tales of Suspense #50 in a story written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Don Heck.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
10. "Brian Bendis Forges an Invincible Iron Man".
11. Tales of Suspense #62, Marvel Comics
12. Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
13. Tales of Suspense #50
14. Tales of Suspense #76–78
15. The other three times were Avengers Annual #1, Iron Man #69–70 and Iron Man #95–96
16. Tales of Suspense #84–86
17. Hulk (vol. 2) #107–108
18. Hulk (vol. 2) #113
19. Hulk (vol. 2) #114
20. Hulk (vol. 2) #138
21. Iron Man#9–11
22. Kaminski, Len. "Comic Book Religion".
23. Hoskin, Michael. "Master List of Marvel Universe". Marvel.
24. Kaminski, Len. "Appendix of Comic Heroes and Villains". Marvel.
25. Iron Man #57–58
26. Iron Man #68
27. Iron Man #69
28. Iron Man #70
29. Iron Man #71
30. Referenced in Iron Man #100
31. Iron Man #98–100
32. Iron Man #180–181
33. Claremont, Chris (w), Uncanny X-Men #256, Marvel Comics
34. The Avengers #313
35. Uncanny X-Men #257–258
36. Kaminski, Len (w), Morgan, Tom (p), Wiacek, Bob and Delarosa, Sam (i). "Hands of The Mandarin" Iron Man #312 (January 1995), New York City: Marvel Comics
37. "Hands of The Mandarin" War Machine #10 (January 1995), Marvel Comics
38. "Hands of The Mandarin" Iron Man #312 (January 1995), Marvel Comics
39. Iron Man v3, #2–9 (April–October 1998), Marvel Comics
40. Iron Man v3, #1–8 (March–August 1998), Marvel Comics
41. Iron Man v3, #9 (October 1998), Marvel Comics
42. Iron Man v3, #10 (November 1998), Marvel Comics
43. Iron Man vol. 3 #15
44. Super-Villain Team-Up: MODOK's 11 #3
45. Iron Man (vol. 3) #17
46. Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. #15–28, Marvel Comics
47. Iron Man (vol. 4) #24 Marvel Comics
48. Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. #28
49. Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #1–5, Marvel Comics
50. Invincible Iron Man Annual #1
51. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (a). "Stark Resilient: Park 9: The Man in the Box" The Invincible Iron Man v5, #33 (February 2011), Marvel Comics
52. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (a). "Demon Part 4: Control" The Invincible Iron Man #513 (April 2012), Marvel Comics
53. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador (a). "Long Way Down 5: The Dead And The Dying" The Invincible Iron Man #520 (September 2012), Marvel Comics
54. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salvador; Kano; Fox, Nathan; Di Giandomenico, Carmine (a). "The New Iron Age" The Invincible Iron Man #500 (March 2011), Marvel Comics
55. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salavdor (a). "The Future Part 2: Rings" The Invincible Iron Man #522 (October 2012), Marvel Comics
56. Fraction, Matt (w), Larocca, Salavdor (a). "The Future Part 6: Independence Day" The Invincible Iron Man #526 (December 2012), Marvel Comics
57. Iron Man (vol. 5) #21.INH
58. Iron Man (vol. 5) #26
59. Iron Man (vol. 5) #25
60. Iron Man (vol. 5) #23.NOW
61. Iron Man (vol. 5) #20.INH
62. Iron Man (vol. 5) #28
63. Iron Man (vol. 5) #18
64. Iron Man (vol. 5) #27
65. Punisher (vol. 12) #1. Marvel Comics
66. Tales of Suspense #54
67. Peter Porker, the Spectacular Spider-Ham #16
68. Iron Man (vol. 2) #5 (March 1997), Marvel Comics
69. House of M: Avengers #4, Marvel Comics
70. Ultimate Avengers vs. New Ultimates #2, Marvel Comics
71. Ching, Albert (July 13, 2012). "SDCC 2012 Exclusive: Ultimate IRON MAN vs. Mandarin". Newsarama
72. Ultimate Comics: Iron Man #1
73. Ultimate Comics: Iron Man #4, Marvel Comics
74. Master of Kung Fu (vol. 2) #1–4 (2015)
75. The Marvel Super Heroes on TV! Book One: Iron Man (2017) by J. Ballmann, ISBN 978-1545345658
76. "Live chat with Jon Favreau today at 11am Pacific Time". Los Angeles Times. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
77. Faraci, Devin (May 7, 2010). "7 EASTER EGGS TO LOOK OUT FOR IN IRON MAN 2" Archived 2019-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. CHUD.com
78. Brandon Davis (July 17, 2015). "Ant-Man Movie: Easter Eggs And Marvel Universe References". Ant-Man fuels that fire a bit by having a Ten Rings logo tattooed on one of the men's necks who tries to deal with the big bad Darren Cross.
79. Ferrante, Anthony C. (February 15, 2007). "Exclusive TV Interview: Alfred Gough Talks Smallville, Iron Man and The Mummy - Part 3". IfMagazine.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
80. Wallace, Lewis (July 15, 2012). "At Iron Man 3 Panel, Marvel Unveils 'Phase Two' of Its Movie Master Plan". Wired.
81. Doty, Meriah (March 5, 2013). "'Iron Man 3': The Mandarin's origins explained!". Yahoo! Movies.
82. Weiland, Jonah (February 14, 2014). "Drew Pearce Talks "All Hail the King," Writing "Wank Gags" for Ben Kingsley". Comic Book Resources.
83. "Marvel's Kevin Feige Talks Red Skull's Return And The "Real" Mandarin". We Got This Covered. 22 July 2014.
84. "Marvel's Feige Opens Door to RED SKULL Movie Return and the REAL MANDARIN". Newsrama.
85. "Is Marvel Going to Introduce the Real Version of THAT 'Iron Man 3' Villain?". The Wrap. May 15, 2019.
86. Breznican, Anthony (9 January 2014). "Marvel One-Shot: First Look at Ben Kingsley's Mandarin encore in 'All Hail the King' short film". Entertainment Weekly.
87. Lussier, Germain. "The Marvel Studios Comic-Con 2019 Hall H Panel Liveblog!". io9.
88. Outlaw, Kofi. "Shang-Chi Casting May Confirm Major Mandarin Origin Retcon in MCU". comicbook.com. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
89. Trumbore, Dave (December 7, 2017). "Marvel Announces Animated Feature Film 'Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors'". Collider. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
90. "LEGO Marvel Super Heroes Xbox 360 Achievements". 22 September 2013.

External links

• Mandarin at Marvel.com
• Mandarin on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki