Macquarie Lighthouse

The Macquarie Lighthouse, also known as South Head Upper Light, was the first, and is the longest serving, lighthouse site in Australia. It is located on Dunbar Head, on the Old South Head Road, Vaucluse in the Municipality of Woollahra local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The lighthouse is situated approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of South Head near the entrance to Sydney Harbour. There has been a navigational aid in this vicinity since 1791 and a lighthouse near the present site since 1818. The current heritage-listed lighthouse was completed in 1883. The lighthouse and associated buildings were designed by James Barnet and built from 1881 to 1883.

Macquarie Lighthouse
Macquarie Lighthouse, Dunbar Head
LocationVaucluse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates33°51′14.2″S 151°17′06.6″E
Year first constructed1818 (first)
Year first lit1883 (current)
Automated1976
ConstructionSandstone tower
Tower shapeCylindrical tower with balcony and lantern atop service building
Markings / patternWhite tower and lantern
Tower height26 metres (85 ft)
Focal height105 metres (344 ft)
Original lens1st order sixteen sided Fresnel lens (1883)
Current lens1st order bivalve Fresnel lens (1933)
Intensity800,000 candela
Range25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi)
CharacteristicFl (2) W 10s.
Admiralty numberK2632
NGA number111-6316
ARLHS numberAUS-218
Managing agent
HeritageHeritage Act - State Heritage Register, Local Environmental Plan, listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List 
Official name
  • Macquarie Lighthouse Group, Old South Head Rd, Vaucluse, NSW, Australia
  • Macquarie Lighthouse
  • Macquarie Lighthouse Surrounding Wall
TypeListed place
Designated22 June 2004
Reference no.105365; 105366; 105412
ClassHistoric
Place File No.1/12/041/0039
Official nameMacquarie Lighthouse Site
TypeState heritage (built)
Designated2 April 1999
Reference no.0677
TypeLighthouse Tower
CategoryTransport – Water

The lighthouse is fully operational and is under the control of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority. The grounds are managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.[1]

The lighthouse is featured on the coat of arms of Macquarie University. In 2008, the University introduced an official logo, described as an 'abstract, timeless image' of water lilies, as its public visual identity; use of the arms was subsequently restricted to official documents such as graduation testamurs and legal documentation.

The lighthouse and associated site were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999[2] and to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004.[3][4][5]

History

Indigenous heritage

In February 2006 the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust commissioned the Australian Museum Business Services to carry out an Archaeological Survey of the Macquarie Lightstation. This was undertaken in conjunction with the La Perouse Aboriginal Land Council. The survey found no Aboriginal sites or objects on the surface and that the previous disturbance to the site made it highly unlikely that any Aboriginal material was pre-Greenway wall is likely to have come from an Aboriginal midden and appears to contain at least one possible artefact within it. It recommends that no further survey work is necessary or warranted. However, due to the shell midden material it recommends recording the wall as an Aboriginal site. It also recommended that any work to the east of the Francis Greenway wall that will result in the exposure of the sandstone platforms will require monitoring and detailed recording conducted by a qualified archaeologist.[2]

European settlement

The Macquarie Lightstation Precinct and surrounding lands were dedicated to navigational and communication activities from the very early years of the colony and remarkably continue to be associated with these uses today. As early as 1788, South Head was being used as a look-out point for boats entering and leaving the harbour. Prior to 1816 South Head was the site for a manned flagstaff, a fire beacon, a navigation column and a signal station. In 1790, Captain Arthur Phillip directed a party of seamen from the Sirius to erect a flagstaff "on a high bluff...at the entrance to the harbour..." in order to communicate the arrival of ships into the harbour back to the colony at Sydney Cove. The first signal from here was displayed in February of that year. It is believed that the present Signal Station is the site of the 1790 flagstaff.[2] Later that year, Phillip also commanded that a column be erected near the flagstaff. It should be "... of a height sufficient to be seen from some distance at sea, and the stonemasons were sent down to quarry stone upon the spot for the building..." The column was erected on a raised base measuring 16 square feet (1.5 m2) and had its own base of 4 square feet (0.37 m2). The signalling activities at South Head were now two-fold, communicating news about the arrival of ships to the colony at Sydney Cove via semaphore, and informing ships of the location of the entrance to Port Jackson. By the end of 1790 the site was known as the "Look-out Post" and there were huts and vegetable gardens adjacent to the flagstaff for the eleven men stationed there.[2]

The column was destroyed in September 1792 by a major storm. It was reportedly re-erected using bricks from Bennelong's disused hut on Bennelong Point as there were not enough bricks available from the kilns in the Brickfields.[2] This was followed, in 1793, by a tripod mounted iron basket which originally burned wood, and later coal.[2] During this period, access to the site was via a walking track which was approximately in the same location as the present Old South Head Road. In 1803 surgeon John Harris offered to construct a road 4.6 metres (15 ft) wide for A₤100. By 1811 the thirteen kilometres (eight miles) of road and eleven bridges of Old South Head Road was completed. It terminated at the Signal Station with a walking track leading down to Watsons Bay.[2]

The first Macquarie Lighthouse (1816–1878)

Following the end of the Napoleonic war in 1815, many more convicts were sent to New South Wales, with over 1000 arriving in 1818. The impending arrival of ships transporting convicts and an increase in the volume of shipping led to the commencement of a series of building projects in Sydney.[2] Governor Macquarie gave instructions that a lighthouse, the first in Australia, be constructed at the entrance to Port Jackson on South Head. Francis Greenway was appointed as architect and Captain John Gill as supervisor. Numerous people criticised the appropriateness of the site because of its distance one hundred and thirty-two kilometres (eighty-two miles) miles from the actual opening into the harbour. Greenway suggested North Head as an appropriate location, but this was dismissed by Governor Macquarie as being too remote. The foundation stone was laid on 11 July 1816.[2]

The lighthouse sat in an area compounded by four stone retaining walls with originally two corner lodges intended for the "keepers of the Signals". The construction of the tower was probably one of the most difficult constructions undertaken in the colony to date. The colony had a shortage of quality building materials and skilled labour which despite the skills of Greenway and Gill, proved to make the construction very difficult. In addition, Greenway and Gill often disagreed on best methods of construction leading to design and engineering compromises.[2] The lighthouse tower was essentially completed by December 1817 when Macquarie wrote to Lord Bathurst, the British Secretary of State to inform him of the "Very Elegant and Strong Stone Tower and Light House" erected at South Head. At this time the lantern was yet to be completed as they were waiting for the arrival of the plate glass from England. Bathurst responded favourably to Macquarie despite the fact that work on the lighthouse had commenced without obtaining official approval from Britain On 16 December 1817, the Governor and Mrs Macquarie and a party of their friends went to inspect the tower. On the same day, before breakfast, Francis Greenway received his emancipation papers at the Lighthouse.[2]

The lighthouse was operational permanently from 1818 and was under the supervision of the former quartermaster for the first Fleet and retired harbourmaster, Robert Watson.[2] He had previously served as quartermaster on the Sirius, worked at Norfolk Island and had been Harbour Master at Port Jackson.

Shortcomings in the construction of the tower became evident early on. The soft sandstone proved short-lived, and even as early as 1823 it started crumbling, and large steel bands were placed to keep the structure together. By 1822 it was deemed necessary to carry out emergency structural repairs as some stones had fallen from the arches during that year. This work included the reconstruction of the supporting arches, the repointing of stones, and the introduction of a large iron hoop to support the base of the tower. Further repairs were undertaken in 1830 and a verandah was added on the western face of the building. In 1836 new quarters were built in the south-west corner of the site for the Head Keeper. In 1866 further structural repairs were required to the lighthouse including the addition of more iron straps around the tower.[2] The tower was now distinctly dilapidated and in 1873 it was agreed that the light cast by the Macquarie Tower was not sufficiently strong for its important location, and that new, more powerful lighting technology should be used. However, the lantern on the Macquarie Tower was too small to accommodate the new apparatus.[2] By 1878 the NSW Government decided a new tower was needed. The construction of the new tower started in 1880, just 4 metres (13 ft) away from the original structure.[6] It was officially lit in 1883.[7]

In 1857 the Dunbar was wrecked on South Head, and the Catherine Adams on North Head. These tragedies highlighted the need to more clearly define the entry to the harbour. The wreck of the Dunbar in particular showed the deficiencies of the Macquarie Light, as it appeared that The Gap may have been mistaken for the harbour entry. As a consequence the Hornby light was constructed at the extreme northerly end of South Head in 1858. In 1878, approval was given to replace the Greenway-built tower with a new tower.[2]

The Barnet Lighthouse (1878–1937)

James Barnet was the architect responsible for the project and his design was clearly based on Greenway's original, a mark of the respect held for Greenway's work. Although the building is seen as a replica of Greenway's design, Barnet incorporated other changes in the appearance of the building, particularly in the proportions of the elements, and, notably, in the larger domes and ventilators over the side wings and the projecting gallery of bluestone at the top of the tower.[2] The light commenced operation in 1883 and had a range of twenty five nautical miles. The technology used in this lighthouse (it was one of the first electrically powered lighthouses in the world) was such that a higher level of expertise in the maintenance was required and hence a larger number of staff. This led to the construction in 1881 of two semidetached cottages for the assistants to the Head Keeper. In 1885 new quarters were built for the Engineer and his assistant.[2]

The crown and the lantern room were larger so a larger apparatus can be accommodated. Also added was a black gunmetal railing, which was to become one of Barnet's hallmarks. The original lens was a Chance Brothers 2-metre (6 ft 7 in), sixteen sided, dioptric, holophotal, Fresnel lens, with a characteristic of one eight-second white flash every minute (L Fl W. 60s), visible for 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi).[8] The original light source used on clear weather was a gas burner. On bad weather an electric arc lamp was used, electricity being supplied by a de Méritens generators driven by a Crossley coal gas engine. On especially bad weather a second generator was also operated, resulting in a 6,000,000 cd light, the world's most powerful at the time. One of the generators, the switchboard and one arc lamp still exist, owned by the Powerhouse Museum. The generator and the switchboard are on display at the lighthouse. The lantern of the old lighthouse was immediately removed, and the structure was demolished several years later. In 1912 the apparatus was converted to a vaporised kerosene mantle, to lower costs. In 1933 the light returned to use electricity, as the tower was connected to mains electricity. The current first order bivalve Fresnel lens was installed at that time.[9] In 1976 the Macquarie Lighthouse was fully automated, the last lightstation staff left the site in 1989. The grounds were transferred to the management of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust in 2001.[1]

The Head Keeper's Quarters were modified in 1887 after complaints about the standard of accommodation. The western wing of this building was added in 1899. Despite having once been thought to be the "most efficient light in the world", by 1909 it was deemed to be obsolete, unable to cope with the heavy winter fogs. In 1912, following a call to standardise all lighthouses, the electric light at the Macquarie Lighthouse was replaced with a kerosene system. The new fuel was cheaper to run and required just two men to operate. On 1 July 1915 all the ocean lighthouses were transferred to the control of the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.[2] The two remaining cottages on the site include the head keeper's cottage built c. 1840 on the south side and the assistant lighthouse keepers' semi-detached cottages built in 1881 on the north side (converted into one cottage c. 1991). The former is now the oldest intact freestanding lightkeeper's quarters in Australia. Both these cottages are on 125-year Commonwealth leases to end between 2116 & 2119. A third cottage for the engineer and assistants built in 1885 was demolished in 1970 to make way for four townhouses still present on the site.[10]

World War II to present (1939–2020)

The fortifications at South Head were upgraded during World War II. At the lightstation, this included the construction of an observation post east of the lighthouse and a nearby shaft and tunnel, the location of which has since been obscured. After the war there was a rapid development in other navigational systems, and the lighthouse became simply one of a number of aids which enabled the mariner to determine his exact position. The importance of manned lighthouses such as Macquarie also decreased with the advent of integrated air systems for surveillance, search and rescue.[2]

By 1965 the existing garage to the east of the Head Keeper's Quarters had been constructed and in 1970 the 1885 Barnet-designed Engineer and Assistant's Quarters were demolished to make way for the existing row of four townhouses. These originally accommodated the Workshop Supervisor and the Mechanics (Maritime Aids). The road access on the southern side of the site was also constructed during this time. The station was fully automated in 1976 but the residences remained occupied by staff. In 1980 the Commonwealth Department of Construction carried out a series of works to return the Head Keeper's Quarters to its 1899 form in anticipation of it opening as a museum; however the decision to set up a museum was never taken. In 1989 all staff associated with the Commonwealth Department of Shipping and Transport left the site. The Commonwealth leased the Assistant Keepers' Quarters in 1991 and the Head Keeper's Quarters in 1994 as private residences, both for 125 years. The townhouses are now leased as residences on a short-term basis and the lighthouse is leased to Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA).[2] In 2004, the head keeper's cottage (on the south side) was offered for sale at a price of A$1.95 million.[9]

Description

Lighthouse

The Lighthouse is a circular tower approximately five metres (sixteen feet) in diameter with walls of sandstone blocks varying from 0.9 to 1.2 metres (2 ft 11 in to 3 ft 11 in) thick. The tower is founded on spread sandstone footings approximately 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) wide bearing on the rock. Two wings formerly containing generating equipment and a workshop are located on either side of the square base of the tower. These are constructed in solid sandstone blocks founded in the sandstone. Ground floor levels are concrete, over approximately one metre of graded packed rock. There are four levels of internal floors up to the lantern base level. Circular stairs and floor plate material are in cast iron while beams supporting the floors are rolled steel joists. The gallery level around the lantern is of Melbourne bluestone and the railing is made of gunmetal. Roof domes over the ancillary wings are timber structures clad with lead sheeting.[2]

Head Keeper's Cottage (1818, 1830s)

Part of the cottage is/was the sandstone pavilion designed by Francis Greenway along with the adjacent original lighthouse, in 1818. This pavilion was later incorporated into the cottage, which was further extended in the 1830s.[2][11]

Assistant Keeper's Quarters /Cottage (1881)

Large sandstone home, built in 1881 to a design by Colonial Architect James Barnet. Extensively restored and renovated by Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners. Extensive grounds.[12] Built in 1881.[13][2]

Stone Retaining Walls and other buildings

Other structures on the site include stone retaining wall and stone walls to former quarters.[14][2]

Modifications and dates
  • 1790, Captain Phillip directed erection of a flagstaff "on a high bluff...at the entrance to the harbour..." in order to communicate the arrival of ships into Sydney Cove. The first signal from here was displayed in February of that year. It is believed that the present Signal Station is the site of the 1790 flagstaff.
  • Later 1790, Phillip commanded a column be erected near the flagstaff "... of a height sufficient to be seen from some distance at sea, and stonemasons were sent to quarry stone upon the spot for it..." The column was on a raised base measuring 16-foot square and had its own base of 4-foot square. The column was destroyed in 9/1792 by a storm. It was reportedly re-erected using bricks from Bennelong's disused hut on Bennelong Point.[2] During this period, access was via walking track approximately in the same location as the present Old South Head Road.[2]
  • 1803 surgeon John Harris offered to construct a road 15 feet wide for 100 pounds. By 1811 the eight miles of road and 11 bridges of Old South Head Road was completed ending at the Signal Station with a walking track down to Watsons Bay.[2]
  • 1816 a manned flagstaff, fire beacon, navigation column and a signal station.[2]
  • 1883 new lighthouse built to replace original 1816 lighthouse[2]
  • 2011 Lighthouse Keeper's Cottage (for lease – advertisement notes): large chef's kitchen, butler's kitchen, dining deck in courtyardand barbeque, gymnasium, spa, home office, multiple gas fireplaces, good storage, security systems, 3 car garage.[15][2]

Heritage listing

As at 4 September 2008, the Macquarie Lighthouse site is of State significance as the location of the longest continuously operating site of a navigational beacon in Australia since 1794 and the site of the first lighthouse to be built in Australia in 1818. The Macquarie Lighthouse is an important Australian historic landmark containing the rare remains of the early Palladian-inspired design by Francis Greenway and Governor Lachlan Macquarie, a rare replica of the original Greenway lighthouse, the oldest lighthouse keeper's quarters in Australia, and a substantial example of a mid-Victorian period NSW lightstation designed by James Barnet. Macquarie Lighthouse Site was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[2]

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The Macquarie Lightstation is of national significance for its association with the development of lighthouses in the nineteenth century being the first purpose-built lightstation in Australia and now Australia's longest serving lightstation. The lightstation is one of a group of buildings on South Head that includes the Signal Station, its quarters and flagstaff, and the Hornby Lighthouse and its quarters which collectively are able to demonstrate the historical importance of early coastal signals and navigation aids to the colony in its early years and throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[2][16]

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

The Macquarie Lightstation is of national significance for its rare association with a series of important historical figures. It has important historical associations with Colonial Architect Francis Greenway (1777–1837); Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1761–1824); Government Architect James Barnet (1827–1904); and the Chance Brothers and Co. Lighthouse Engineers and Constructors of Birmingham (suppliers of lanterns, optics, pedestals and light sources for the Barnet Lighthouse).[17][2]

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The Macquarie Lightstation exhibits outstanding landmark and landscape qualities. The site is a landmark and has long been an identifying symbol Sydney. At the time it was built, the original lighthouse was clearly visible the approach by sea, the Governor's Domain, and many places around the harbour. The picturesque and romantic qualities of the lighthouse in its coastal setting have been recorded in many early paintings, sketches and later photographs, all of which has contributed to its landmark qualities. Barnet's decision to replicate the aesthetic of the Greenway tower in the 1880s suggests an early social and aesthetic approval of Greenway's design and the landmark qualities that were already valued. The lightstation contributes a significant romanticised landscape to Sydney Harbour as a whole, with a distinctive landscape aesthetic: the institutional neatness and stoic associations contrasted with the rugged scale of the clifftop, windblown landscape bounded on two sides by windy coastal reserves.[17][2]

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The Macquarie Lightstation is highly valued by the local Woollahra community, the larger population of Sydney and has national significance for its cultural associations with the early European colonisation of Australia. The lighthouse symbol appears on the coat of arms of the Woollahra Municipal Council indicating its significance as a local landmark. It is also on Macquarie University's coat of arms assuming the symbolic meanings of guiding light or teaching beacon. The high value accorded the Macquarie Lightstation is also demonstrated by its numerous listings in all heritage registers indicating wide agreement that the site is of exceptional national significance. Public tours of the lighthouse have been conducted regularly and there is an identified need to increase public access to and interpretation of the site.[2]

The Macquarie Lightstation is of Aboriginal cultural significance. Despite having no site-specific archaeological potential, the shell midden material used in the production of mortar for the Greenway compound wall has significance as objects in themselves. Their presence on the site enhances the Aboriginal heritage of the diverse archaeological resource of the South Head area as a whole.[17][2]

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Macquarie Lightstation contains archaeological remains of exceptional significance, relating to the original Greenway precinct and possibly earlier due to its connection to the 1790 "lookout" site. The sites of the former roads, corner lodges and stone walling have exceptional potential to reveal information about their detailed design. The lightstation also constitutes an early, little – disturbed early colonial site relating to Greenway, Macquarie and the early development of Sydney. As such, it is extremely rare and of national significance. It has the potential to reveal much information about the early development of the colony and about early nineteenth century aesthetic concepts as understood by Macquarie and Greenway. Due to the unique time span of the occupation of the place, it also has the rare archaeological potential to provide information about the nature of its former buildings and design layout as a whole as well as its occupational and technological history as a NSW lightstation.[17][2]

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Macquarie Lightstation precinct, even though little physical evidence survives, is of rare architectural significance. Its original architectural configuration can be understood from the evidence on site, below ground and the early descriptions and images. The Palladian composition, the walled compound, and the corner lodges with chinoiserie detail in the roofs, all conform to the then popular taste.[2]

The physical evidence on the site and the historic visual connections to and from the lightstation provide important evidence about the building program during Governor Macquarie's Administration. The Lightstation demonstrates the three typical objectives of the Macquarie's: 1. Building for Function; 2. Building for aesthetic and 'civilising'; 3. Building for establishing symbols of British Empire on the far side of the world.[17][2]

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

The Macquarie Lightstation is one of approximately thirteen major surviving NSW coastal lightstations able to demonstrate evidence of changing lighthouse technology and the lifestyle and social organisation of a working lightstation. The Head Keeper's Quarters is the earliest, most intact freestanding lightkeeper's residence in Australia. The site is also a good example of Barnet's work and despite the pre-existing architecture and layout; Barnet's influence is clearly evident in the design of the interior of the lighthouse and the Assistant Keepers' Quarters.[17][2]

  • The first Macquarie Lighthouse, built 1816–18 photograph taken in the 1870s; from the 'Papers of James Barnet'
  • De Meritens generators at the Macquarie Lighthouse engine room
  • Crossley coal gas engine at the Macquarie Lighthouse engine room
gollark: SSDs do apparently lose data if you leave them unplugged for large amounts of time.
gollark: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#Principles_of_operation (apparently it's weird transistors, not capacitors)
gollark: They use flash storage, which... has electrons stored in tiny capacitor things where the charge persists for ages, or something.
gollark: There's a new ATX12VO standard which drops everything but 12V because it's not used much, apparently.
gollark: For now it'd be neat if there were actually good AR glasses available. Google Glass got killed off, and there was this company called North doing similar stuff but... Google bought them and killed them off too.

See also

References
  1. "Sites – Macquarie Lightstation". Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
  2. "Macquarie Lighthouse Site". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. H00677. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  3. "Macquarie Lighthouse, Old South Head Rd, Vaucluse, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105366)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment.
  4. "Macquarie Lighthouse Group, Old South Head Rd, Vaucluse, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105365)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment.
  5. "Macquarie Lighthouse Surrounding Wall, Old South Head Rd, Vaucluse, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105412)". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment.
  6. "THE NEW MACQUARIE LIGHTHOUSE". The Sydney Morning Herald (13, 078). New South Wales, Australia. 2 March 1880. p. 7. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. "THE NEW MACQUARIE LIGHTHOUSE". The Sydney Morning Herald (14, 064). New South Wales, Australia. 26 April 1883. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. "THE MACQUARIE NEW LIGHTHOUSE". The Sydney Morning Herald (13, 666). New South Wales, Australia. 17 January 1882. p. 3. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Australia: New South Wales". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  10. Sydney Harbour Federation Trust's Management Plan – Macquarie Lightstation (part 3) Archived 2011-02-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 Nov 2010
  11. Craze, 2017, 49; also Laing & Simmons Real Estate advert, same paper and date
  12. Melocco, 2014, 5
  13. Ray White, 2016
  14. Anglin Associates 1989
  15. Wentworth Courier advertisement, 8/9/2011
  16. Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners, 2001
  17. Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners, 2001

Bibliography

Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from Macquarie Lighthouse Site, entry number 00677 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.

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