Estonian Land Forces

The Estonian Land Forces (Estonian: Maavägi), unofficially referred to as the Estonian army, is the name of the unified ground forces among the Estonian Defense Forces where it has an offensive military formation role. It is currently the largest Estonian military branch with the average size during peacetime of approximately 6,000 soldiers, conscripts, and officers.

Estonian Land Forces
Maavägi
Estonian Land Forces' emblem
Active1918–1940, 1991–present
Country Estonia
TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size6,425 personnel, 35,350 personnel mobilized
Part ofEstonian Defence Forces
EquipmentList of equipment of the Estonian Defence Forces
EngagementsEstonian War of Independence
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War (as part of MNF-I)
Mali War
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Johan Laidoner
Insignia
Flag

The Maavägi development priorities are the capability to participate in missions outside the national territory and the capability to perform operations to protect the territory of Estonia, also in co-operation with the Allies. The Maavägi component of the operational structure consists of an infantry brigade and a homeland security structure. Deployable infantry battalion tactical group and some deployable CS, CSS units will developed in the Army structure in accordance with NATO Force Proposals requirements. Infantry brigade will act as a training and support frame for deployable units. Homeland security structure units will have the capability to carry out territorial military tasks and support civil structures.

The Land Forces are structured according to the principle of a reserve force which means that the main part of the defense forces of the state are units in a trained reserve. For a state with few human and economic resources, a reserve force based on the will of defense of the citizens is the only viable form of national defense.

In peacetime the reservists conduct normal lives and the state takes care of their training and the procurement of equipment and weapons. In wartime the reservists are mobilized into military units. The reserve units are formed on the territorial principle, i.e. conscripts from one area are called up at one time to one unit and after service they are sent to the reserve as one unit. The Estonian army is always in constant defense readiness in co-operation with the other services.

History

The 1st and 2nd Divisions were created during the Estonian War of Independence; the 2nd Division in December 1918 and January 1919. The Scouts Single Infantry Battalion was formed on 21 December 1918.

On 21 November 1928, eight 'Single Infantry Battalions' were created. The peacetime purpose of these battalions was to train conscripts. In wartime the battalion would reorganize itself into a regiment with a similar order of battle as the two initial reaction force regiments covering the eastern and southern borders. Each battalion's peacetime strength was a total 237 soldiers, in a regimental staff, a Signal Platoon, an Engineering Platoon, a Ski-Bicycle Platoon, a Building Platoon, and three infantry companies.

The wartime order of battle would have transformed the battalion into a regiment size unit carrying the same unit number and would have included 3 infantry battalions, Signal Company, Engineering Company, Ski-Bicycle Company, Cavalry Company, Building Company, Commandant Commando and a CB Commando. In total of 3,153 men.

The 2nd Single Infantry Battalion was located at Tartu; the 3rd Single Infantry Battalion was located at Valga; the 4th at Jõhvi; the 5th at Rakvere; the 6th Single Infantry Battalion was located at Pärnu; the 8th Single Infantry Battalion at Valga; the 9th at Pärnu; and the 10th Single Infantry Battalion was located at Tallinn.

A reorganisation took place on February 1, 1940 and a fourth division was created. The 4th Division staff was based in Viljandi. The division was made up by the Pärnu-Viljandi Military District and Valga Military District. The division's commander was Colonel Jaan Maide. The four divisions were active until the Soviet occupation of Estonia.

On August 17, 1940, after Estonia occupation by the Soviets, the 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps of the Red Army was formed at Tallinn. It was created as a territorial Estonian body on the basis of military units and institutions of the Estonian army. All soldiers and officers kept the Estonian army 1936-spec uniforms, on which were sewn Soviet insignia. The first commander of the 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps was a former major general of the Estonian army, Gustav Jonson, who was later arrested by the NKVD and shot. Initially, most of the corps' officer posts were occupied by former officers of the Estonian army, but by the middle of June 1941 - even before the German invasion of the Soviet Union - most of them were arrested and replaced by newcomers from the Soviet Red Army officers.

Many of the Estonian officers of the 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps body were arrested and died in 1941 and 1942 in camps in the Soviet Union; many were shot. The former commander of the 180th Rifle Division, 22nd Corps, Richard Tomberg, survived after dismissal only because since 1942 he has been claimed by the Frunze Military Academy as a teacher. He was arrested in February 1944 (he was released from the camp and rehabilitated in 1956). Some officers of the 22nd Rifle Corps, among whom was Alfons Rebane, managed to escape from the authorities in the period between the dismissal of the army and the plan for their arrest. Someone managed to escape abroad, others came out of hiding only after the arrival of German troops in July and August 1941, some of them volunteered for the Estonian units that fought on the side of Nazi Germany, or to enlist in the Estonian organisations controlled by the German authorities.

The 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps was part of the 'operational army' during World War II from 22 June 1941 to 31 August 1941. On June 22, 1941 the corps headquarters was stationed in village of Rev.

Organization

Military units

Fire and maneuver team

The fire and maneuver team (lahingpaar) is a very small Estonian military unit led by a soldier that is subordinate to an infantry fireteam. The fire and maneuver team is bigger than an individual soldier but smaller than a fireteam (salk). It is also the smallest military formation among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[1]

It usually consists of two soldiers. A fire and maneuver team is led by the more experienced soldier in the team.

One fire and maneuver team is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other fire and maneuver teams on a landscale not greater than 20 x 50 metres. There are no logistical support elements in the structure of a fire and maneuver team.

Fireteam

A fireteam (salk) is a small military unit led by a senior soldier that is subordinate to an infantry squad. A fire team is bigger than a fire and maneuver team (lahingpaar) but smaller than a squad (jagu). It is also one of the smallest military formation among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[2]

It usually consists of three to five soldiers, and may be further subdivided into fire and maneuver teams. A fireteam is composed of two fire and maneuver teams of two soldiers each, as well as a fireteam leader (salgapealik) who is usually a corporal (kapral).[3]

One fireteam is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other fireteams on a landscale not greater than 50 x 100 metres. There are no logistical support elements in the structure of a fireteam.

Squad

A squad (jagu) is a small military unit led by a non-commissioned officer (NCO) that is subordinate to an infantry platoon. A squad is bigger than a fireteam (salk) but smaller than a platoon (rühm). It is also one of the smallest military formation among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[4]

It usually consists six to ten soldiers, and may be further subdivided into fireteams. A squad is composed of two fireteams of five soldiers each, as well as a squad leader (jaoülem; in Defence League jaopealik) who is usually a sergeant (seersant). His second in command is known as a squad sergeant ('jaoülema abi; in Defence League jaopealiku abi).[5]

One squad is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other squads on a landscale not greater than 100 x 200 metres. There are no logistical support elements in the structure of a squad. The formation transport is usually made up by one tactical transport vehicle such as Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG 435.[6]

Platoon

A platoon (rühm) is a small military unit led by a non-commissioned officer (NCO) that is subordinate to an infantry company. A platoon is bigger than a squad (jagu) but smaller than a company (kompanii). It is also one of the smallest military formations among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[7]

It usually consists thirty to fifty soldiers, and is further subdivided into squads. A platoon is composed of five squads of ten soldiers each, as well as a platoon leader (rühmaülem; in Defence League rühmapealik) who is usually a junior lieutenant (nooremleitnant). His second in command is known as a platoon sergeant (rühmaülema abi; in Defence League rühmapealiku abi).[8]

One platoon is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other platoons on a landscale not greater than 300 × 400 metres. There is no logistical support element in the structure of a platoon. The formation transport is usually made up by three to five tactical transport vehicles such as Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG 435.[9]

Company

A company (Kompanii) is a medium military unit led by a junior officer that is subordinate to an infantry battalion. A company is bigger than a platoon ({{lang|et|rühm) but smaller than a battalion (pataljon. It is one of the most basic military formation among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[10]

It usually consists 180 to 250 soldiers, and is further subdivided into platoons. A company is composed of five platoons of thirty to fifty soldiers each, as well as a company leader (kompaniiülem) who is usually a captain (kapten). His second in command is lieutenant as an assistant of the battalion (kompaniiülema abi).[11]

One company is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other companies on a landscale not greater than 500 x 500 metres. There is a logistical support element in the structure of a company which is based on a reserve platoon. The formation transport is usually made up by twenty tactical transport vehicles such as Mercedes-Benz Unimog 435.[12]

Battalion

A battalion (Pataljon) is an average military unit led by a senior officer that is subordinate to an infantry brigade. A battalion is bigger than a company (kompanii but smaller than a brigade (brigaad). It is one of the most basic military formation among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[13]

It usually consists of 900 to 1250 soldiers, and is further subdivided into companies. A battalion is composed of five companies of 180 to 250 soldiers each, as well as a company leader (kompaniiülem) who is usually a lieutenant colonel (kolonelleitnant). His second in command is a colonel as an assistant of the battalion (pataljoniülema abi).[14]

One battalion is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other battalion on a landscale not greater than 1500 x 3000 metres. There is a logistical support element in the structure of a battalion which is based on a reserve company. The formation transport is usually made up by 200 tactical transport vehicles such as Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG 435.[15]

Brigade

A brigade (brigaad) is commanded by a senior officer that is subordinate to an infantry division. A brigade is bigger than a battalion (pataljon) but smaller than a division (diviis). It is currently the largest military structure that the Estonian infantry can field.[16]

An Estonian brigade consists of 5,000 to 8,750 soldiers, and is subdivided into battalions. A brigade is made up of seven battalions of 900 to 1,250 soldiers each, commanded by a Brigade Leader (brigaadiülem) who is usually a colonel (kolonel). His second in command is a major.[17]

In the future, a brigade will operate on the battlefield alongside other brigades on a sector not greater than 10 x 15 kilometres. There is a logistical support element in the structure of a brigade based on a reserve battalion. The transportation component of an Estonian brigade consists of approximately 1,500 tactical transport vehicles such as the Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG 435.[18]

County brigade

A county brigade or Malev is a military unit led by a senior officer that is subordinate to an infantry division. The term malev is historical. It was originally based on the manpower of a county and was led by a county leader (vanem). A malev was bigger than a battalion (pataljon) and smaller than a division (diviis). It was the largest military formation among the Estonian Defense League infantry units.[19]

A malev is usually a sub-component of a division, a larger unit consisting of two or more malevs; however, some brigades are classified as a separate brigade and operate independently from the traditional division structure. A malev's commanding officer is commonly a major or colonel.[20]

A modern malev is typically composed of three to five companies or battalions, depending on the area and available manpower of a given county. Each malev can operate independently on a battlefield encompassing an area of 10 x 15 kilometres.

Division

A division (diviis) is a large military unit led by a general that is subordinate to an infantry brigade. The division is bigger than a brigade (brigaad) but smaller than a corps (korpus). There are currently no divisions among the Estonian Ground Force infantry units.[21]

It usually consists of 20,000 to 35,000 soldiers, and is further subdivided into brigades. A division is composed of two to four brigades 5000 to 8750 soldiers each, as well as a division leader (diviisiiülem) who is usually a major general (kindralmajor). His second in command is a brigadier general (brigaadikindral) as an assistant of the division (diviisiülema abi).[22]

One division is meant to operate on a battlefield along with other divisions on a front which covers more than two counties. There is a logistical support element in the structure of a division which is based on a reserve brigade. The formation transport is usually made up by 5000 to 7000 tactical transport vehicles such as Mercedes-Benz Unimog 435.[23]

Peacetime structure
Estonian military units and bases
Source: Jane's World Armies Issue 23 - 2008
Tapa Garrison: is also for the HQ Northeastern Defense District and fields the 1st Artillery, Air Defense, and Engineer Battalions.
Note 2: Tallinn is HQ Northern Defense District, HQ Estonian Navy, and garrison for the Guard Battalion.
Estonian Land Forces structure, 2017

The two brigades are not fully manned in peacetime. The only units fully manned at all times are the two brigade commands, the Scouts Battalion and the EOD/Demining Service. The 2nd Infantry Brigade was activated on 1 August 2014. The brigade will continue to activate further units to reach full strength by 2022 at the latest. In parallel the 1st Infantry Brigade will become a mechanized brigade with tracked infantry fighting vehicles and self-propelled artillery. In wartime the two brigades will be brought to full strength with reserve soldiers. Besides the two Land Force brigades the Estonian Defense Forces also field a large number of smaller light infantry units of the Estonian Defense League, which are tasked with local defense respectively stay-behind operations.

Personnel

Land Forces has more than 2,700 full time soldiers and 3,100 conscripts. There were only 15 women in 2013 in conscript service. Previously there was one fully professional infantry battalion - (Scouts Battalion) in the Land Forces. However, since 2017, the unit also trains conscripts in mechanized infantry role.[25]

Training

Estonian Land Forces organizes Spring Storm (Kevadtorm) exercises every year. 9,000 soldiers participated in this exercise in 2017.

Ranks
NATO codeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student officer
Estonia
(Edit)		 No equivalent No equivalent
Kindral Kindralleitnant Kindralmajor Brigaadikindral Kolonel Kolonelleitnant Major Kapten Leitnant Nooremleitnant Lipnik
Estonian:
Lühend		 kin kin-ltn kin-mjr brig-kin kol kol-ltn mjr kpt ltn n-ltn lpn
English:
Ranks		 General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Ensign
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Estonia
(Edit)		 No equivalent
Ülemveebel Staabiveebel Vanemveebel Veebel Nooremveebel Vanemseersant Seersant Nooremseersant Kapral Reamees
Estonian:
Lühend		 ü-vbl st-vbl v-vbl vbl n-vbl v-srs srs n-srs kpr rms
English:
Ranks		 Sergeant Major of Land Forces Sergeant Major Master Sergeant Sergeant First Class Staff Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Private

Equipment
Main article: List of equipment of the Estonian Defence Forces

Weapons

Although the defense force employs various individual weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges, the standard weapons used by the ground force are the domestically upgraded variants of the 7.62mm AK4 and 5.56mm Galil-AR assault rifles,[26] both of which are scheduled to be replaced by 2021,[27][28] as well as the 9mm variant of the MP5 submachine gun for special operations force.[29] The primary sidearms are the 9x18mm Makarov PM and the 9x19mm USP semi-automatic pistols.[30] Some units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the Galil-ARM and Negev light machine gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level.[31] Indirect fire is provided by the M-69 and CG M3 grenade launchers.[32] The 18.53mm Benelli-M3T dual-mode shotgun is used for door breaching and close-quarters combat.[33] The domestically produced modification of the 7.62mm M14 selective fire automatic rifle TP2 and Galil-S are used by the snipers,[34] along with the 8.6mm Sako TRG and 12.7mm Hecate II heavy sniper rifles are used long-range marksmen.[35] Hand grenades, fragmentation and smoke grenades along with the grenade launcher systems, such as the HK-GLM and HK-79N,[36] are also used.

The defense force also employs various crew-served weapons to provide medium and heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. The 7.62mm MG-3 and KSP-58 are the ground force standard medium machine guns. The 12.7mm Browning M2HB heavy machine gun is generally used as a vehicle-mounted machine gun used by motorised infantry. The ground force uses two types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these are the 81mm M252,[37] B455 and L16A1 mortars that normally assigned at the infantry company level.[38] At higher echelon, infantry battalions are supported by a section of 120mm M-41D and 2B11 mortars,[38] which are usually employed by motorized units. Fire support for infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the lighter 122mm D-30H63 and heavier 155mm FH-70 field howitzers.[38]

The ground force utilizes a variety of shoulder fired missiles, recoilless rifles and anti-tank guided missiles to provide infantry and mechanized units with an anti-armor capability. The 82mm B-300 is a reusable man-portable anti-tank shoulder-fired missile system.[38] The 84mm AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The 90mm C90-CR is a disposable, shoulder-fired and one-man operated grenade launcher. Some motorized units are supported by Pvpj 1110 and M40-A1 recoilless rifles that are mounted on high-mobility utility vehicles.[38] The 115mm MILAN-2 with the night-firing ability and 148mm MAPATS laser-beam riding anti-tank guided missiles are the ground forces' main anti-tank weapon systems. The purchase of the 127mm FGM-148 Javelin fire-and-forget anti-tank missiles will increase the ground forces' anti-armor units capabilities.[39] The 90mm Mistral is an infrared homing surface-to-air missile,[40] which along with the 23mm ZU-23-2 twin-barreled anti-aircraft cannons mounted on trucks make up the backbone of the defense forces' air defense.

Vehicles

The ground force currently does not operate any main battle tanks although some types were in service of the ground force till the Soviet occupation in 1940. In recent years the Estonian MoD has indicated a need to obtain main battle tanks by 2020 according to the national defense development plan.[41] As 2014, the infantry fighting vehicle CV9035 is the ground force's main battle and frontline troop carrier vehicle, is fitted with a 35mm autocannon turret, and carries up to 8 fully equipped soldiers.[42] The ground force's most common armored vehicles are the Pasi series armored personnel carriers of which some have been fitted into ambulance and command post vehicles roles. The similar Pasi 180 and Pasi 188 armored personnel carriers are the standard troop carrier vehicles of the ground forces. The Pasi XA-180's, which were acquired first, have also been used by the defense forces expeditionary units on peacekeeping operations in Central Asia and Africa.[43] In recent years BTR-80 amphibious armored personnel carriers have been used as training vehicles and are now being phased out.[44]

Although the ground force currently does not operate any self-propelled howitzers or multiple launch rocket systems the Estonian MoD has also indicated a need to obtain self-propelled howitzers for the 1st Infantry Brigade which will be transformed into a mechanized brigade.[45] While the ground force does not have any utility helicopters, attack helicopters or aircraft of its own, it does operate several types of unmanned aerial vehicles and rotorcrafts.[46] Currently there are no operational armed drones in service of the ground force. In 2014, the Estonian MoD announced that Estonia, along with 12 other NATO members, plans to purchase Global Hawk drone to increase its military reconnaissance capabilities.[47]

The defense force's most common vehicles are the Unimog and DAF series general-purpose trucks and light utility vehicles such as Unimog 416, Unimog 435, DAF YA4440, and MB 250GD. There are also variety of different MAN and Sisu built military logistics vehicles, such as MAN 4520, 4620, 4640, KAT1, and Sisu E13TP, in use of the ground force, which are capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, artillery tractors, weapons platform and ambulance, among other roles.

Uniforms

The ESTDCU, is the Estonian version of the digital camouflage uniform and its various patterns are designed for use in woodland, desert, urban and winter warfare environments.[48] Soldiers of Estonian Land Force also get the PASGT combat helmet and ballistic vest and a night vision device.

Defense development plan
See also: Ministry of Defence (Estonia) § Military Defence Action Plan

Based on a long-term defense development plan, the Land Forces are currently undergoing a modernization program. By 2018 the Land Forces are likely to be equipped with modern infantry fighting vehicles, along with the additional armored personnel carriers.[49] The artillery capabilities were greatly increased in 2008 with the purchase of 122mm field howitzers from Finland.[50] The Land Forces are also planning to create tactical air surveillance.

What follows is a partial list of planned equipment purchases for the Defense Forces:

An Estonian XA-180 in Afghanistan
Armored vehicles
  • 44 CV9035NL. Former Netherlands Army on order, first delivery in 2016, projected to continue until 2018.[51] 35 additional Norwegian CV90s on order.[52]
  • Armored personnel carriers: 81 units (Sisu XA-188) Former Netherlands Army and Marine Corps, delivered between 2014 and 2016.
Self-propelled artillery
Anti-tank systems
  • C-90 grenade launchers[54]
  • Javelin anti-tank missile ~ 80 launchers (taken into service in 2016)

Main bases of Estonian Land Forces
gollark: I can't actually tell if my thing works or not, fun.
gollark: It's now even less comprehensible of course.
gollark: Yay, assembler is fixed.
gollark: I like factorio.
gollark: Some of them.

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