Maʼrib

Maʼrib (Arabic: مَأْرِب‎, romanized: Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city of Maʼrib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sabaʾ (Arabic: سَبَأ‎),[1][2] which some scholars believe to be the ancient Sheba of biblical fame.[3] It is located approximately 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of Yemen's modern capital, Sana'a, and is in the region of the Sarawat Mountains.[4] It has a current population of 16,794.

Not to be confused with Maariv or Maarif (disambiguation).
"Mareb" redirects here. For the river in Ethiopia, see Mareb River.
"Mariba" redirects here. For the small town in the United States, see Mariba, Kentucky.
Maʼrib

مَأْرِب
City
The ruins of Old Ma'rib, which lies to the south of the modern city
Maʼrib
Location in Yemen
Coordinates: 15°25′N 45°21′E
Country Yemen
GovernorateMaʼrib Governorate
DistrictMaʼrib
Population
 (2005)
 • 
16,794
Time zoneUTC+03:00 (Yemen Standard Time)

History

Ancient
Main article: Sabaeans
The Barran Temple, a relic of the Sabaean era
Standing female figure wearing a strap and a necklace, 3rd–2nd millennium BC, made of sandstone and quartzite, height: 27.5 cm, width: 14.3 cm, depth: 14.3 cm, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

The Sabaean kingdom was based around Ma'rib, with territory in northern Yemen. The Sabaean kings made their capital at Ma'rib, and built great irrigation works such as the Ma'rib Dam, whose ruins are still visible. The Marib Dam supported a flourishing culture for more than a thousand years. They also built castles and temples in the area, notably Awwam and Barran, respectively. Saba was known for dealing in the lucrative frankincense[3] and myrrh[5] trade. They were a seafaring people and were known to have influence and a population in the Northeast African kingdom of Dʿmt, across the Red Sea in Eritrea and Abyssinia, the only other source of both frankincense and myrrh.

In 25 BC, Aelius Gallus of Rome led an expedition to Ma'rib, laying siege to the city. He suffered major losses and was forced to retreat to Egypt.[6]

The site of ancient Ma'rib was largely abandoned during the 20th century. Although a small village remains, the multi-story mud-brick buildings of the historic city are largely in ruins. The modern city of Ma'rib is located about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of the center of the ancient city.

20th century

In 1982, floods ravaged the country. In response, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates financed the construction of the current dam of Ma'rib in 1984.[7][8][9] The Shaikh himself was reportedly descended from people who migrated from the area of Ma'rib to what is now the UAE.[4]

Yemeni Civil War

During the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present), Ma'rib and the surrounding Ma'rib Governorate came under attack by the Houthis movement rebelling against the government of Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi. The tribes of Ma'rib repelled the Houthis with help from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.

According to the Abu Dhabi-based The National newspaper, "With 80 per cent of the province's population Sunni and only one of the five main tribes supportive of the Zaidi Shiite Houthis, tribal fighters managed to repel the attack. As a result, the Houthis control only about 20 per cent of Marib and the oil fields remained under Hadi's control. Many of the tribes in Marib, and in neighbouring al-Jawf and Shabwa provinces, are loyal to Al-Islah Party. According to two tribal chiefs, there are 8,000 Yemeni forces and tribal fighters based in Ma'rib united against the Houthis. Some are directly loyal to President Hadi, others to Saudi Arabia, and a large number to the al-Islah Party, an Islamist group. The entire First Armoured Brigade, considered a military wing of al-Islah, based in Sanaa, was transferred to Ma'rib in 2014 to defend the province. Other sections of Yemen's military remained loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president overthrown by Arab Spring protests who has now sided with the Houthis against Hadi. After the Saudi-led coalition joined the war in March 2015 and drove the Houthis from most of Yemen's southern provinces in July 2015, the focus shifted to Marib, known as the gateway to Sana'a, where the strong support base made it a natural location for an attack in the north.

According to Al-Jazeera, by 7 April 2015, Houthi forces had been expelled from the majority of Ma'rib Governorate by Saudi-backed tribesmen. The governor of Marib told Al-Jazeera that forces allied to President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and the Gulf coalition were "perusing the last pockets of Houthis" in the province.[10]

The city of Marib is just 173 kilometres (107 miles) from the capital, and the province adjoins the predominantly Sunni provinces of Al Jawf, Al-Baitha and Shabwa, where the Houthis' control is unlikely to hold if attacked. In particular, Al-Jawf to the north would provide a route towards the Houthi's Saada stronghold. The coalition began moving supplies to Marib in March 2015, using land routes from Saudi Arabia through Hadramout and Shabwa provinces. On August 2015, coalition forces started flying more reinforcements to Marib using a small airport in the tiny town of Safer, 60 km east of Marib city. Loyalist military sources said further reinforcements including tanks, armoured vehicles, rocket launchers and Apache helicopters arrived August 2015. The town serves as a base for the state-run Safer Exploration and Production Operations Company and other foreign companies working in Yemen's vital energy sector. The main gas pipeline south also runs through the town, which is controlled by the pro-Hadi military commander Abdullah Al-Shaddadi. The nearest Houthi presence was in Baihan in Shabwa province, 50 kilometres (31 miles) away."[11][12]

On 4 September 2015, 52 Emirati, 10 Saudi, 5 Bahrani servicemen of the Arab coalition and scores of pro-Hadi Yemeni soldiers were killed by a Houthi ballistic missile attack against a military base in Safer, Ma'rib. Three months later, another ballistic missile strike claimed the lives of 23 Saudi, 16-18 Sudanese, 9 Moroccan, and 7 Emirati soldiers including two senior commanders of the Saudi-led coalition along with at least 40 American PMCs as claimed by the Houthis on the Safer base near Ma'rib on December 14.[13][14]

More than 100 Yemeni government soldiers were killed in a drone and missile attack on a military camp near Ma'rib on 18 January 2020, leaving over a hundred more soldiers injured and killing at least 5 civilians. The Houthis were suspected and accused of carrying out the attack, although they denied responsibility.[15][16][17][18][19]

Five foreign mine clearance experts were killed in an explosion inside the Saudi Project for Landmine Clearance MASAM on January 20, 2019. One of the experts was a resident of South Africa of British descent. Other members of the team were from Colombia and unspecified countries in Africa.[20]

On 27 May 2020, a Houthi missile attack targeted the headquarters of the army command of the Saudi-backed government in Marib province killing 8 soldiers including the son and nephew of the Chief of Staff of Republic of Yemen Armed Forces, Lt. Gen. Sagheer bin Aziz.[21]

Oil refinery

The Yemen Oil Refining Company opened a refinery in Ma'rib in 1986, which produces 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day (2009). In November 2009, the company announced an agreement with Korea's Shinhan to expand and upgrade the refinery to produce 25,000 barrels (4,000 m3)/day.[22]

Ma'rib is the start of the Marib-Ra's Isa oil pipeline (438 km (272 mi)), with a capacity of 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day.[23]

Climate

Ma'rib has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh).

Climate data for Ma'rib
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 25.5
(77.9)		 26.4
(79.5)		 28.3
(82.9)		 29.9
(85.8)		 31.7
(89.1)		 33.3
(91.9)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.8
(89.2)		 30.7
(87.3)		 28.6
(83.5)		 25.5
(77.9)		 26.3
(79.3)		 29.2
(84.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 18.8
(65.8)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.0
(73.4)		 25.0
(77.0)		 26.1
(79.0)		 26.3
(79.3)		 25.6
(78.1)		 24.5
(76.1)		 21.4
(70.5)		 18.4
(65.1)		 18.6
(65.5)		 22.3
(72.1)
Average low °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.1
(61.0)		 18.4
(65.1)		 18.9
(66.0)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.3
(57.7)		 11.4
(52.5)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.4
(59.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2)		 1
(0.0)		 4
(0.2)		 12
(0.5)		 19
(0.7)		 1
(0.0)		 21
(0.8)		 31
(1.2)		 8
(0.3)		 1
(0.0)		 2
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 107
(4.1)
Source: Climate-Data.org[24]
gollark: I lost a data by accident and I need an old copy of it. Well, "need" is strong, but I would have to spend AT LEAST two minutes replacing it if I can't get it.
gollark: Which improves compression ratios thus good.
gollark: zstd *happily* runs at a few hundred MB/s decompression on modern devices, the issue is with the slow external HDD.
gollark: I SHOULD REALLY HAVE TESTED RESTORES AT REALISTIC SIZES ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
gollark: ææææ `tar`

See also

References
  1. Quran 27:6–93
  2. Quran 34:15–18
  3. "Saba / Sa'abia / Sheba". The History Files (http://www.historyfiles.co.uk). Retrieved 2008-06-27. The kingdom of Saba is known to have existed in the region of Yemen. By 1000 BC caravan trains of camels journeyed from Oman in south-east Arabia to the Mediterranean. As the camel drivers passed through the deserts of Yemen, experts believe that many of them would have called in at Ma'rib. Dating from at least 1050 BC, and now barren and dry, Ma'rib was then a lush oasis teeming with palm trees and exotic plants. Ideally placed, it was situated on the trade routes and with a unique dam of vast proportions. It was also one of only two main sources of frankincense (the other being East Africa), so Saba had a virtual monopoly. Ma'rib's wealth accumulated to such an extent that the city became a byword for riches beyond belief throughout the Arab world. Its people, the Sabeans - a group whose name bears the same etymological root as Saba - lived in South Arabia between the tenth and sixth centuries BC. Their main temple - Mahram Bilqis, or temple of the moon god (situated about three miles (5 km) from the capital city of Ma'rib) - was so famous that it remained sacred even after the collapse of the Sabean civilisation in the sixth century BC - caused by the rerouting of the spice trail. By that point the dam, now in a poor state of repair, was finally breached. The irrigation system was lost, the people abandoned the site within a year or so, and the temple fell into disrepair and was eventually covered by sand. Saba was known by the Hebrews as Sheba [Note that the collapse of the dam was actually in 575 C.E., as shown in the timeline in the same article in the History Files, and attested by MacCulloch (2009)].
  4. Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 234–319. ISBN 978-0810855281.
  5. Age of Faith, p. 156
  6. Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 9 (also Augustus' Res Getae 26)
  7. Salama, S. (2015-12-01). "UAE playing a historic role in Yemen". Gulf News. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  8. Al-Qalisi, M.; Vela, J. (2015-09-30). "The dam that Sheikh Zayed built". The National. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  9. WAM (2013-07-29). "Key aid projects during Zayed's time". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  10. "Arab coalition mops up Houthi pockets in Yemen's Marib". aljazeera.com. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  11. Naylor, H. (2015-02-14). "Houthi rebels in Yemen eye oil-rich province, sparking fears of all-out civil war". The Washington Post.
  12. Almasmari, H. (2015-09-07). "Why Marib province is crucial to coalition victory in Yemen". The National.
  13. "Yemen conflict: Gulf commanders 'killed in missile strike'". BBC News. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  14. Masi, Alessandria (December 14, 2015). "Saudi Coalition, Houthi Rebels Intensify Attacks In Yemen Ahead Of Proposed Ceasefire". International Business Times. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  15. "Yemen's president says military needs to be on high alert following attack". Reuters. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  16. "Houthi rebels kill at least 80 Yemeni soldiers in missile attack on mosque". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via The Guardian.
  17. "Yemen war: Death toll in attack on military base rises to 111". BBC News. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  18. "More than 80 Soldiers Killed in Yemen Missile, Drone Attack". Agence France-Presse. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via Voice of America.
  19. "Ansar Allah Denied the Marib Attack". ISW News. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  20. "Explosion kills 5 mine clearance experts in Yemen". Anadolu Agency. 2019-01-20. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  21. "8 killed in Houthi attack on Yemen's army chief". Arab News. May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  22. "الشركة اليمنية لتكرير النفط توقع اتفاقا مع شركة شينهان الكورية الجنوبية لتوسعة وتحديث مصفاة مأرب". CNBC عربية. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  23. "Middle East Pipelines map - Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines - Natural Gas pipelines - Products pipelines". Theodora.com/pipelines. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  24. "Climate: Ma'rib - Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 28 October 2017.
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