Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair

Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair GCB PC FRS (1 May 1818 – 29 May 1898) was a British scientist and Liberal politician.

The Right Honourable The Lord Playfair GCB PC FRS FRSE
Postmaster General
In office 18 November 1873 – 17 February 1874
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	William Monsell
Succeeded by	Lord John Manners
Chairman of Ways and Means
In office 1880–1883
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Preceded by	Henry Cecil Raikes
Succeeded by	Sir Arthur Otway, Bt
Vice-President of the Committee on Education
In office 13 February 1886 – 20 July 1886
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Sir Henry Holland, Bt
Succeeded by	Sir Henry Holland, Bt
Personal details
Born	(1818-05-01)1 May 1818 Chunar, Bengal, British India
Died	29 May 1898(1898-05-29) (aged 80) South Kensington, London
Nationality	Scottish
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Margaret Oakes (d. 1855) Jean Millington (d. 1877) Edith Russell (d. 1932)
Relations	William Smoult Playfair (brother) Robert Lambert Playfair (brother)
Alma mater	University of St Andrews University of Edinburgh

Early life

Playfair was born at Chunar, Bengal, the son of George Playfair (1782-1846), Inspector General of Hospitals in that region, and Janet Ross (1795-1862), daughter of John Ross.[1] The family was fairly middle class with strong academic roots in University of St Andrews (his grandfather being Rev Prof James Playfair). All of Playfair's siblings were sent back to Scotland to avoid the hazards of an Indian upbringing.[1] Playfair was named after his uncle, Sir Hugh Lyon Playfair, and was educated at the University of St Andrews, the Andersonian Institute in Glasgow, and the University of Edinburgh. After going to Calcutta at the end of 1837, he became private laboratory assistant to Thomas Graham at University College, London, and in 1839 went to work under Justus Liebig at the University of Giessen.

Early career

After returning to Britain, Playfair became manager of a calico works in Primrose, near Clitheroe, and in 1843 was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Manchester Institution, where he was assisted by Robert Angus Smith. Two years later, he was made chemist to the Geological Survey, and subsequently became Professor in the new School of Mines. In 1848, he was elected to the Royal Society, and three years later was made Special Commissioner and a member of the executive committee of the Great Exhibition.

After the Exhibition, the Society of Arts organised a series of lectures to draw attention to the lessons which should be learned from the Exhibition. Playfair's two lectures were devoted to technical education, which he considered in Britain to be unfit for an increasingly competitive world.[2] In preparation for his lectures, Playfair toured France, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Scandinavia to study their education systems. His first lecture was delivered to the School of Mines, under the title "Industrial Instruction on the Continent", and was published in the Records of the School of Mines. It aroused great public interest and Playfair later claimed that it gave a considerable impulse to technical education in Britain, with the government establishing the Department of Science and Art soon afterwards.[3]

Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, Playfair also became Gentleman Usher to Prince Albert, and in 1853 was appointed Secretary of the Department of Science, in which capacity he advocated the use of poison gas against the Russians in the Crimean War. In 1855, he was a commissioner of the Exposition Universelle, and two years later became President of the Chemical Society, finally returning to Edinburgh University in 1858 as Professor of Chemistry there. In 1859 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being James David Forbes. He served as the Society's Vice President from 1864 to 1870.[4]

Political career

In 1868, Playfair was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, being sworn of the Privy Council[5] and made Postmaster General in Gladstone's government in 1873. The Liberals lost power in early 1874 but on their return to office in 1880, Playfair was appointed Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons, holding these posts until 1883, when he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He was subsequently President of the British Association in 1885. In February 1886 he returned to the government as Vice-President of the Committee on Education under Gladstone, a post he held until the government fell in July of the same year. He was made a member of the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1889.

In November 1887, a meeting of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations held in Oxford passed a resolution calling for Fair Trade (a form of protectionism).[6] The following month, Playfair defended free trade in a speech in Leeds, which was published by the Cobden Club under the title "On Fair Trade and the Depression in Agriculture". He later claimed that this pamphlet sold around 100,000 copies.[7] The veteran free trade campaigner, John Bright, wrote to Playfair and said his speech was "one of the best, if not the best, spoken on the question".[8]

Playfair delivered a speech to the City Liberal Club in London, where he claimed that economic depressions were not due to fiscal arrangements but were universal and synchronous in all industrialised nations. The advancements in science, such as improved transport and the substitution of machine for manual labour, had lowered the value of labour of quantity and heightened the value of labour of quality. This, Playfair claimed, had dislocated labour.[9] Playfair enlarged on this speech in an article for The Contemporary Review of March 1888.[10] Afterwards, Playfair delivered a speech to the National Liberal Club, which was published as "On Industrial Competition and Commercial Freedom" by the Cobden Club. The Liberal Party leader, William Ewart Gladstone, wrote to Playfair to thank him for his "admirable tract; so comprehensive, clear, simple in statement, rich in illustration".[11]

Having represented Leeds South since 1885, Playfair left the House of Commons in 1892 and was ennobled as Baron Playfair, of St Andrews in the County of Fife.[12] He served as a Lord in Waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) under Gladstone and then Lord Rosebery between 1892 and 1895. He was further honoured when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1895 and awarded the Harben Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of Public Health in 1897. Playfair is also remembered for promoting a new cipher system invented by Charles Wheatstone, now known as the Playfair cipher.

Later life

The grave of Lyon Playfair, East Cemetery, St Andrews

Lord Playfair died at his home at Onslow Gardens in South Kensington, London, in May 1898, aged 80. His body was returned to Scotland, where he was buried in the Eastern Cemetery, St Andrews, towards the north-east corner. He was succeeded in the barony by his son from his first marriage, George James Playfair (1849-1939) who is buried with him.[13]

A memorial fountain was erected to Playfair in St Andrews in 1899, to a design by Robert Lorimer.[14] The main library at Imperial College in London was originally known as the Lyon Playfair Library in his honour, although now it is simply known as Central Library.[15]

Family

Edith, Lady Playfair (née Russell), John Singer Sargent, 1884

His brother William Smoult Playfair was a well known obstetrician, and brother Sir Lambert Playfair was a soldier and diplomat.

Playfair married three times. He firstly married Margaret Eliza Oakes, daughter of James Oakes, in 1846. After her death in August 1855 he married Jean Ann Millington, daughter of Crawley Millington, in 1857. There were children from both marriages. Jean Ann died in 1877 and is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh facing the section known as "Lords Row". After her death, he married Edith Russell of Boston, whose 1884 portrait is in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.[16]

Notes

1. Dorothy Porter, Roy Porter (editors). "Lyon Playfair and the Idea of Progress". Doctors, Politics and Society: Historical Essays. 23. Rodopi, 1993.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
2. Wemyss Reid, Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyon Playfair (London: Cassell, 1900), pp. 148–149.
3. Reid, pp. 149–150.
4. Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
5. "No. 24045". The London Gazette. 16 December 1873. p. 5869.
6. 'Conservative Conference at Oxford', The Times (23 November 1887), p. 8.
7. Reid, p. 367.
8. Reid, p. 368.
9. Reid, p. 368.
10. Reid, pp. 368–369.
11. Reid, p. 369.
12. "No. 26323". The London Gazette. 6 September 1892. p. 5090.
13. Lundy, Darryl. "thepeerage.com Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair". The Peerage.
14. Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer
15. Morris, Peter (2010). Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 150–151. ISBN 9780230230095.
16. "Edith, Lady Playfair (Edith Russell)". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.

References

• Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyon Playfair by Wemyss Reid, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1899

Further reading

• Obituary of Lyon Playfair in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume LXIV, 1899 (pages ix – xi, near the end of the volume)

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lyon Playfair
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Playfair, Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 831.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Edinburgh & St Andrews Universities 1868–1885	Succeeded by John Macdonald
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Leeds South 1885–1892	Succeeded by Sir John Lawson Walton
Preceded by Henry Cecil Raikes	Chairman of Ways and Means 1880–1883	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Otway, Bt
Political offices
Preceded by William Monsell	Postmaster General 1873–1874	Succeeded by Lord John Manners
Preceded by Sir Henry Holland, Bt	Vice-President of the Committee on Education 1886	Succeeded by Sir Henry Holland, Bt
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Playfair 1892–1898	Succeeded by George James Playfair