Long Man of Wilmington

The Long Man of Wilmington or Wilmington Giant is a hill figure on the steep slopes of Windover Hill near Wilmington, East Sussex, England. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Eastbourne and ¹⁄₃ mile (540 m) south of Wilmington. Locally, the figure was once often called the "Green Man".[1] The Long Man is 235 feet (72 m) tall,[2] holds two "staves", and is designed to look in proportion when viewed from below.

The Long Man of Wilmington situated on the South Downs, Sussex

Formerly thought to originate in the Iron Age or even the neolithic period, a 2003 archaeological investigation has shown that the figure may have been cut in the Early Modern era – the 16th or 17th century AD. From afar the figure appears to have been carved from the underlying chalk; but the modern figure is formed from white-painted breeze blocks and lime mortar.

The Long Man is one of two major extant human hill figures in England; the other is the Cerne Abbas Giant, north of Dorchester. Both are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Two other hill figures that include humans are the Osmington White Horse and the Fovant regimental badges. The Long Man is one of two hill figures in East Sussex; the other is the Litlington White Horse.

Origins

Artist's impression

The origin of the Long Man remains unclear. For many years the earliest known record was a drawing made by William Burrell when he visited Wilmington Priory, near Windover (or Wind-door) Hill, in 1766. Burrell's drawing shows a figure holding a rake and a scythe, both shorter than the present staves.[3] In 1993, another drawing was discovered in the Devonshire Collections at Chatsworth House which had been made by the surveyor John Rowley in 1710, now the first definite date on which the figure is known to have existed.[4]

An early suggestion, sometimes stated to be a local tradition, was that the Long Man had been cut by monks from nearby Wilmington Priory, and represented a pilgrim, but this was not widely believed by antiquarians, who felt that monks were unlikely to have created an unclothed figure.[5] Until fairly recently the Long Man was most commonly asserted to have been cut in the neolithic period, primarily due to the presence of a long barrow nearby, or given an Iron Age attribution based on a perceived similarity to other hill figures.[6]

Professor John North wrote that during the centuries around 3480 BC the figure would have been positioned to mark the constellation Orion's movement across the ridge above it. The figure, according to this interpretation, may have been a manifestation of a Neolithic astral religion.[7] Another suggestion was that the figure had a Romano-British provenance, while an origin in the time of Anglo-Saxon England gained credence after the 1965 discovery at Finglesham in Kent of an Anglo-Saxon brooch depicting a figure, (possibly Odin), holding two spears in a similar fashion to the Long Man.

Archaeological work performed in 2003 by Professor Martin Bell of the University of Reading, in association with Aubrey Manning's Open University programme Landscape Mysteries, strongly suggested that the figure dates from the Early Modern period – the 16th or 17th century AD.[8] Bell found that the slope on which the Long Man was cut had gone through a period of instability in this time, after a very long prior period of stability, suggesting that the figure was first cut then.[6] This has opened up the possibility that the Long Man could be a Tudor or Stuart-era political satire in the manner recently posited for the Cerne Abbas giant, or possibly a religious image associated with the Reformation: Professor Ronald Hutton noted that "we can at least celebrate the fact that we have our first, apparently unequivocally, Early Modern hill figure, and historians now have to reckon with it."[6]

Pre-20th century history

Whatever the figure's origin, for much of its history it seems to have existed only as a shadow or indentation in the grass, visible after a light fall of snow or as a different shade of green in summer: it is described or illustrated as such in 1710, 1781, 1800, 1835 and 1851.[1] Indeed, the figure was once known locally as the "Green Man".[1] Earlier depictions, such as those of Rowley and Burrell, show other details such as a possible scythe blade on the right-hand staff and the suggestion of a helmet or hat on the figure's head: they also indicate a different, albeit indistinct, position for the feet. The current outline of the Long Man is largely the result of a 'restoration' of 1873-4, when a group led by the vicar of Glynde, Reverend William de St Croix, marked out the outline with yellow bricks whitewashed and cemented together, though it has been claimed that the restoration process distorted the position of the feet.[3]

The archaeologist John S. Phené, who was co-opted into the project and whose 1873 talk to the Royal Institute of British Architects had originally inspired it, initially expressed his reservations with both the bricking and the design used.[9] The original intention of the 'restoration' had been to cut the figure down to the chalk bedrock, but had been abandoned after trials showed that the soil depth made this too difficult.[10]

In the years after the 'restoration' several people familiar with the figure commented that the feet were altered, having originally both pointed outwards and downwards so that "the Giant appeared to be coming down the hill", in the words of Ann Downs, who had grown up at Wilmington Priory in the 1840s.[1] Resistivity surveys conducted in the 1990s by R. Castleden, combined with examination of apparent shadow marks shown in early photographs, have provided strong evidence that the feet had in fact pointed outwards as described by 19th century observers and had been slightly lower than in the current outline.[11] The surveys showed that the figure had likely been originally cut by trenching, in the same manner as other chalk hill figures, but had been abandoned after only a few scourings.[12]

There was also some evidence to suggest that the feature on one staff similar to a scythe blade, flail or shepherd's crook was genuine, along with a suggestion of a "helmet" or hat.[13] It seems likely that the proportions of the figure have been distorted slightly by the 1873 bricking and the 1969 replacement of the bricks with breeze blocks, with the Long Man having been up to 75.5 metres (248 ft) tall prior to 1873.

20th and 21st centuries

Annual pagan Long Man celebrations (with effigy)

In 1925, the site of the Long Man was given to the Sussex Archaeological Trust (now the Sussex Archaeological Society) by the Duke of Devonshire. During the Second World War it was painted green to avoid it being used as a landmark by German aircraft.

The 1993 book, The Druid Way by Sussex author Philip Carr-Gomm, drew attention to the supposed significance of the Long Man as a sacred site for the modern world.

At dawn on May Day, the Long Man Morris Men dance at the foot of the Long Man.[2] The Long Man plays host to neo-pagan rituals on Sundays closest to the eight Pagan Festivals through the year.[14]

The vandalised Long Man during summer solstice 2010

In 2007, the Long Man of Wilmington was used in Trinny Woodall's and Susannah Constantine's television fashion show Undress the Nation. Trinny, Susannah and 100 women gave the Long Man a temporary female form by using their bodies to add pigtails, breasts and hips. ITV stated that they were given permission for the event by Sussex Archaeological Society and that they took "the utmost care... to protect this historical site".[15] The Long Man was not permanently changed or affected, according to the owners, the Sussex Archaeological Society. The stunt prompted local Druid Greg Draven to form a protest during filming. Sussex Archaeological Society later apologised for any offence caused to any "individuals or groups" by the filming.[16] The Council of British Druid Orders claimed the stunt would "dishonour an ancient Pagan site of worship".[17]

Overnight, between 17 June and 18 June 2010 a giant phallus was painted on the Long Man rivalling that of the Cerne Abbas Giant. Observed by locals it appeared that a football pitch marker or similar object was used to paint the phallus onto the Long Man.[18]

Literary inclusions

In Arthur Beckett's 1909 Spirit of the Downs, a chapter is dedicated to the Long Man of Wilmington, in "The Hero on the Hill", and gives a fictional account of the invading Saxon's victory over the Britons, who celebrate by drawing an enormous figure on the Downs.[19]

Eleanor Farjeon, in her book Martin Pippin in the Daisy Field (1937), gives a fancy origin of the giant in a form of a folktale told by Martin Pippin the bard to six young girls in the daisy field.

In his comic The Sandman #19 (1990), Neil Gaiman interprets the figure as the guardian of a gateway into Faerie.

The Long Man plays a prominent role in the Spike and Suzy comic book The Circle of Power (1998).

The figure also features in The Old Weird Albion by Justin Hopper[20] and The Light Keeper by Cole Moreton.[21]

The Long Man is frequently referenced in the works of English SF/Fantasy author John Whitbourn.

Musical interpretations

The Long Man has long been an influence on artists, musicians, and authors. The composers Benjamin Britten and Frank Bridge would often picnic at the foot of the figure.[22] It has inspired The Long Man's Legs (SAB Choir, soprano soloist and narrater) by Tony Biggin[23] and On Windover Hill by Nathan James, which was premiered in Chichester by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Harlequin Chamber Choir on 7 March 2020.[24] The figure was also an influence on Avril Coleridge-Taylor's work for chorus and orchestra, Wyndore, which was written in Alfriston in 1936. The folk-singer, Maria Cunningham, wrote a folk song about the Long Man in 1996.[25]

Electronic pop group Kissing the Pink shot the promotional video for their 1982 single "Mr Blunt" at the Long Man.

See also

• Firle Corn
• Cerne Abbas Giant
• Hill figure

References

1. Castleden 2002, p. 85.
2. "Long Man cleaned up for May Day". BBC News. 29 April 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
3. Cope, Julian (1998). The Modern Antiquarian. London: Thorsons. ISBN 0-7225-3599-6.
4. Castleden 2002, pp. 83-95.
5. St Croix, Rev. W. "The Wilmington Giant" in Sussex archaeological collections relating to the history and antiquities of the county, Volume 26, 88
6. Bell, Martin; Hutton, Ronald (July 2004). "Not so long ago". British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology (77). ISSN 1357-4442.
7. North, John David (1996). Stonehenge: A New Interpretation of Prehistoric Man and the Cosmos. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-84512-1.
8. Derbyshire, David (2 October 2003). "Prehistoric Long Man is '16th century new boy'". Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
9. Castleden 2002, p. 86.
10. Castleden 2002, pp. 83-84.
11. Castleden 2002, p. 92.
12. Castleden, Rodney (2012). The Wilmington Giant: The Quest for a Lost Myth. Blatchington Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4717-6887-3.
13. Castleden 2002, p. 93.
14. "Anderida Gorsedd". Anderidagorsedd.org. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
15. Dugan, Emily (5 July 2007). "'We won't wear it' - pagans furious with Trinny and Susannah". The Independent. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
16. "Apology to Pagans over Long Man stunt". Sussex Express. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
17. "Pagans object to Long Man filming". BBC News. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
18. "Concern over Long Man 'desecration'". Eastbourne Herald. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
19. "Book review: works on the South Downs and Sussex". www.sussexexpress.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
20. "Penned in the Margins | The Old Weird Albion". Retrieved 2020-01-30.
21. "The Light Keeper". Cole Moreton. 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
22. Britten, Benjamin, 1913-1976. (2010). Journeying boy: the diaries of the young Benjamin Britten 1928-1938. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23884-2. OCLC 938843317.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
23. Biggin, Tony. "The Long Man's Legs – Tony Biggin – Composer". Retrieved 2020-01-30.
24. "On Windover Hill; the premiere". Castley Music. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
25. "Sing for Maria Cunningam - folk singer". sing-for-maria. Retrieved 2020-01-30.

Bibliography

• The Wilmington Giant: The Quest for a Lost Myth, Rodney Castleden, Turnstone Press (1983).

• Castleden, Rodney (2002). "Shape-shifting: The changing outline of the Long Man of Wilmington" (PDF). Sussex Archaeological Collections (140).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Long Man of Wilmington at the Sussex Archaeological Society