Long-exposure photography

Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements. Long-exposure photography captures one element that conventional photography does not: an extended period of time.

Blue Hour on the central square in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany. Notice how a long exposure blurs passerby while buildings retain sharp focus
In this 45-minute exposure taken on a dark clear night at Paranal Observatory, the stars leave trails as they appear to revolve around the south celestial pole (left), due to Earth's rotation.

The paths of bright moving objects become clearly visible—clouds form broad bands, vehicle lights draw bright streaks, stars leave trails in the sky, and water waves appear smooth. Only bright objects leave visible trails, whereas dark objects usually disappear. Boats in long exposures disappear during the daytime, but draw bright trails from their lights at night.

Technique
A long exposure photo of a watch in the dark. Note the appearance of the second hand as it rotates, showing that this was a 30-second exposure. The hour hand (which has only moved barely) is clear, while the minute hand is slightly blurry from a half a minute of movement.
Long-exposure photograph of a break in pool.
Freight train passing through Gore, New Zealand. The 'BULB' mode on a DSLR camera was used for this photo. Note the "flashing" of the locomotive ditch lights.

Whereas there is no fixed definition of what constitutes "long", the intent is to create a photo that somehow shows the effect of passing time, be it smoother waters or light trails. A 30-minute photo of a static object and surrounding cannot be distinguished from a short exposure, hence, the inclusion of motion is the main factor to add intrigue to long exposure photos. Images with exposure times of several minutes also tend to make moving people or dark objects disappear (because they are in any one spot for only a fraction of the exposure time), often adding a serene and otherworldly appearance to long exposure photos.

When a scene includes both stationary and moving subjects (for example, a fixed street and moving cars or a camera within a car showing a fixed dashboard and moving scenery), a slow shutter speed can cause interesting effects, such as light trails.

Long exposures are easiest to accomplish in low-light conditions but can be done in brighter light using neutral density filters or specially designed cameras. When using a dense neutral density filter your camera's auto focus will not be able to function. It is best to compose and focus without the filter. Then once you are happy with the composition, switch to manual focus and put the neutral density filter back on.[1]

Long exposure of the International Center of Photography (30 seconds)

Night photography
Long exposure: 30 sec: insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight.
A 20-second exposure shows car trails at twilight in the high desert, California.
A 30-second exposure shows the candlelight trails in a Romanian cathedral.

Long-exposure photography is often used in a night-time setting, where the lack of light forces longer exposures, if maximum quality is to be retained. Increasing ISO sensitivity allows for shorter exposures, but substantially decreases image quality through reduced dynamic range and higher noise. By leaving the camera's shutter open for an extended period of time, more light is absorbed, creating an exposure that captures the entire dynamic range of the digital camera sensor or film. If the camera is stationary for the entire period of time that the shutter is open, a very vibrant and clear photograph can be produced.[2]

Light painting
Example of light painting
Further information: Light painting

In this technique, a scene is kept very dark and the photographer or an assistant takes a light source—it can be small penlight—and moves it about in patterns. The light source can be turned off between strokes. Often, stationary objects in the scene are illuminated by briefly turning on studio lights, by one or more flashes from a strobe light, or by increasing the aperture.[3]

Water and long exposure
A 30-second-long exposure sharply captured the still elements of this image while blurring the waterfall into a mist-like appearance. Debris in the swirling water in the pool forms complete circles.
A 4-second-long exposure of a gorge yields a more misty look.

Long exposures can blur moving water so it has mist-like qualities while keeping stationary objects like land and structures sharp.[4] Varying the shutter speed can produce different effects, preserving some of the water's turbulence or smoothing it out entirely.[5]

Solargraphy
A one-year exposure, showing sun trails for the entire year 2014. Image was taken in Sashegy, Buda, Budapest, Hungary.
A Solargraph taken from ESO's APEX at Chajnantor.

Solargraphy is a technique in which a fixed pinhole camera is used to expose photographic paper for a length of time that is typically 6-months but can be as short as a few hours and last well over a year. Depending on the length of the exposure the resulting image shows the path of the Sun across the sky[6] both from dawn until dusk, but also from North to South (or vice versa) between the solstices. Each light streak in a solargraphic image represents one day. Where light streaks are broken or missing indicates obstruction of the sun, which is caused by cloud cover.

Frequently, cameras are made from upcycled aluminum or tin cans which can be made light-tight and are generally weatherproof for the time needed to make the exposure. Apertures usually range in fractions of a millimeter

One example of this is a single six-month exposure taken by photographer Justin Quinnell, showing sun-trails over Clifton Suspension Bridge between 19 December 2007 and 21 June 2008. Part of the Slow light: 6 months over Bristol exhibition, Quinnell describes the piece as capturing "a period of time beyond what we can perceive with our own vision."[6] This method of solargraphy uses a simple pinhole camera securely fixed in a position which won't be disturbed.[6] Quinnel constructed his camera from an empty drink can with a 0.25mm aperture and a single sheet of photographic paper.[7]

On 3 February 2015, a pinhole camera used in a Georgia State University solargraphy art project was blown up by the Atlanta bomb squad, due to reports of it being a bomb. The device, one of nineteen placed throughout the city, had been duct-taped to the 14th Ave. bridge above I-75/85; traffic was shut down for two hours, and the remaining cameras were later removed by authorities.[8][9][10]

gollark: WHY ARE YOU CONJURING PASTA
gollark: ?
gollark: I mean, apart from kicking one of those trees.
gollark: What did *I* do?
gollark: I look for viable escape routes, d6.

References
  1. 8 Tips for long exposure photography. Digital Photography School. http://digital-photography-school.com/8-tips-for-long-exposure-photography/
  2. School of Photography
  3. Greenspun, Philip (January 2007). "Studio Photography Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine". Photo.net.
  4. Digital Photography Review
  5. photopigs
  6. Lucy Dodwell (4 October 2008). "Watching the sun go by". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. 200 (2676).
  7. "Stunning photographs of landmark captured over six-month period". The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 November 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  8. MICHAEL ZHANG: It Looks Like Someone’s Solargraphy Camera Just Got Blown Up by an Atlanta Bomb Squad 2 FEB 2015
  9. Alexis Stevens. Update: Suspicious device that closed Downtown Connector not explosive 2 Feb 2015
  10. https://twitter.com/GeorgiaStateU/status/562669574131580929

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