Lon Nol

Marshal Lon Nol (Khmer: លន់ នល់, also លន់ ណុល; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and general who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia twice (1966–67; 1969–71), as well as serving repeatedly as defence minister and provincial governor. As a nationalist and conservative, he led the military coup of 1970 against Prince Norodom Sihanouk, abolished the monarchy, and established the short-lived Khmer Republic. Constitutionally a semi-presidential republic, Cambodia was de facto governed under a military dictatorship. He was the commander-in-chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces during the Cambodian Civil War. After the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh, Lon Nol fled to the United States, first to Hawaii and Michigan then to California, where he remained until his death in 1985.

In this Cambodian name, the surname is Lon. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by their given name.

Lon Nol
លន់ ណុល
President of the Khmer Republic
In office 10 March 1972 – 1 April 1975
Prime Minister	Sisowath Sirik Matak Son Ngoc Thanh Hang Thun Hak In Tam Long Boret
Preceded by	Cheng Heng
Succeeded by	Saukam Khoy (acting)
21st Prime Minister of Cambodia
In office 14 August 1969 – 11 March 1971
President	Norodom Sihanouk Cheng Heng
Deputy	Sisowath Sirik Matak
Preceded by	Penn Nouth
Succeeded by	Sisowath Sirik Matak
In office 25 October 1966 – 1 May 1967
Monarch	Norodom Sihanouk
Preceded by	Norodom Kantol
Succeeded by	Son Sann
Minister of Defense
In office 1968 – 1971[1]
In office 1959 – 1966[1]
Personal details
Born	(1913-11-13)13 November 1913 Kampong Leav, Prey Veng, Cambodia
Died	November 17, 1985(1985-11-17) (aged 72) St. Jude Medical Center Fullerton, California, U.S.
Political party	Social Republican Party (1972–1975) Independent (1970–1972) Sangkum (1955–1970) Khmer Renovation (1947–1955)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Cambodia  Khmer Republic
Branch/service	Royal Cambodian Army Khmer National Army
Years of service	1952–1975
Rank	Marshal
Commands	Commander-in-Chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces
Battles/wars	First Indochina War

Early life

Nol was born in Prey Veng Province on 13 November 1913, to a family of mixed Khmer-Chinese descent.[2] His father Lon Hin was the son of a Khmer Krom from Tay Ninh Province[3] who later served as a district chief in Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, after making a name for himself 'pacifying' bandit groups in Prey Veng.[4] His maternal grandfather was a Chinese immigrant from Fujian[5] who later became the governor of Prey Veng.[3] Nol was educated in the relatively privileged surroundings of the Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat in Saigon, followed by the Cambodian Royal Military Academy.

Employment in the colonial government

Nol found employment with the French colonial civil service in 1937. He became a magistrate, and soon proved himself as an efficient enforcer of French rule against a series of anti-colonial disturbances in 1939.[4] By 1946, he had risen to the post of Governor of Kratie Province. He became an associate of King Norodom Sihanouk, and by the late 1940s, when he set up a right-wing, monarchist, pro-independence political group, was becoming increasingly involved in the developing Cambodian political scene. Joining the army in 1952, he carried out military operations against the Viet Minh.

After independence, Nol's nationalist Khmer Renovation party (along with small right-wing parties headed by Sam Sary and Dap Chhuon) became the core of the Sangkum, the organisation set up by Sihanouk to participate in the 1955 elections.[6] Sangkum won the elections and Sihanouk became Prime Minister.

In the administration of Sihanouk, 1955–70

Nol was appointed the Army Chief of Staff in 1955, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces in 1960, as well as serving as Defence Minister. At the time, he was a trusted supporter of Sihanouk, his police being instrumental in the suppression of the small, clandestine communist movement in Cambodia. He was appointed deputy Premier in 1963. While Sihanouk, in an attempt to distance his country from the effects of the Vietnam War, was pursuing a foreign policy of "extreme neutrality", which involved association with China and toleration of North Vietnamese activity on the eastern borders, Nol remained friendly towards the United States, and indicated that he regretted the ending of US aid after 1963.[7]

The 1966 parliamentary elections represented a major shift in the balance of power towards Lon Nol and the rightist elements of the Sangkum, as conservative and right-wing candidates were overwhelmingly elected.[8] Lon Nol became Prime Minister, and the following year troops carried out a savage repression of a leftist-inspired revolt, the Samlaut Uprising, in Battambang Province.

Nol was injured in a car crash later in 1967, and temporarily retired from politics. In 1968, however, he returned as Minister of Defence and in 1969 became Prime Minister a second time, appointing the vocally anti-Sihanouk, and pro-US politician Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak as his deputy.

The 1970 Coup

Further information: 1970 Cambodian coup d'état

Sihanouk later claimed that the 1970 coup against him was the result of an alliance between his longstanding enemy, exiled politician Son Ngoc Thanh and Sirik Matak, with CIA support and planning.[9] Although there are indications that Lon Nol approached the US during 1969 to gauge the likelihood of military support for a coup against Sihanouk,[10] there is no concrete evidence of CIA involvement,[11][12][13] though it remains possible some military intelligence agents may have had partial responsibility.[14] It seems likely that in setting in motion the events leading up to the coup, Lon Nol initially intended to strengthen his position against the North Vietnamese with the ultimate aim of preventing their troops (and those of the Viet Cong) from operating within Cambodian borders, and wished to apply pressure on Sihanouk to achieve this.[15] However, events rapidly developed far beyond the original plan, and with the encouragement of Sirik Matak – who wished to see Sihanouk deposed as Head of State – Lon Nol was ultimately to engineer Sihanouk's removal.

While Sihanouk was abroad during March 1970, there were anti-Vietnamese riots in Phnom Penh. On 12 March, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak closed the port of Sihanoukville, through which weapons were being smuggled to the Viet Cong, to the North Vietnamese and issued an ultimatum: all North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces were to withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours or face military action.[16]

Lon Nol initially refused to countenance Sihanouk being deposed as Head of State; to force his hand, Sirik Matak played him a tape-recorded press conference from Paris, in which Sihanouk blamed them for the unrest and threatened to execute them both on his return to Phnom Penh.[17] However, the Prime Minister remained uncertain as to whether to instigate a vote in the National Assembly. On the night of 17 March, Sirik Matak, accompanied by three army officers, went to the Prime Minister's residence and compelled a weeping Lon Nol to sign the necessary documents at gunpoint.[18]

A vote was taken in the National Assembly on 18 March in which Sihanouk was stripped of his power. General Lon Nol assumed the powers of the Head of State on an emergency basis. On 28 and 29 March there were large-scale popular demonstrations in favour of Sihanouk in several provincial cities, but Lon Nol's forces suppressed them, causing several hundred deaths.[19] The Khmer Republic was formally declared that October, and Sihanouk – who had formed a government-in-exile, the GRUNK, incorporating the Khmer Rouge communists – was condemned to death in absentia. In the meantime during the Cambodian Campaign of April 1970, US and South Vietnamese forces entered Cambodian territory in pursuit of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops.

The Khmer Republic and the Civil War

Flag of the Khmer Republic.

Further information: Cambodian Civil War

The Khmer Republic (1970–1975) abandoned Sihanouk's neutrality policies, especially with regard to the Vietnamese. Ultimately, the republic proved disastrous both militarily and politically. Lon Nol's health started to decline after he suffered a stroke in February 1971. His rule became increasingly erratic and authoritarian: he appointed himself Marshal (a title previously unknown in Cambodia) in April 1971, and in October suspended the National Assembly, stating he would no longer "vainly play the game of democracy and freedom" in wartime.[20] Backed by his forceful, ambitious younger brother General Lon Non, Nol succeeded in reducing the influence of Sirik Matak, In Tam and the other coup leaders. He also insisted on directing many of the Khmer National Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Nationales Khmères – FANK) operations personally.

In time Lon Nol's regime became completely dependent upon large quantities of American aid that towards the end were not backed by the political and military resolve needed to effectively help the beleaguered republic.[21] By 1975, the government was eventually reduced to holding little more than Phnom Penh and the Preah Vihear Temple in the northern border with Thailand. The FANK was quickly running out of ammunition. Lon Nol was increasingly dependent on the advice of soothsayers and Buddhist mystics: at one point during a Khmer Rouge assault on Phnom Penh, he sprinkled a circular line of consecrated sand in order to defend the city. Finally, on 1 April, he resigned and fled the country into exile, as his name was the first on a list of people the Khmer Rouge had vowed to execute.

Exile and death

The first priority of the Khmer Rouge after conquering Cambodia and overthrowing the Khmer Republic was to execute all its leaders and high officials without delay,[21] a fate that Lon Nol escaped.

Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States; first settling in Hawaii and Michigan, then in 1979 in Fullerton, California. He lived with his second wife Sovanna Lon and several of his nine children until his death from a heart problem on 17 November 1985, at St. Jude Medical Center.[22]

Political views

Despite his actions in deposing Sihanouk, Nol was a firm believer in traditional Cambodian hierarchy: after Sihanouk had been removed he prostrated himself at the Queen Mother's feet to ask forgiveness.[23] He termed his ideology, a blend of chauvinist nationalism and mysticism, "Neo-Khmerism". He expressed an ambition of reuniting the ethnic Khmers of Cambodia with the Khmer Krom of the Mekong Delta and the Khmer Surin of Thailand, projecting a state of "thirty million" Khmers by the year 2020.[24] Asking his followers to embrace the traditions of what he referred to as Mon-Khmer "holy warriors" (yuthesel), he also encouraged them to refer to him as their "Black Papa", a name referring to the dark skin considered to be the sign of an "authentic" Khmer.[25]

Family

His younger brother, Lon Nil was killed by pro-Sihanouk workers during Cambodian coup of 1970. Another younger brother, Lon Non worked as Minister of Interior and Ambassador-at-large for Khmer Republic, and was executed by Khmer Rouge after the Fall of Phnom Penh.

His son, Lon Rith, has established Khmer Republican Party in 2006.

See also

• Lon Nil
• Lon Non

References

1. Rulers.org
2. Marks, Paul (2000), p. 92-108
3. Corfield (1994), p. 1
4. Kiernan 2004, p. 24
5. Summary of world broadcasts: Far East, Part 3, 24 July 1984, p. FE/7703/C/12 He was given a sumptuous welcome and was even offered the opportunity to visit the grave of his grandfather in Fujian Province. It is worth noting that on this occasion, the Chinese leaders voiced support for Lon Nol's.....
6. Kiernan 2004, p. 158
7. Shawcross 1979, p. 61
8. Kiernan 2004, p. 232
9. Norodom Sihanouk, My War with the CIA, Pantheon, 1972, p.37
10. Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale UP, p.300
11. Wilfred P. Deac, "Road to the Killing Fields: The Cambodian War of 1970–1975" (Texas A&M University Press, 1997) pp. 61–2;
12. Robert Dallek, "Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power," (Harper Collins, 2007), p. 191;
13. Steve Heder "Cambodian Communism and the Vietnamse Model, Volume I: Imitation and Independence, 1930–1975," (White Lotus Press, 2004), p. 156.]
14. Clymer, K. J. The United States and Cambodia, Routledge, 2004, p.22
15. Shawcross 1979, pp. 118–119
16. Sutsakhan, Lt. Gen. S. The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse Washington DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 1987, Part 1, p. 42. Archived 12 April 2019^{[Date mismatch]} at the Wayback Machine See also Part 1 Archived 12 April 2019^{[Date mismatch]} at the Wayback MachinePart 2 Archived 21 February 2007^{[Date mismatch]} at the Wayback MachinePart 3 Archived 24 January 2018^{[Date mismatch]} at the Wayback Machine.
17. Marlay, R. and Neher, C. Patriots and tyrants, Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, p.165
18. Chandler, D. A History of Cambodia, 2000, p.204
19. Kiernan 2004, p. 302
20. Cady, The History of Postwar Southeast Asia, 1974, p.672
21. David P. Chandler, A history of Cambodia, Westview Press; Allen & Unwin, Boulder, Sydney, 1992
22. McMillan, Penelope (18 November 1985). "Ex-Cambodian President Dies in Fullerton". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
23. Shawcross 1979, p. 128
24. Kiernan 2004, p. 348
25. Becker, E. When the War Was Over, 1986, p.134

Bibliography

• Corfield, Justin J. (1994). Khmers stand up! – A history of the Cambodian government 1970–1975. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. ISBN 0732605652.
• Kiernan, B. (2004). How Pol Pot came to Power. Yale University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Marks, Paul (2000). "China's Cambodia Strategy". Parameters (Autumn 2000): 92–108. ISSN 0031-1723. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
• Shawcross, W. (1979). Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia. Simon & Schuster.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Political offices
Preceded by Prince Norodom Kantol	Prime Minister of Cambodia 1966–1967	Succeeded by Son Sann
Preceded by Penn Nouth	Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic 1969–1972	Succeeded by Sisowath Sirik Matak
Preceded by Cheng Heng (Head of State)	President of the Khmer Republic 1972–1975	Succeeded by Saukam Khoy (Head of State)