List of vacuum tube computers

Vacuum tube computers, now termed first generation computers,[1] are programmable digital computers using vacuum tube logic circuitry. They were preceded by systems using electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors. Later entries in this list may have been built using transistors in addition to vacuum tubes.

EDSAC

Main article: Vacuum tube computer

This is a list of vacuum tube computers, arranged by date put into service:

Computer	Date	Units	Notes
Atanasoff–Berry Computer	1942	1	Not programmable, could solve a system of linear equations
Colossus	1943	10	First programmable (by switches and plug panels) special-purpose (cryptanalysis) electronic digital computer. Used to break the German Lorenz cipher. Working replica demonstrated daily at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.
ENIAC	1945	1	First large-scale general-purpose programmable electronic digital computer. Built by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. Originally programmed by wiring together components, by April 1948 it had been converted to a form of stored-program operation.
Manchester Baby	1948	1	First electronic stored-program computer, worked June 1948; prototype for the Mark 1. Working replica demonstrated daily in Manchester Museum of Science and Industry
Manchester Mark 1	1949	1	Provided a computing service from April 1949. First index registers. Replaced in 1951 by Ferranti Mark 1.
EDSAC	1949	1	First ran on 6 May 1949, and provided a computing service for Cambridge University until 1958. Working replica being built at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.
BINAC	1949	1	First stored-program computer to be sold, but did not work for customer.
CSIRAC	1949	1	Oldest surviving complete first-generation electronic computer — unrestored and non-functional.
SEAC	1950	1	First U.S. stored-program computer to become operational. Built by and for the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Used solid-state diode circuits for its logic. Several computers were based on the SEAC design.
SWAC	1950	1	Built for the U.S.'s National Bureau of Standards, it had 2,300 vacuum tubes. It had 256 words (each 37 bits) of memory, using Williams tubes
ERA Atlas	1950		(Military version of Univac 1101) Used 2,700 vacuum tubes for its logic circuits
MADDIDA	1950	6	Special-purpose digital computer for solving a system of differential equations. Forty-four integrators were implemented using a magnetic drum with six storage tracks. The interconnections of the integrators were specified by writing an appropriate pattern of bits onto one of the tracks.
Pilot ACE	1950	1	Based on a full-scale design by Alan Turing
Elliott 152	1950	1	Naval fire control computer, real-time control system, fixed program
Harvard Mark III	1951	1	It used 5,000 vacuum tubes and 1,500 crystal diodes
Ferranti Mark 1	1951	9	First commercially available computer, based on Manchester Mark 1.
EDVAC	1951	1	The successor to ENIAC, and also built by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. One of the first stored-program computers to be designed, but its entry into service was delayed. EDVAC's design influenced a number of other computers.
Harwell Dekatron Computer	1951	1	Now officially the oldest original working computer in the world. Is frequently demonstrated at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.
Whirlwind	1951	1	Parallel logic, approx 5,000 vacuum tubes. First use of core memory.
UNIVAC I	1951	46	Mass-produced. 46 were made.
LEO I	1951	1	First computer for commercial applications. Built by J. Lyons and Co. restaurant and bakery chain. Based on EDSAC design.
UNIVAC 1101	1951		Designed by ERA, Used 2,700 vacuum tubes for its logic circuits
Hollerith Electronic Computer (HEC)	1951		Initial design by Andrew Donald Booth, then engineered by British Tabulating Machine Company. HEC 1 can be seen at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.
IAS machine	1951	1	Built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since design was described by John von Neumann (the Von Neumann architecture). 1,500 tubes. It was the basis of about 15 other computers.
MESM	1951	1	Built near Kiev, used 6,000 vacuum tubes. First universally programmable computer in USSR. Designed basically near to Von Neumann architecture but had two separate banks of memory - one for programs and another for data
Remington Rand 409	1952	~1000	Built by Remington Rand, it was a punched card calculator programmed by a plugboard
Harvard Mark IV	1952	1	built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force
G1	1952		Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing[2][3][4]
ORDVAC	1952	1	Built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistic Research Laboratory and was a twin of the ILLIAC I
ILLIAC I	1952	1	Built by the University of Illinois in Urbana
MANIAC I	1952	1	Built at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and based on the IAS computer
IBM 701	1952	19	Built by IBM, also known as the Defense Calculator, based on the IAS computer
BESM-1	1952	1	Built in the Soviet Union
Bull Gamma 3	1952		Made by Groupe Bull and contained almost 400 tubes.[5][6][7]
AVIDAC	1953	1	Based on the IAS computer
FLAC	1953	3	Design based on SEAC. Located at Patrick Air Force Base.
JOHNNIAC	1953	1	Built by the RAND Corporation, based on the IAS computer
MIDAC	1953	1	Built at the University of Michigan, the first at a university in the Midwest
IBM 702	1953	14	Built by IBM for business computing
UNIVAC 1103	1953		Designed by Engineering Research Associates (ERA)
RAYDAC	1953	1	Built by Raytheon for Naval Air Missile Test Center
Strela computer	1953	7	Built in the Soviet Union
Datatron	1954		Commercial computer built by ElectroData Corporation
IBM 650	1954	~2000	The world's first mass-produced computer
IBM 704	1954	123	The first mass-produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware for scientific use
IBM 705	1954		Mostly compatible with the IBM 702, for business use. There is one that is not in operating condition at Computermuseum München.
BESK	1954 April	1	Sweden's first computer and was the fastest computer in the world for a brief time
IBM NORC	1954 Dec	1	Built by IBM for the US Navy Bureau of Ordnance, it was the first supercomputer and the most powerful computer in the world for at least 2 years. 9,800 tubes in logic.
UNIVAC 1102	1954	3	A variation of the UNIVAC 1101 built for the US Air Force
DYSEAC	1954	1	Built by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards as an improved version of SEAC. Mounted in a trailer van, making it the first computer to be transportable.
WISC	1954	1	Built by the University of Wisconsin–Madison
REAC 400 (C-400)[8]	1955[9]		In 1961 REAC installed for $60,000 at University of Minnesota.[10] General purpose electronic analog computer.[9]
CALDIC	1955	1	Designed to be inexpensive and simple to use; it used decimal arithmetic
MOSAIC	1955	1	Second implementation of ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) architecture after Pilot ACE.
English Electric DEUCE	1955	31	Commercial version of Pilot ACE
Zuse Z22	1955	55	An early commercial computer.
ERMETH[11][12]	1955[13]		Built by Eduard Stiefel, Heinz Rutishauser, Ambros Speiser at the ETH Zurich
HEC 4 (ICT 1200 series)	1955		Built by Andrew Booth
WEIZAC	1955	1	Built by the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) under the guidance of Prof. G. Estrin. First computer designed in the Middle East.
G2	1955		Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing[2][3][4]
Axel Wenner-Gren ALWAC III-E	1955		Commercially constructed and installed (in 1957) at University of British Columbia and Oregon State University (then College)[14]
IBM 305 RAMAC	1956	>1000	The first commercial computer to use a moving-head hard-disk drive for secondary storage
PERM	1956	1	Built in Munich
D1	1956		Built by Joachim Lehmann at the TU Dresden[15]
SMIL	1956	1	Built in Sweden and based on the IAS computer
Bendix G-15	1956	>400	A small computer for scientific and industrial purposes by the Bendix Corporation. It had a total of about 450 tubes (mostly dual triodes) and 300 germanium diodes.
TIFR Pilot Machine	1956		TIFRAC (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator) was the first computer developed in India, at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai.
LGP-30	1956	~500	Data-processing system made by Librascope; bit-serial drum machine with only 113 tubes, along with 1450 diodes[16]
UNIVAC 1103A	1956		First computer to have hardware interrupts
FUJIC	1956	1	The first electronic computer in Japan, designed to perform calculations for lens design by Fuji
Ferranti Pegasus	1956	38	Vacuum tube computer with magnetostrictive delay line memory intended for office usage. Second surviving oldest computer in the world.[17]
SILLIAC	1956	1	Built at the University of Sydney, based on the ILLIAC and ORDVAC
RCA BIZMAC	1956	6	RCA's first commercial computer, it contained 25,000 tubes
Ural series	1956–1964		Ural-1 to Ural-4.
BESM-2	1957	20+	general purpose computer in the BESM series
CIFA-1	1957	4	First computer built in Romania at Institutul de Fizică Atomică (Atomic Physics Institute)
DASK	1957	1	The first computer in Denmark; had an early implementation of ALGOL
UNIVAC 1104	1957		A 30-bit variation of the UNIVAC 1103
Ferranti Mercury	1957	19	An early commercial vacuum tube computer by Ferranti, with core memory and hardware floating point capability
IBM 610	1957	180	A small computer designed to be used by one person with limited experience
FACIT EDB 2	1957	9
LEO II	1957	11	Commercial version of LEO I prototype.
MANIAC II	1957	1	Built by the University of California and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
MISTIC	1957	1	A Michigan State University based on the ILLIAC I
MUSASINO-1	1957	1	A Japanese computer based on the ILLIAC I
MMIF	1957		MMIF or Machine mathématique IRSIA-FNRS, devised by a team funded by the Belgian public institutions IRSIA and FNRS, and build at the Bell Telephone Mfg Co in Antwerp, from 1952. In use 1957–1958 in Antwerp, 1958–1959 in Brussels.[18]
Sandia RAYPAC (Ray Path Analog Computer)	c. 1957		Sandia's Blast Prediction Unit used for Operation Teapot[19]
EDSAC 2	1958	1	First computer to have a microprogrammed control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture.
IBM 709	1958		An improved version of the IBM 704
UNIVAC II	1958		An improved, fully compatible version of the UNIVAC I
UNIVAC 1105	1958	3	A follow-up to the UNIVAC 1103 scientific computer
AN/FSQ-7	1958		Largest vacuum tube computer ever built. 52 were built for Project SAGE.
ZEBRA	1958	55	Designed in Holland and built by Britain's Standard Telephones and Cables[20]
Ferranti Perseus	1959	2	[21][22][23]
Rice Institute Computer	1959	1	Operational 1959-1971, 54-bit tagged architecture
Cyclone	1959	1	IAS-type computer at Iowa State College
DERA	1959	1	Built by Alwin Walther at the Technical University of Darmstadt; first operative in 1957, development completed in 1959
D2	1959		Built by Joachim Lehmann at the TU Dresden[24]
TIFRAC	1960		The first computer developed in India
CER-10	1960		The first computer developed in Yugoslavia, it also used some transistors
Philips PASCAL / STEVIN	1960		Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator; 1200 valves, 10000 transistors, and 15000 germanium diodes. PASCAL and STEVIN (Dutch: Snel Tel En Vermenigvuldig INstrument, lit. 'Fast Count and Multiply Instrument') are identical, except input-output equipment. Both were used internally.[25][26][27]
The Wegematic 1000	1960		Improved version of the ALWAC III-E[28]
Odra 1001	1960		First computer built by Elwro, Wroclaw, Poland
Minsk-1	1960		Built in Minsk
G3	1961		Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing[2]
Sumlock ANITA calculator	1961	<10,000/year	Desktop calculator
UMC-1	1962		Developed in Poland, it used the unusual negabinary number system internally
BRLESC	1962	1	1,727 tubes and 853 transistors
OSAGE	1963	1	Close copy of the Rice Institute Computer built at the University of Oklahoma

See also

• List of transistorized computers
• History of computing hardware

References

1. Hsu, John Y. (December 21, 2017). Computer Architecture: Software Aspects, Coding, and Hardware. CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN 142004110X. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
2. "The G1, G2, and G3 of Billing in Göttingen". www.quantum-chemistry-history.com.
3. Research, United States Office of Naval (1953). A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. pp. 37–38.
4. • . Digital_Computer_Newsletter_V07N03_Jul55.pdf. "COMPUTERS, OVERSEAS: 4. G1 and G2 (Goettingen, Germany)". Digital Computer Newsletter. 7 (3): 11–12. July 1955.CS1 maint: others (link)
   • "COMPUTERS, OVERSEAS: 4. Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, G 1, G 1a, G 2, and G 3. Gottingen, Germany". Digital Computer Newsletter. 10 (3): 15–16. July 1958.
5. technikum29-Team. "A first generation tube calculator: BULL GAMMA 3 - technikum29". www.technikum29.de. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
6. Tatnall, Arthur; Blyth, Tilly; Johnson, Roger (December 6, 2013). Making the History of Computing Relevant: IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference, HC 2013, London, UK, June 17-18, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. p. 124. ISBN 9783642416507.
7. Research, United States Office of Naval (1953). A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. p. 39.
8. "COMPUTER COLLECTOR - Reeves REAC 400 Analog Computer (1957)". www.computercollector.com. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
9. "REL-REEVES, INC., successor to Dynamics Corporation of America v. The UNITED STATES v. DIGITAL RESOURCES CORPORATION, Third-Party Defendant. -- Rel-Reeves, Inc. v. United States, 534 F.2d 274, 274 (1976)". www.ravellaw.com. ¶19, ¶194-195, ¶217. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
10. "UDEC I II III : Unitized Digital Electronic Calculator Models I II and III". Ed-thelen.org. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
11. Trueb, Lucien F. (2015). Astonishing the Wild Pigs: Highlights of Technology. ATHENA-Verlag. pp. 141–142. ISBN 9783898967662.
12. "10 brilliant things to discover at the new-look Museum of Communication". Time Out Switzerland. 9. Discover the Datacenter.
13. "Computer Science Research at ETH". www.inf.ethz.ch.
14. Törn, Aimo (December 1, 2000). "Wegematic 1000". Early History of Computing in Turku, 1959-1964. Åbo Akademi (University). Retrieved August 11, 2016.
15. Ludwig, Manfred (2007). "Das Leben und Wirken von Prof. N. J. Lehmann" [The life and work of Prof. N.J. Lehmann]. www.math.tu-dresden.de. pp. 7–11.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
16. LGP 30, technikum 29: Living Museum
17. Pegasus at the V&A, Computer Conservation Society, June 2016, retrieved August 29, 2016
18. d’Udekem-Gevers, Marie (2011). La Machine mathématique IRSIA-FNRS (1946-1962) (in French). Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique. ISBN 978-2-8031-0280-8.
19. Operation Teapot: Report of the Test Manager (Report). p. 68.
20. "Computer History Museum - Standard Telephones and Cables Limted, London - Stantec Zebra Electronic Digital Computer". Computerhistory.org. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
21. Lavington, Simon Hugh (1980). Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People who Built Them. Manchester University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780719008108.
22. Information, Reed Business (March 5, 1959). "To compute Swedish premiums". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. p. 517.
23. . 195904.pdf. "REFERENCE INFORMATION: A Survey of British Digital Computers (Part 2) - Perseus". Computers and Automation. 8 (4): 34. April 1959. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
24. Ludwig 2007, p. 11-15.
25. • AUERBACH CORP PHILADELPHIA PA (January 1961). "EUROPEAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. A REPORT ON THE INDUSTRY AND THE STATE OF THE ART" (pdf): 346–347. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    • . 196310.pdf. "A SURVEY OF NEW WEST-EUROPEAN DIGITAL COMPUTERS (PART 2): NETHERLANDS". Computers and Automation. XII (10): 28. October 1963. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
    • "The "PASCAL", a Fast Digital Electronic Computer for the Philips Computing Centre" (pdf). Philips Technical Review. 23 (1): 1–18. October 16, 1961.
      • "Solving a Chessboard Puzzle with the PASCAL" (pdf). Philips Technical Review. 24 (4/5): 157–163. 1962.
26. Beer, Huub de (February 26, 2008). "Heer de Beer.org—Computers en Philips" [Heer de Beer.org—Computers and Philips]. heerdebeer.org (in Dutch). Google translation. Amsterdam. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
27. • "Philips Technisch Tijdschrift - 1962 - Rekengeluiden PASCAL" [Philips Technical Journal – 1962 – Calculation sounds PASCAL]. SoundCloud. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
      • "PASCAL (Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator)* - Philips Technisch Tijdschrift Jaarg. 24 (1962) No. 4/5 "Rekengeluiden van PASCAL"" [PASCAL (Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator) * - Philips Technical Journal Jaarg. 24 (1962) No. 4/5 "Calculation sounds from PASCAL"]. Discogs. Retrieved July 13, 2018. 7" with sounds of the PASCAL (Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator) from the Philips NatLab, that came with Philips Technical Review Vol.24 (1962) No. 4/5.
      • "Listening to the PASCAL" (pdf). Philips Technical Review. 24 (4/5): 164–170. 1962.
28. . 196004.pdf. "REFERENCE INFORMATION: Survey of European Computers, Part 3 (Concluding Part)". Computers and Automation. 9 (4): 26. April 1960. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)