List of icebreakers

This is a list of icebreakers and other special icebreaking vessels (except cargo ships and tankers) capable of operating independently in ice-covered waters. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[1][2]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan
  • Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1992–1999; laid up)[4]

Canada

Canadian Coast Guard[5]
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in Halifax Harbour

Royal Canadian Navy
  • HMCS Labrador (1954–1961; transferred to Coast Guard)
  • Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel
    • HMCS Harry DeWolf (2021– (planned); delivered but not commissioned)
    • HMCS Margaret Brooke (under construction)
    • HMCS Max Bernays (under construction)
    • HMCS William Hall (under construction)
    • HMCS Frédérick Rolette (ordered)
    • HMCS Robert Hampton Gray (ordered)

Commercial
  • Canmar Kigoriak (1979–2003; sold to Russia)
  • Robert LeMeur (1982–1997; sold to China)
  • Terry Fox (1983–1991; leased and later sold to the Canadian Coast Guard)
  • Arctic Kalvik (1983–2003; sold to Russia)
  • Ikaluk (1983–1998; Canmar Ikaluk since 1995; sold to Russia)
  • Miscaroo (1983–1998; Canmar Miscaroo since 1995; sold to Russia)
  • Arctic Ivik (1985–1997; sold and later converted to survey vessel Geco Snapper)
  • Polar S (2000–; ex-Njord, ex-Polar Star; laid up in Canary Islands due to receivership of Polar Star Expeditions in 2011)[9]
  • Polar Prince (2000–; ex-Sir Humphrey Gilbert)
  • Arcticaborg (2018–2019)

China

Polar Research Institute of China

People's Liberation Army Navy
  • Type 071 icebreaker
    • Haibing 721 (海冰721, "Sea Ice 721") (1971–; in reserve)
    • Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (1973–2013; decommissioned)
    • Haibing 519 (海冰519, "Sea Ice 519") (1989–)
  • Type 210 icebreaker
    • Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723") (1982–)
  • Type 272 icebreaker
    • Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (2016–)
    • Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723") (2016–)

Commercial

Chile

Denmark
Danbjørn, Isbjørn and Thorbjørn moored at Frederikshavn
  • Bryderen (1884–1947; sold to Poland; broken up in 1960)
  • Isbjørn (1923–1965)[14]
  • Lillebjørn (1926–1968)[14]
  • Storebjørn (1931–1974; broken up)[14]
  • Elbjørn (1954–1996; used as a restaurant ship until sold for scrap in 2019)[15]
  • Danbjørn (1965–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[16]
  • Isbjørn (1966–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[16]
  • Thorbjørn (1980–2015; sold to private company)[17]

Estonia

Estonian Maritime Museum
  • Suur Tõll (1922–1940; museum ship in Tallinn since 1987)

Estonian Maritime Administration
  • Tarmo (1993–; purchased from Finland)
  • EVA 316 (1995–; ex-Lonna; purchased from Finland)

Port of Tallinn
  • Botnica (2012–; purchased from Finland)

Finland

State-owned icebreakers

Steam-powered
Steam-powered icebreakers Tarmo and Jääkarhu
  • Murtaja (1890–1958; broken up)
  • Sampo (1898–1960; broken up)
  • Apu (1899–1959; broken up)
  • Tarmo (1907–1970; museum ship in Kotka since 1992)
  • Wäinämöinen (1918–1922; handed over to Estonia)
  • Ilmarinen (1918–1922; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Voima (1924–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Jääkarhu (1926–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)

Diesel-electric
Six modern Finnish icebreakers docked for the summer season at Katajanokka, Helsinki
  • Sisu (1939–1974; as Louhi in the Finnish Navy until 1986; broken up)
  • Voima (1954–)
  • Karhu class
    • Karhu (1958–1988; sold to the Soviet Union)
    • Murtaja (1959–1986; broken up)
    • Sampo (1960–1987; today owned by the city of Kemi and used for tourist cruises)
  • Tarmo class
    • Tarmo (1963–1993; sold to Estonia)
    • Varma (1968–1994; sold to Latvia)
    • Apu (1970–2006; sold to Russia)
  • Hanse (1966–1998; sold to Greece; wrecked off Tunisia)
  • Urho class
    • Urho (1975–)
    • Sisu (1976–)
  • Otso class
  • Fennica (1993–)
  • Nordica (1994–)
  • Botnica (1998–2012; sold to Estonia)
  • Polaris (2016–)

Finnish Navy
  • Louhi (1975–1986; ex-Sisu; broken up)
  • Louhi (2011–)

Alfons Håkans
  • Zeus of Finland (1995–; ex-Zeus)
  • Thetis (2016–; ex-Maersk Shipper, ex-Maersk Placentia)
  • Hermes (2016–; ex-Drive Mahone, ex-Maersk Mahone, ex-Maersk Server; laid up)

France

French Navy

Compagnie du Ponant

Other
  • L'Astrolabe (1988–2017; decommissioned)

Germany
See also: Icebreakers of Germany
German icebreaker
  • Elbe (1911–??; museum ship)
  • Hindenburg (1916–1918; sunk by mine)
  • Stettin (1933–1981; museum ship)
  • Wal (1938–1990; museum ship)
  • Castor (1941–1945; sank by mine but later raised by the Soviet Union)
  • Eisvogel (1942–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Eisbär (1942–1946; handed over to the Soviet Union)
  • Pollux (1943–1945; sank by mine)
  • Eisvogel class
    • Eisvogel (1961–2006; sold)
    • Eisbär (1961–1997; sold)
  • Stephan Jantzen (1967–2005; museum ship)[20]
  • Polarstern (1982–)
  • Mellum (1983–)
  • Neuwerk (1997–)
  • Arkona (2004–)

India
  • Indian Polar Research Vessel (IPRV) is expected to enter service in the 2020s.[21][22][23]

Italy

Japan

Imperial Japanese Navy

Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
  • Fuji (AGB-5001) (1965–1985; museum ship)
  • Shirase (AGB-5002) (1981–2008; sold to Weathernews)
  • Shirase (AGB-5003) (2008–)

Japan Coast Guard
  • Sōya (PL107) (1938–1978; museum ship)
  • Sōya (PHL01) (1978–)
  • Teshio (PM 15) (1995–)

Kazakhstan

The following icebreaking supply ships are operating or have operated in the Kazakh Caspian Sea oil fields:

  • Arcticaborg (1998–2018; sold to Canada)
  • Antarcticaborg (1998–2019; sold to Russia)
  • Tulpar (2002–)
  • Mangystau 1 (2010–)
  • Mangystau 2 (2010–)
  • Mangystau 3 (2011–)
  • Mangystau 4 (2011–)
  • Mangystau 5 (2011–)

Latvia

Netherlands

Greenpeace

Norway

Poland
  • Perkun (1963–1993; broken up)

Russia

Icebreakers

The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by both government-owned as well as commercial entities.

Nuclear-powered icebreakers
Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker Yamal

Diesel-powered icebreakers
Kapitan Khlebnikov en route to Wrangel Island
  • Wind class
    • Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
    • Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
    • Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
  • Kapitan Belousov class
    • Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[34]
    • Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[35]
    • Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[36]
  • Moskva class
    • Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)[37]
    • Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)[38]
    • Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)[39]
    • Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)[40]
    • Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)[41]
  • Project 97 (including variants)
    • Dobronya Nikitich (1960–1998)[42]
    • Purga (1961–2012)[43]
    • Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[44]
    • Anafasy Nikitin (1962–1995; ex-Ledokol-2; broken up)[45]
    • Khariton Laptev (1962–1996; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[46]
    • Vyuga (1962–1991)[47]
    • Vasiliy Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[48]
    • Yerofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[49]
    • Ivan Kruzenstern (1964–; ex-Ledokol-6)[50]
    • Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[51]
    • Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; sold to Vietnam; broken up)[52]
    • Ilya Muromets (1965–1993)[53]
    • Yuriy Lisyanskiy (1965–; ex-Ledokol-9)[54]
    • Buran (1966–)[55]
    • Fyodor Litke (1970–2013; broken up)[56]
    • Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[57]
    • Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[58]
  • Ermak class
  • Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
    • Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
    • Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
    • Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
  • Kapitan Sorokin class
  • Kapitan Chechkin class
    • Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
    • Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
  • Magadan class
    • Magadan (1982–)
    • Mudyug (1982–)
    • Dikson (1983–)
  • Kapitan Evdokimov class
    • Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
    • Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
    • Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
    • Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
    • Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
    • Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
  • Karu (1988–; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Finland)
  • Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[59]
  • Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
  • Project 21900
  • Baltika (2014–)
  • MPSV06
    • Beringov Proliv (2015–)[60]
    • Murman (2015–)[60]
    • Kerchenskiy Proliv (under construction)[61]
  • Project 21900M
  • Ob (2019–)[64]
  • Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
  • Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020– (current estimate); under construction)
  • Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (2023– (planned); ordered)[65]

Steam-powered icebreakers
Steam-powered icebreaker Yermak
  • Pilot (1864–1890; broken up?)
  • Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)[66][67][68]
  • Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; hander over to Latvia)[66]
  • Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[69]
  • Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)[66]
  • Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
  • Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)[66]
  • Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[66][70]
  • Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)[66]
  • A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
  • Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
  • Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
  • Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
  • Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
  • Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
  • Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
  • Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
  • Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
  • Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)[66]
  • Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[71]
  • Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[72]
  • Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[73]
  • Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[74]
  • Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[75]
  • Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
  • Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
  • Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
  • Toros (1929–1964)[66]
  • Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (–1961); broken up)
  • Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (–1951); broken up)
  • Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (–1956); broken up)
  • A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
  • Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
  • Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
  • Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
  • Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)[76]
  • Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)

Other icebreaking vessels

Offshore vessels

The following are Russian-owned, -operated and/or -flagged icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels, platform supply vessels, standby vessels etc. engaged primarily in offshore oil and gas projects:

  • Ikaluk (1998–2018; ex-Ikaluk; ex-Canmar Ikaluk; ex-Smit Sibu; sold to China)
  • Smit Sakhalin (1998–2017; ex-Miscaroo; ex-Canmar Miscaroo; broken up)
  • Kigoriak (2003–; ex-Canmar Kigoriak, ex-Kigoria, ex-Talagy)[77]
  • Vladimir Ignatyuk (2003–; ex-Arctic Kalvik)[78]
  • SCF Sakhalin (2005–)
  • SCF Enterprise (2006–; ex-Pacific Enterprise)
  • SCF Endeavour (2006–; ex-Pacific Endeavour)
  • SCF Endurance (2006–; ex-Pacific Endurance)
  • Polar Pevek (2006–)
  • Yury Topchev (2006–)
  • Vladislav Strizhov (2006–)
  • Toboy (2008–)
  • Varandey (2008–)
  • Vidar Viking (2012–2016; charter under Russian flag)[79]
  • Vitus Bering (2012–)
  • Aleksey Chirikov (2013–)
  • Aleut (2015–)[80]
  • Pomor (2016–)
  • Normann (2016–)
  • Gennadiy Nevelskoy (2017–)
  • Stepan Makarov (2017–)
  • Fedor Ushakov (2017–)
  • Yevgeny Primakov (2018–)
  • Aleksandr Sannikov (2018–)[81]
  • Andrey Vilkitsky (2018–)[82]
  • Vladimir Monomakh (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
  • Svyataya Mariya (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
  • Aleksandr Nevskiy (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
  • Katerina Velikaya (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]

In addition, the following shallow-draught icebreaking offshore vessels operate in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea oil fields:

  • Arctic (2012–)[84]
  • Bumi Uray (2015–)[85]
  • Bumi Pokachi (2015–)[85]
  • Bumi Naryan-Mar (2015–)[85]
  • Antarctic (2017–)[84]
  • Polar (2021– (planned); under construction)[86][87]
  • Polus (2021– (planned); ordered)[88]
  • Arkada (2021– (planned); ordered)[89]

Patrol and naval vessels

The following vessels are or have been in service with the Russian Navy and its predecessors:

  • Project 97 (including variants)
    • Sadko (1968–)[90]
    • Peresvet (1970–2011; broken up)[91]
    • Ivan Susanin class (Project 97P)
      • Ivan Susanin (1973–)[92]
      • Aysberg (1974–2006; broken up)[93]
      • Ruslan (1975–)[94]
      • Anadyr (1976–2019; ex-Dnepr; ex-Imeni XXV syezda KPSS; broken up)[95]
      • Dunay (1977–2017; broken up)[96]
      • Neva (1978–)[97]
      • Volga (1980–)[98]
      • Murmansk (1981–2013; ex-Imeni XXVI syezda KPSS; ex-Irtysh; broken up)
  • Ilya Muromets (2017–)[99]
  • Project 23550
    • Ivan Papanin (2023– (planned); under construction)[100]
    • Nikolay Zubov (2024– (planned); under construction)
    • Purga (2024– (planned); under construction)[101]
    • Fourth unnamed vessel (ordered)
  • Yevpatiy Kolovrat (under construction)

Research and survey vessels

South Africa

South Korea

Soviet Union
See Russia

Spain

Sweden

Swedish Maritime Administration
Swedish icebreaker Ymer
  • Sankt Erik (1915–1977; ex-Isbrytaren II (–1959); museum ship since 1977)
  • Atle (1926–1967; ex-Statsisbrytaren (–1931); broken up)[109]
  • Ymer (1933–1977; broken up)[110]
  • Thule (1953–1998; broken up)[111]
  • Oden (1957–1988; broken up)[112]
  • Tor (1964–2000; sold to Russia)[59]
  • Njord (1969–2000; sold and renamed Polar Star)[113]
  • Ale (1973–)
  • Atle class
  • Oden (1988–)

Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore

Three icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels were chartered by the Swedish Maritime Administration for escort icebreaking duties in the Baltic Sea until 2015.

  • Tor Viking II (2000–2015; as Tor Viking under Norwegian flag until 2003)[114]
  • Balder Viking (2000–2015)
  • Vidar Viking (2001–2012; contract ended prematurely)[79]

Ukraine
  • Kapitan Belousov (1991–)[34]

United Kingdom
HMS Protector

United States

United States Coast Guard
USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10)
USCGC Healy

National Science Foundation

Edison Chouest Offshore
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