List of icebreakers
This is a list of icebreakers and other special icebreaking vessels (except cargo ships and tankers) capable of operating independently in ice-covered waters. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[1][2]
Argentina
- ARA General San Martín (1954–1982)
- ARA Almirante Irízar (1978–2007, 2017–)
- ARA Bahía Paraíso (1980–1989; sank in Antarctica)
Australia
- Aurora Australis (1990–2020; decommissioned)
- Nuyina (2020– (planned); under construction)[3]
Austria
- Eisvogel (1955–)
- Röthelstein (1995–)
Azerbaijan
- Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1992–1999; laid up)[4]
Canada
Canadian Coast Guard[5]
- CGS Northern Light (1876–1890; sold)
- CGS Stanley (1888–1935; broken up)
- CGS Earl Grey (1909–1914; sold to Russia)[6]
- CGS Mikula (1916; 1923–1937; ex-J.D. Hazen, ex-Mikula Seleaninovich; broken up)[6]
- CCGS Saurel (1929–1967; broken up)[6]
- CCGS N.B. McLean (1930–1979; broken up)
- CCGS Ernest Lapointe (1939–1978; museum ship)
- CCGS D'Iberville (1952–1983; broken up)
- CCGS Labrador (1954–1987; broken up)
- CCGS Alexander Henry (1959–1984; museum ship)
- CCGS John A. Macdonald (1960–1991; broken up)
- CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (1969–)
- CCGS Griffon (1970–)
- Pierre Radisson class
- CCGS Pierre Radisson (1977–)
- CCGS Amundsen (1979–)
- CCGS Des Groseilliers (1982–)
- CCGS Henry Larsen (1987–)
- Samuel Risley class
- CCGS Samuel Risley (1985–)
- CCGS Earl Grey (1986–)
- Martha L. Black class
- CCGS Martha L. Black (1986–)
- CCGS George R. Pearkes (1986–)
- CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1986–)
- CCGS Edward Cornwallis (1986–)
- CCGS Sir William Alexander (1987–)
- CCGS Ann Harvey (1987–)
- CCGS Terry Fox (1991–)
- Interim icebreakers
- CCGS Captain Molly Kool (2018–; ex-Vidar Viking)[7]
- CCGS Jean Goodwill (2020– (planned); ex-Balder Viking)[7][8]
- CCGS Vincent Massey (2020– (planned); ex-Tor Viking)[7][8]
- CCGS John G. Diefenbaker (2020s– (planned); proposed)
Royal Canadian Navy
- HMCS Labrador (1954–1961; transferred to Coast Guard)
- Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel
- HMCS Harry DeWolf (2021– (planned); delivered but not commissioned)
- HMCS Margaret Brooke (under construction)
- HMCS Max Bernays (under construction)
- HMCS William Hall (under construction)
- HMCS Frédérick Rolette (ordered)
- HMCS Robert Hampton Gray (ordered)
Commercial
- Canmar Kigoriak (1979–2003; sold to Russia)
- Robert LeMeur (1982–1997; sold to China)
- Terry Fox (1983–1991; leased and later sold to the Canadian Coast Guard)
- Arctic Kalvik (1983–2003; sold to Russia)
- Ikaluk (1983–1998; Canmar Ikaluk since 1995; sold to Russia)
- Miscaroo (1983–1998; Canmar Miscaroo since 1995; sold to Russia)
- Arctic Ivik (1985–1997; sold and later converted to survey vessel Geco Snapper)
- Polar S (2000–; ex-Njord, ex-Polar Star; laid up in Canary Islands due to receivership of Polar Star Expeditions in 2011)[9]
- Polar Prince (2000–; ex-Sir Humphrey Gilbert)
- Arcticaborg (2018–2019)
China
Polar Research Institute of China
- Xuě Lóng (雪龙, "Snow Dragon") (1993–)
- Xuě Lóng 2 (雪龙2, "Snow Dragon 2") (2019–)[10]
People's Liberation Army Navy
- Type 071 icebreaker
- Haibing 721 (海冰721, "Sea Ice 721") (1971–; in reserve)
- Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (1973–2013; decommissioned)
- Haibing 519 (海冰519, "Sea Ice 519") (1989–)
- Type 210 icebreaker
- Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723") (1982–)
- Type 272 icebreaker
- Haibing 722 (海冰722, "Sea Ice 722") (2016–)
- Haibing 723 (海冰723, "Sea Ice 723") (2016–)
Commercial
- Bin Hai 293 (滨海293, "Coastal 293") (1997–2016; ex-Robert LeMeur; broken up)[11]
- Beijing Ocean Leader (2018–; ex-Ikaluk, ex-Smit Sibu, ex-Canmar Ikaluk)
Chile
- Piloto Pardo (1959–1997; sold to private buyer)[12]
- Almirante Óscar Viel (1995–; ex-Norman McLeod Rogers)
- Antártica 1 (2022– (planned); under construction)[13]
Denmark
- Bryderen (1884–1947; sold to Poland; broken up in 1960)
- Isbjørn (1923–1965)[14]
- Lillebjørn (1926–1968)[14]
- Storebjørn (1931–1974; broken up)[14]
- Elbjørn (1954–1996; used as a restaurant ship until sold for scrap in 2019)[15]
- Danbjørn (1965–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[16]
- Isbjørn (1966–2013; laid up and listed for sale)[16]
- Thorbjørn (1980–2015; sold to private company)[17]
Estonia
Estonian Maritime Museum
- Suur Tõll (1922–1940; museum ship in Tallinn since 1987)
Estonian Maritime Administration
- Tarmo (1993–; purchased from Finland)
- EVA 316 (1995–; ex-Lonna; purchased from Finland)
Port of Tallinn
- Botnica (2012–; purchased from Finland)
Finland
State-owned icebreakers
Steam-powered
- Murtaja (1890–1958; broken up)
- Sampo (1898–1960; broken up)
- Apu (1899–1959; broken up)
- Tarmo (1907–1970; museum ship in Kotka since 1992)
- Wäinämöinen (1918–1922; handed over to Estonia)
- Ilmarinen (1918–1922; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Voima (1924–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Jääkarhu (1926–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
Diesel-electric
Alfons Håkans
- Zeus of Finland (1995–; ex-Zeus)
- Thetis (2016–; ex-Maersk Shipper, ex-Maersk Placentia)
- Hermes (2016–; ex-Drive Mahone, ex-Maersk Mahone, ex-Maersk Server; laid up)
France
French Navy
- L'Astrolabe (2017–)[18]
Compagnie du Ponant
- Le Commandant Charcot (2021– (planned); under construction)[19]
Other
- L'Astrolabe (1988–2017; decommissioned)
Germany
- Elbe (1911–??; museum ship)
- Hindenburg (1916–1918; sunk by mine)
- Stettin (1933–1981; museum ship)
- Wal (1938–1990; museum ship)
- Castor (1941–1945; sank by mine but later raised by the Soviet Union)
- Eisvogel (1942–1945; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Eisbär (1942–1946; handed over to the Soviet Union)
- Pollux (1943–1945; sank by mine)
- Eisvogel class
- Eisvogel (1961–2006; sold)
- Eisbär (1961–1997; sold)
- Stephan Jantzen (1967–2005; museum ship)[20]
- Polarstern (1982–)
- Mellum (1983–)
- Neuwerk (1997–)
- Arkona (2004–)
Italy
- Laura Bassi (2019–)[24]
Japan
Imperial Japanese Navy
- Ōtomari (1921–1945)
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
- Fuji (AGB-5001) (1965–1985; museum ship)
- Shirase (AGB-5002) (1981–2008; sold to Weathernews)
- Shirase (AGB-5003) (2008–)
Japan Coast Guard
- Sōya (PL107) (1938–1978; museum ship)
- Sōya (PHL01) (1978–)
- Teshio (PM 15) (1995–)
Kazakhstan
The following icebreaking supply ships are operating or have operated in the Kazakh Caspian Sea oil fields:
- Arcticaborg (1998–2018; sold to Canada)
- Antarcticaborg (1998–2019; sold to Russia)
- Tulpar (2002–)
- Mangystau 1 (2010–)
- Mangystau 2 (2010–)
- Mangystau 3 (2011–)
- Mangystau 4 (2011–)
- Mangystau 5 (2011–)
Netherlands
Greenpeace
- Arctic Sunrise (1995–)
Norway
- NoCGV Svalbard (2001–)
- Kronprins Haakon (2018–)
Poland
- Perkun (1963–1993; broken up)
Russia
Icebreakers
The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by both government-owned as well as commercial entities.
Nuclear-powered icebreakers
- Lenin (1959–1989; museum ship in Murmansk)
- Arktika class
- Arktika (1975–2008; decommissioned)[27]
- Sibir (1977–1992; decommissioned)[27]
- Rossiya (1985–2013; decommissioned)[27][28]
- Sovetskiy Soyuz (1990–2014; decommissioned)[29][30]
- Yamal (1992–)
- 50 Let Pobedy (2007–)
- Taymyr class
- Taymyr (1989–)
- Vaygach (1990–)
- Project 22220
- Project 10510
- Rossiya (2027– (planned); under construction)
Diesel-powered icebreakers
- Wind class
- Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
- Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
- Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
- Kapitan Belousov class
- Moskva class
- Project 97 (including variants)
- Dobronya Nikitich (1960–1998)[42]
- Purga (1961–2012)[43]
- Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[44]
- Anafasy Nikitin (1962–1995; ex-Ledokol-2; broken up)[45]
- Khariton Laptev (1962–1996; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[46]
- Vyuga (1962–1991)[47]
- Vasiliy Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[48]
- Yerofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[49]
- Ivan Kruzenstern (1964–; ex-Ledokol-6)[50]
- Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[51]
- Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; sold to Vietnam; broken up)[52]
- Ilya Muromets (1965–1993)[53]
- Yuriy Lisyanskiy (1965–; ex-Ledokol-9)[54]
- Buran (1966–)[55]
- Fyodor Litke (1970–2013; broken up)[56]
- Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[57]
- Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[58]
- Ermak class
- Ermak (1974–)
- Admiral Makarov (1975–)
- Krasin (1976–)
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
- Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
- Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
- Kapitan Sorokin class
- Kapitan Sorokin (1977–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1991)
- Kapitan Nikolaev (1978–; rebuilt in 1990)
- Kapitan Dranitsyn (1980–)
- Kapitan Khlebnikov (1981–)
- Kapitan Chechkin class
- Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
- Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
- Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
- Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
- Magadan class
- Magadan (1982–)
- Mudyug (1982–)
- Dikson (1983–)
- Kapitan Evdokimov class
- Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
- Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
- Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
- Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
- Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
- Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
- Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
- Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
- Karu (1988–; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Finland)
- Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[59]
- Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
- Project 21900
- Moskva (2008–)
- Sankt-Peterburg (2009–)
- Baltika (2014–)
- MPSV06
- Project 21900M
- Vladivostok (2015–)
- Murmansk (2015–)[62]
- Novorossiysk (2016–)[63]
- Ob (2019–)[64]
- Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
- Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020– (current estimate); under construction)
- Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (2023– (planned); ordered)[65]
Steam-powered icebreakers
- Pilot (1864–1890; broken up?)
- Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)[66][67][68]
- Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; hander over to Latvia)[66]
- Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[69]
- Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)[66]
- Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
- Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)[66]
- Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[66][70]
- Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)[66]
- A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
- Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
- Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
- Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
- Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
- Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
- Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
- Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
- Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
- Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)[66]
- Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[71]
- Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[72]
- Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[73]
- Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[74]
- Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[75]
- Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
- Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
- Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
- Toros (1929–1964)[66]
- Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (–1961); broken up)
- Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (–1951); broken up)
- Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (–1956); broken up)
- A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
- Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
- Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
- Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
- Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)[76]
- Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)
Other icebreaking vessels
Offshore vessels
The following are Russian-owned, -operated and/or -flagged icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels, platform supply vessels, standby vessels etc. engaged primarily in offshore oil and gas projects:
- Ikaluk (1998–2018; ex-Ikaluk; ex-Canmar Ikaluk; ex-Smit Sibu; sold to China)
- Smit Sakhalin (1998–2017; ex-Miscaroo; ex-Canmar Miscaroo; broken up)
- Kigoriak (2003–; ex-Canmar Kigoriak, ex-Kigoria, ex-Talagy)[77]
- Vladimir Ignatyuk (2003–; ex-Arctic Kalvik)[78]
- SCF Sakhalin (2005–)
- SCF Enterprise (2006–; ex-Pacific Enterprise)
- SCF Endeavour (2006–; ex-Pacific Endeavour)
- SCF Endurance (2006–; ex-Pacific Endurance)
- Polar Pevek (2006–)
- Yury Topchev (2006–)
- Vladislav Strizhov (2006–)
- Toboy (2008–)
- Varandey (2008–)
- Vidar Viking (2012–2016; charter under Russian flag)[79]
- Vitus Bering (2012–)
- Aleksey Chirikov (2013–)
- Aleut (2015–)[80]
- Pomor (2016–)
- Normann (2016–)
- Gennadiy Nevelskoy (2017–)
- Stepan Makarov (2017–)
- Fedor Ushakov (2017–)
- Yevgeny Primakov (2018–)
- Aleksandr Sannikov (2018–)[81]
- Andrey Vilkitsky (2018–)[82]
- Vladimir Monomakh (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
- Svyataya Mariya (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
- Aleksandr Nevskiy (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
- Katerina Velikaya (2020– (planned); under construction)[83]
In addition, the following shallow-draught icebreaking offshore vessels operate in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea oil fields:
Patrol and naval vessels
The following vessels are or have been in service with the Russian Navy and its predecessors:
- Project 97 (including variants)
- Ilya Muromets (2017–)[99]
- Project 23550
- Ivan Papanin (2023– (planned); under construction)[100]
- Nikolay Zubov (2024– (planned); under construction)
- Purga (2024– (planned); under construction)[101]
- Fourth unnamed vessel (ordered)
- Yevpatiy Kolovrat (under construction)
Research and survey vessels
- Pyotr Pakhtusov (1966–1998; ex-Mendeleev; ex-Ledokol-10; broken up)[102]
- Georgiy Sedov (1967–1992; broken up)[103]
- Vladimir Kavrayskiy (1969–2012; used as stationary floating barracks PKZ-86)[104]
- Mikhail Somov (1975–)[105]
- Otto Schmidt (1979–1991; broken up)[106]
- Akademik Fedorov (1987–)[107]
- Akademik Tryoshnikov (2012–)[108]
South Africa
- S. A. Agulhas (1977–)
- S. A. Agulhas II (2012–)
South Korea
- Araon (2009–)
Soviet Union
- See Russia
Spain
- Hesperides (1991–)
Sweden
Swedish Maritime Administration
- Sankt Erik (1915–1977; ex-Isbrytaren II (–1959); museum ship since 1977)
- Atle (1926–1967; ex-Statsisbrytaren (–1931); broken up)[109]
- Ymer (1933–1977; broken up)[110]
- Thule (1953–1998; broken up)[111]
- Oden (1957–1988; broken up)[112]
- Tor (1964–2000; sold to Russia)[59]
- Njord (1969–2000; sold and renamed Polar Star)[113]
- Ale (1973–)
- Atle class
- Oden (1988–)
Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore
Three icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessels were chartered by the Swedish Maritime Administration for escort icebreaking duties in the Baltic Sea until 2015.
United Kingdom
- HMS Endurance (1990–2008; broken up)
- RRS James Clark Ross (1991–)
- RRS Ernest Shackleton (1995–2019; sold to Italy)[115]
- HMS Protector (2011–)
- RRS Sir David Attenborough (2020– (planned); under construction)
United States
United States Coast Guard
- USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83) (1944–2006; museum ship)
- Wind class
- USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278) (1944–1974; ex-Severny Veter; ex-Northwind; broken up)
- USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) (1944–1968; broken up in 1976–1977)
- USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280) (1944–1974; ex-Admiral Makarov; ex-Atka; broken up in 1976)
- USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) (1944–1988; ex-Severniy Polyus; broken up)
- USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) (1945–1989; broken up in 1999)
- USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283) (1946–1978; broken up in 1982)
- USCGC Edisto (WAGB-284) (1947–1974; broken up in 1980)
- USCGC Glacier (WAGB-4) (1955–1987; broken up in 2012)
- Polar class
- USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10) (1977–2006, 2013–)
- USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11) (1978–2010; inactive)
- USCGC Healy (WAGB-20) (2000–)
- USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30) (2006–)
- A new Polar Security Cutter is expected to enter service in the 2020s.[116]
National Science Foundation
- Nathaniel B. Palmer (1992–)[117]
- Laurence M. Gould (1997–)[118]
- Sikuliaq (2014–)
Edison Chouest Offshore
- Aiviq (2012–)
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