List of Kazakh khans

Starting from the formation of the Kazakhs in the mid-15th century, the Kazakhs khans led both the unified Kazakh Khanate and later the three main Kazakh divisions. Khan is a title for a ruler used by nomadic and semi-nomadic groups throughout Central Asia.

The Kazakhs were originally members of the nomadic Uzbek tribes who, under the leadership of Abu'l-Khayr Khan, migrated from the northwestern part of the Dasht-i Qipchaq south towards Ma Wara'un-Nahr in the 1430s and 1440s and attacked parts of the Timurid Empire.[1] Two tribal leaders, Kerei and Janibek, who were themselves descendants of Urus Khan and by extension Genghis Khan, decided to leave the service of Abu'l-Khayr Khan. Those who followed Kerei and Janibek become known as the Uzbek-Kazakhs, Kazakh being a Turkic word which roughly translates as "vagabond" or "freebooter".[1] Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1468, and for the next three decades many of his followers began recognizing the authority of the Uzbek-Kazakh khans - Kerei, Janibek, and Kerei's son Burundyq.[2] By 1500, however, a new leader known as Muhammad Shaybani Khan united many of the Uzbeks under his control and pushed further south into modern-day Uzbekistan, while the Uzbek-Kazakhs, who by this time were known simply as Kazakhs, remained in the steppe.[2] The Uzbeks continued to be ruled by Muhammad Shaybani Khan and his descendants, while the Kazakhs were ruled by the descendants of Kerei and Janibek.

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

Junior juz

Middle juz

Great juz

After the death of Tauke Khan in 1718 the Kazakh Khanate ceased to exist as a unified entity. Instead, the three different jüz, or hordes, of the Kazakhs became independent units, each with their own khan.[3] Throughout the 18th century the Russians continued to expand into the steppe region. As part of diplomatic relations, the Kazakh khans, especially from the Junior jüz in the west, would declare allegiance to Russia and the tsar, though these declarations had no actual impact beyond words.[4] By the turn of the 19th century, however, the Russians began to exert authority over the Kazakhs and the position of khan. The Russians chose to not appoint a new khan for the Middle jüz after 1819 and abolished the position of khan in the Junior jüz after Shergazy Khan's death in 1824.

The Russians also effected the creation of a new line of khans, the "Inner Horde" or "Bokei jüz". This jüz was made up of members of the Junior jüz who were allowed in 1801 to use pastures west of the Ural river in Russian territory. The position of khan in the Bokei jüz lasted until 1845, when it was also abolished by the Russians.[5]

In the 1840s a man named Kenesary, a descendant of Ablay Khan, launched a rebellion against Russian rule, which by this time extended across most of modern-day Kazakhstan. He was recognized by most Kazakh leaders as Kenesary Khan, and is considered in Kazakh histories today to be an official khan, though he was never recognized by the Russian authorities as such. Though the Russians pursued Kenesary for years across the steppe, he had broad support among the Kazakhs and as a result was able to eluded capture until 1847, when he was executed in northern Kyrgyzstan.[5]

The following list shows the known khans of the Kazakhs from 1456 to 1847.

Kazakh Khans before the split into the three jüzs:

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Kerei	1456–1473	Керей
Janibek	1473–1480	Жәнібек
Burunduk	1480–1511	Бұрындық (Мұрындық)
Kasym	1511–1518	Қасым
Mamash	1518–1523	Мамаш
Taiyr	1523–1533	Тайыр
Buidash	1533–1534	Бұйдаш
Qojamqut	1534–1535	Қожамқұт
Togym	1535–1537	Тоғым
Haqnazar	1538–1580	Хақназар
Shygai	1580–1582	Шығай
Tauekel	1582–1598	Тәуекел
Esim	1598–1628	Есім
Jangir	1628–1652	Жәңгір
Batyr	1652–1680	Батыр
Tauke	1680–1715	Тәуке
Qaiyp	1715–1718	Қайып
Bolat	1718–1729	Болат
Abilmambet	1729–1771	Әбілмәмбет
Abylai	1771–1781	Абылай
Kenesary	1841–1847	Кенесары

Stamp of Kazakhstan devoted to Abul Khair Khan

Junior jüz khans:

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Abul Khair	1718–1748	Әбілқайыр
Nuraly	1748–1786	Нұралы
Eraly	1791–1794	Ералы
Esim	1795–1797	Есім
Aishuaq	1797–1805	Айшуақ
Shergazy	1805–1824	Шерғазы

Khans of Bokei:

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Bokei	1801–1815	Бөкей
Shygai	1815–1823	Шығай
Zhangir	1823–1845	Жәңгір

Stamp from Kazakhstan featuring Ablai Khan

Middle jüz khans:

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Sameke	1719–1734	Сәмеке
Abilmambet	1734–1771	Әбілмәмбет
Ablai Khan	1771–1781	Абылай Хан
Uali	1781–1819	Уәли
Gubaidolla	1819–1822	Ғұбайдолла

The last official khan during the Russian Empire:

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Kenesary	1841–1847	Кенесары

Central Asian Rebellion of 1916 (ru:Среднеазиатское восстание 1916 года):

Name	Ruling period	Name in Kazakh
Abdighappar Janbosynuly (ru:Абдулгафар Жанбосынов)	1916–1917	Әбдіғаппар Жанбосынұлы

Notes

1. Bregel, p. 44.
2. Bregel, p. 50.
3. Bregel, p. 58.
4. Bregel, p. 60.
5. Bregel, p. 62.

References

• Bregel, Yuri. A Historical Atlas of Central Asia Handbook of Oriental Studies: Part 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. (Leiden: Brill) 2003.
• Zholdaspaev, S. and D. Babaev. 7 klass - Istoriia srednevekogo Kazakhstana. (Almaty: Atamura) 2003.
• Kasymbaev, Zh. K. 8 klass - Istoriia Kazakhstana (XVIII vek-1914). (Almaty: Mektep) 2004.
• Test materials for History of Kazakhstan