List of Boeing 737 MAX groundings
The Boeing 737 MAX airliner, which began service in 2017, was involved in two fatal accidents, Lion Air Flight 610 on October 29, 2018, and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 on March 10, 2019, that resulted from a malfunction of the aircraft's new automated control feature, the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS).
![](../I/m/2019_Boeing_737_MAX_groundings.svg.png)
Voluntarily grounded by all operating airlines
After the Ethiopian Airlines crash, China and most other aviation authorities preceded the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in grounding the airliner over perceived safety risks. The FAA issued a Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community on March 11 and resisted pressure from U.S. lawmakers to ground the aircraft.[1][2] Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg called President Donald Trump on March 12 to assure him the airplane was safe.[3] On March 13, 2019, the FAA found similarities between the two accidents and grounded the plane.[4] About 30 MAX aircraft were flying in U.S. airspace at the time and were allowed to reach their destinations.[5] By March 18, regulators grounded all 387 MAX aircraft in service with 59 airlines worldwide and making 8,600 flights each week.[6] Several ferry flights were operated with flaps extended to circumvent MCAS activation.
The grounding subsequently became the longest ever of a U.S. airliner.[7] As of January 2020, another 400 newly-manufactured aircraft await delivery to airlines pending the aircraft's return to service.
Timeline
After the second crash on March 10, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, Ethiopian Airlines grounded its fleet immediately.[8] The Civil Aviation Administration of China ordered all 96 MAX aircraft grounded in the country on March 11, the largest fleet in a country, stating its zero tolerance policy and certain similarities of the accidents. On March 12, the EASA suspended all flight operations of MAX in Europe citing similarity between the accidents and additionally published a Safety Directive to close its airspace to the airliner. Most other regulators and airlines individually grounded their fleets in the next seven days.[8][9][10][11]
On March 11, the FAA issued a Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (CANIC) for operators. The CANIC noted "external reports drawing similarities" between the accidents, but said the FAA had "no information" to support groundings. The notice described activities the FAA had completed after the Lion Air accident in support of continued operations of the MAX and listed the 59 affected operators of 387 MAX aircraft around the world.[12][13][14] On March 12, amid growing calls from US lawmakers to ground the MAX, a Boeing spokesman confirmed that the company's CEO called President Trump and stated "Muilenburg reiterated to the President our position that the MAX aircraft is safe.".[15]
On March 13, Canada received new information suggesting similarity between the crashes in Ethiopia and Indonesia. Canadian Transport Minister Marc Garneau informed U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao of his decision to ground the aircraft. Hours later, President Trump announced U.S. groundings, following consultation among Chao, acting FAA administrator Daniel Elwell and Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg. The FAA issued an official grounding order, citing the new evidence and acknowledging the "possibility of a shared cause for the two incidents".[4][16] The U.S., Canadian, and Chinese regulators oversee a combined fleet of 196 aircraft, more than half of all 387 airplanes delivered.[17]
As of August 9, 2020, the grounding has lasted for 1 year, 4 months and 29 days, the longest in history of any U.S. airliner.[18][19] In another grounding event, Boeing solved battery problems on its Boeing 787 Dreamliner and service resumed three months later.[20]
Regulators
![](../I/m/Grounded_Boeing_737_MAX_8s_at_SZX_20190331_02.jpg)
- March 11
- China: The Civil Aviation Administration of China ordered all domestic airlines to suspend operations of all 737 MAX 8 aircraft by 18:00 local time (10:00 GMT), pending the results of the investigation, thus grounding all 96 Boeing 737 MAX planes (c. 25% of all delivered) in China.[21][22]
- United States: The FAA issued an affirmation of the continued airworthiness of the 737 MAX.[111] The FAA stated that it had no evidence from the crashes to justify regulatory action against the aircraft.[112]
- Indonesia: Nine hours after China's grounding,[113] the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation issued a temporary suspension on the operation of all eleven 737 MAX 8 aircraft in Indonesia. A nationwide inspection on the type was expected to take place on March 12[114] to "ensure that aircraft operating in Indonesia are in an airworthy condition".[115]
- Mongolia: Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (MCAA) said in a statement "MCAA has temporarily stopped the 737 MAX flight operated by MIAT Mongolian Airlines from March 11, 2019."[116]
- March 12
- Singapore: the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, "temporarily suspends" operation of all variants of the 737 MAX aircraft into and out of Singapore.[47]
- India: Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) released a statement "DGCA has taken the decision to ground the 737 MAX aircraft immediately, pursuant to new inspections.[117]
- Turkey: Directorate General of Civil Aviation suspended flights of 737 MAX 8 and 9 type aircraft being operated by Turkish companies in Turkey, and stated that they are also reviewing the possibility of closing the country's airspace for the same.[49]
- South Korea: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) advised Eastar Jet, the only airline of South Korea to possess Boeing 737 MAX aircraft to ground their models,[118] and three days later issued a NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) message to block all Boeing 737 MAX models from landing and departing from all domestic airports.[119]
- European Union: The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all flight operations of all 737-8 MAX and 737-9 MAX in the European Union. In addition, EASA published a Safety Directive, published at 18:23,[120] effective as of 19:00 UTC, suspending all commercial flights performed by third-country operators into, within or out of the EU of the above mentioned models[31] The reasons invoked include: "Technical decision, data driven, precautionary measure: Similarities with the Lion Air accident data; Application of EASA guidance material for taking corrective actions in case of potential unsafe conditions; Additional considerations: no direct access to the investigation, unusual scenario of a 'young' aircraft experiencing 2 fatal accidents in less than 6 months".[120]
- Canada: Minister of Transport Marc Garneau said it was premature to consider groundings and that, "If I had to fly somewhere on that type of aircraft today, I would."[121]
- Australia: The Civil Aviation Safety Authority banned Boeing 737 MAX from Australian airspace.[122]
- Malaysia: The Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia suspended the operations of the Boeing 737 Max 8 aircraft flying to or from Malaysia and transiting in Malaysia.[123]
- March 13
- Canada: Minister of Transport Marc Garneau, prompted by receipt of new information,[124] said "There can't be any MAX 8 or MAX 9 flying into, out of or across Canada", effectively grounding all 737 MAX aircraft in Canadian airspace.[125][126]
- United States: President Donald Trump announced on March 13, that United States authorities would ground all 737 MAX 8 and MAX 9 aircraft in the United States.[127][128] After the President's announcement, the FAA officially ordered the grounding of all 737 MAX 8 and 9 operated by U.S. airlines or in the United States airspace.[88] The FAA did allow airlines to make ferry flights without passengers or flight attendants in order to reposition the aircraft in central locations.[129][130]
- Hong Kong: The Civil Aviation Department banned the operation of all 737 Max aircraft into, out of and over Hong Kong.[131]
- Panama: The Civil Aviation Authority grounded its aircraft.[132][133]
- Vietnam: The Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam banned Boeing 737 MAX aircraft from flying over Vietnam.[134]
- New Zealand: The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand suspended Boeing 737 MAX aircraft from its airspace.[135]
- Mexico: Mexico's civil aviation authority suspended flights by Boeing 737 MAX 8 and MAX 9 aircraft in and out of the country.[136]
- Brazil: The National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) suspended the 737 MAX 8 aircraft from flying.[137]
- Colombia: Colombia's civil aviation authority banned Boeing 737 MAX 8 planes from flying over its airspace.[138]
- Chile: The Directorate General of Civil Aviation banned Boeing 737 MAX 8 flights in the country's airspace.[139]
- Trinidad and Tobago: The Director General of Civil Aviation banned Boeing 737 Max 8 and 9 planes from use in civil aviation operations within and over Trinidad and Tobago.[140]
- March 14
- Taiwan: The Civil Aeronautics Administration banned Boeing 737 Max from entering, leaving or flying over Taiwan.[103]
- Japan: Japan's transport ministry banned flights by Boeing 737 MAX 8 and 9 aircraft from its airspace.[141]
- March 16
- Argentina: The National Civil Aviation Administration (ANAC) closed airspace to Boeing 737 MAX flights.[142]
- June 27
Airlines
After the Ethiopian Airlines crash, some airlines proactively grounded their fleets and regulatory bodies grounded the others. (This list includes 6 more MAX aircraft than the official FAA record; these aircraft may have powered on their transponders, but not delivered to an airline. Some pre-delivered aircraft are located at Boeing Field, Renton Municipal Airport and Paine Field airports).[102]
Effect on MAX flights
At the time of its grounding, the MAX was operating 8,600 flights per week.[165]
About thirty Boeing 737 MAX aircraft were airborne in U.S. airspace when the FAA grounding order was announced. The airplanes were allowed to continue to their destinations and were then grounded.[166] In Europe, several flights were diverted when grounding orders were issued.[167][168] For example, an Israel-bound Norwegian 737 MAX aircraft returned to Stockholm, and two Turkish Airlines MAX aircraft flying to Britain, one to Gatwick Airport south of London and the other to Birmingham, turned around and flew back to Turkey.[169]
On June 11, 2019, Norwegian Flight DY8922 attempted a ferry flight from Málaga, Spain to Stockholm, Sweden.[170] However, the aircraft was refused entry into German airspace, and diverted to Châlons Vatry, France.[171][172]
In a rare exemption, Transport Canada approved eleven flights in August and September 2019, partly to maintain the qualifications of senior Air Canada training pilots, because the airline has no earlier-generation 737s within its fleet. The airline used the MAX during planned maintenance movements, and ultimately flew it to Pinal Airpark in Arizona for storage.[173]
In early October 2019, Icelandair moved two of its five MAX 8s for winter storage in the milder climate of northern Spain, making the entire flight with flaps extended to prevent MCAS activation.[174][175][176]
Effect on air transport safety
In December 2019, the German aviation audit company Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Center (JACDEC), which is based in Hamburg, reported using the "Safety Risk Index" method that casualties in air crashes in 2019 nearly halved over 2018: 293 fatalities in 2019 compared to 559 in the previous year.[177] On January 1, 2020, the Dutch aviation consultancy, To70, published its annual "Civil Aviation Safety Review", which recorded that in 2019 there were 86 accidents, 8 of which were fatal, resulting in 257 fatalities.[178] Both results showed that the death toll of 157 in the MAX crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 made more than the half of the fatalities.
Jan-Arwed Richter, head of JACDEC said: "The sharp reduction in fatalities compared to 2018 is—at the risk of sounding macabre—due to the grounding of the 737 MAX in March."[177] Whilst Adrian Young, the author of To70's report, said: "Despite a number of high profile accidents this year's fatal accident rate is lower than the average of the last five years."[178]
Historical parallels
The Boeing 737 series had suffered from rudder issues in the past, resulting in several accidents. A previous model of the 737 also experienced a similar mix of questionable safety assessment, insufficient pilot training, and automated system malfunction when Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 crashed.[179][180] In February 2020, Boeing and NTSB officials refused to cooperate with a new Dutch lawmakers inquiry.[181]
The grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX has been compared with the grounding of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in the wake of the American Airlines Flight 191 accident. A safety panel was convened by the FAA under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences to investigate both the design of the DC-10 and the regulatory system itself. In its report, published in June 1980, the safety panel highlighted the FAA's reliance on the manufacturer during the certification process and the fact that in most cases it performs only a "cursory review" of the manufacturer's information.[182][183] The New York Times noted that the panel found "critical deficiencies in the way the Government certifies the safety of American-built airliners".[184]
For Marian Pistik, head of asset management at International Airfinance Corporation, the case of the MAX is unprecedented due to allegations of wrongdoings. The groundings of the DC-10 and of the Dreamliner could not be directly compared to the global B737 MAX grounding: "there was no suspicion that Boeing or any OEM knew of the problem and tried to disguise it or […] any suspicion of wrongdoing or not being compliant or forthcoming with the issues of the 737 Max."[185] In November 2019, the online media "The Air Current" reviewed historical parallels of public trust between the DC-10 and the MAX.[186]
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- A2252/19 From:27 JUN 19 10:05 Till:30 DEC 19 23:59 EST Text:BOEING 737-8 MAX AND BOEING 737-9 MAX PROHIBITED IN BELGIAN AIRSPACE EXC NON COMMERCIAL FERRY FLT. REF THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY IN EXERCISE OF ITS POWERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH REGULATION (EU) 2018/1139 ARTICLE 70
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