Liquor Control Board of Ontario

The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO; French: Régie des alcools de l’Ontario) is a Crown corporation that retails and distributes alcoholic beverages throughout the Canadian province of Ontario.[4] It is accountable to the Ministry of Finance.[4] It was established in 1927 on the advice of Ontario Premier Howard Ferguson, to sell liquor, wine, and beer.[5] Such sales had been banned outright in 1916;[6] thus, the creation of the LCBO marked an easing of the province's temperance regime (see Prohibition in Canada). By September 2017, the LCBO was operating 651 liquor stores.[7]

Liquor Control Board of Ontario
Crown corporation
IndustryRetail
Founded1927 (1927)
FounderWilliam Donald Ross 
Headquarters
Toronto, Ontario
,
Canada
Number of locations
666 stores (2018–19)[1]
Key people
George Soleas - President & Chief Executive Officer [2]
ProductsLiquor sales and distribution to both consumers and businesses
Revenue$6.39 billion CAD (2018-19)[1]
$2.28 billion CAD (2018-19)[1]
OwnerGovernment of Ontario
Number of employees
3,680 (full-time as of May, 2012) [3]
Websitelcbo.com

The LCBO maintains a "quasi-monopoly"[8] on alcoholic beverage sales in Ontario—Canada's most populous province with over 13 million people, or almost 40% of the nation's population—and as a result is one of the world's largest purchasers of alcoholic beverages.[9] LCBO stores are the only retail outlets licensed to sell alcohol in Ontario, with a few notable exceptions: beer is also sold by The Beer Store (which has a monopoly on retailing 24-bottle cases of beer),[8] and a number of local wine, beer and alcohol producers are licensed to sell their own brands outside the purview of LCBO stores. Many of these outlets are located at the wineries, breweries or distilleries themselves; certain wine retail shops are located within grocery stores.[10] The LCBO has also authorized some supermarkets to sell cider, wine and beer within their grocery aisles.[11][12] As of 9 December 2016, nearly 130 grocery stores had been licensed to do so; by 2020, a full 450 may be licensed.[13] On March 28, 2019, Ontario finance minister Vic Fedeli announced that beer and wine sales would be permitted in corner stores.[14]

The LCBO is also the chief supplier of alcoholic beverages to bars and restaurants in Ontario, which are generally required by law to purchase their alcoholic products through the LCBO, The Beer Store, or directly from Ontario wineries and breweries. Beverages sold at bars and restaurants must be consumed on the establishments' premises. The LCBO was the parent company of the Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation, the only entity licensed to sell cannabis for recreational use in Ontario.[15] This is no longer true as the Ontario Government under Premier Doug Ford has passed the Cannabis Statute Law Amendment Act, 2018.[16]

History
Logo used until 2014.

The LCBO was created in 1927 with the end of prohibition which had been introduced in the province in 1916. The Liquor Control Act (1927) authorized the LCBO to "control the sale, transportation and delivery" of alcoholic beverages in Ontario.[17] Brewers Retail was created to sell beer in a controlled manner while wines and spirits (as well as beer) were sold in LCBO outlets. Wineries and breweries were also allowed to sell from their own stores, which were limited in number.

In the 1924 Ontario prohibition plebiscite Ontarians voted narrowly, by a margin of 51.5% to 48.5%, to retain the Ontario Temperance Act as opposed to the government-controlled sales of beverage alcohol.[18] The Conservative government of Howard Ferguson contested the 1926 provincial election on a platform of easing the temperance law. On being re-elected, it introduced the Liquor Control Act as a compromise between the complete prohibition demanded by the temperance movement and the unregulated sale of alcohol. Premier Ferguson stated that the Liquor Control Act was "... to allow people to exercise a God-given freedom under reasonable restrictions". Ferguson was further quoted as saying the purpose of the LCBO was to "promote temperance sobriety, personal liberty and, above all, to restore respect for the law".[19] To achieve these goals LCBO was mandated by Ferguson's Government to employ an oversight mechanism in order to know "exactly who is buying and how much, and what disposition is being made of it".[20]

The first chief commissioner of the LCBO was D. B. Hanna and the first 18 stores were opened on 1 June 1927, all designed with a clear glass store front to "make the process appear apparent and with a complete absence of mystery", according to an LCBO document. Previously, only wine sales were legal but bootlegged liquor and beer were illegally sold. The business model was a process of "disinterested management"; the product was available but purchases were not encouraged and moderation remained the key word. By the end of 1927, the province had 86 stores and three mail-order facilities.[21][22]

From 1927–1962 the LCBO required people who wanted to purchase liquor to first obtain a permit. They had to present these permits at the point of purchase, and the clerk at the liquor store would enter information about what, precisely, the individual had purchased.[23]

Residents applied for and received individually-numbered (5 digits) liquor permits. A temporary permit was a single sheet form with 6 digit number with effective and expiry dates. This was issued until the yearly permit form was received. It was also provided to non-resident visitors.

Between 1927 and 1957 these permits came in the form of passport sized books that consisted of two separate sections, the first which included the permit holder's personal information (place of residence, marital status, occupation/employer, notes change of address) and a second section which kept a record of the individual's purchase history (date, quantity, value, store number and initials).[24] In 1957 Permit books were replaced with permit cards. These cards held the permit holder's name and their permit number and also were needed in order to purchase liquor at the LCBO.[25] When an individual wanted to make a purchase at an LCBO store he or she had to fill in a purchase order form that included their name, address and permit number as well as the kind and volume of liquor that they wished to purchase.[26] The purchase order form would be handed to an LCBO employee along with the individual's liquor permit and he would "examine [the] permit and see to what extent the purchaser has been buying liquor. If purchaser has exceeded a reasonable quantity per week, note permit number and address and refer to vendor."[27] Under the Liquor Control Act the LCBO was to promote temperance through facilitating education and moderation.[28] This meant a store employee could deny a sale to a customer if his intended purchases may be considered too large for one person to reasonably consume.[29]

Purchase order forms were also used by the LCBO as a means of tracking irregularities in liquor purchases and sales and had to be stamped by the employee who had approved the sale and had filled the order. After the liquor permits books were phased out in 1957, purchase order forms were used as a means of establishing individual's purchase histories in cases legal investigations and the LCBO's own control processes.[30] Purchase order forms remained in use into the 1970s when the LCBO changed to a self serve format.

To control what it considered to be excessive purchases or other abuses of the permit privilege the LCBO employed a list called the interdiction list. Although interdiction was initially a formalized legal process imposed by a judge upon those found in open court to be "drunkards", the Board was charged with maintaining the list between 1927 and 1975 and employed its own standards in adding individuals to this list without any involvement of the justice system.[31][32] The list was circulated to all liquor stores and drinking establishments, and was sent to local and provincial police forces to whom it was explained that it was a crime for listed individuals to possess or be sold any liquor. Between 1927 and 1975 the LCBO conducted its own investigations into over consumption, employing a staff of investigators that visited individuals' homes, work, banks, neighbors and even churches to determine if an individual should be restricted from purchasing liquor.[33] From 1927–1935 the LCBO own investigations resulted in the cancellation of over 33,138 liquor permits and the names of these individuals were added to the circulated interdiction list.[34] In 1929 the LCBO's use of the interdiction list was expanded to include those on social assistance as well as others whom the Board felt should be prohibited from purchasing liquor permits entirely. Between 1929 and 1951, when the LCBO ceased publishing interdiction data in its annual reports, 125,218 individuals had been added to the interdiction list in this way.[35]

In 1934 the mandate of the LCBO was expanded to include the oversight of by-the-glass sale of alcohol in standard hotels and other drinking establishments. As part of the LCBO's regulations licensed establishments were required to adhere to a wide variety of regulations including a limitation on singing, the number of patrons allowed to sit together and most importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a "bona fide escort" in a segregated "Ladies and Escorts" room).[36] The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947.

The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969.[17] In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol, and in the 2000s many of the stores were renovated and enlarged to provide larger product selection. Most current stores have Vintages sections with rotating selections of wines and spirits having low production volumes.[37]

In 1990s the LCBO rebranded stores by removing the Ontario Coat of Arms and wording "Liquor Store" with the more stylized LCBO logo.

In 2013, executives announced plans to build 34 new retail outlets by 2016.[38]

George Soleas, PhD, was appointed to be to be the president and CEO on June 9, 2016.[39].

As of July 11, 2016, LCBO accepts tap-to-pay technology in each of their 654 stores in the province, allowing contactless payment for all purchases of liquor.[40]

Sale of cannabis
See also: Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation

After the federal government announced that recreational use of cannabis would be legalized in 2017 or early 2018,[41] then Premier Kathleen Wynne commented that the LCBO stores might be the ideal distribution network for stocking, controlling and selling such products.[42] The Ontario Public Service Employees Union, which represents LCBO staff, also lobbied for the LCBO to have a monopoly on cannabis sales.

In response to the federal Task Force on Marijuana Legalization and Regulation recommended against selling cannabis in conjunction with alcohol,[43][44] in September 2017 the Government of Ontario announced that the LCBO would be the sole vendor of recreational marijuana to the public in that province but not through the 651 stores that sell alcoholic beverages.[7][45] A new Crown corporation, the Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation (OCRC), was established as a subsidiary of the LCBO with a mandate to initially open 40 stores before legalization took effect in October 2018.[46][47] OCRC also entered a partnership with Shopify to use the company's platform for operating the province's online cannabis sales.[48] In March 2018, OCRC adopted the trading name Ontario Cannabis Store for its retail services. The OCS logo, designed by a Canadian subsidiary of Leo Burnett Worldwide as part of a $650,000 marketing and branding contract,[49] was derided as "boring" and "underwhelming."[50][51]

Following the 2018 provincial election, the new provincial government led by Premier Doug Ford announced that OCRC would not be opening physical stores and that cannabis sales in Ontario would instead be conducted by private stores. Under this new model OCRC will continue to operate the provincial online cannabis sales service and will serve as the wholesale supplier for private stores in Ontario.[52] The Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario's mandate will be widened to include regulation and licensing of private cannabis stores in Ontario.[53] The OCRC will also be moved under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, would no longer be a subsidiary of the LCBO, and would no longer use the Ontario Cannabis Store branding.[54]

Mandate and accountability
LCBO in Toronto

The mandate of the Board is to supervise the business affairs of the LCBO. Among its responsibilities are:

  • ensuring that the LCBO provides high-quality service to the public;
  • developing and approving the strategic plan and monitoring management's success in meeting its business plans;
  • approving annual financial plans;
  • ensuring that the organization remains financially sound;
  • assessing the management of business risks;
  • submitting an annual financial plan to the Minister of Finance;
  • ensuring the organization has communications programs to inform stakeholders of significant business developments;
  • ensuring that the LCBO performs its regulatory role in a fair and impartial manner.[55]

The LCBO is accountable to its stakeholders in a number of ways, including:

  • its Annual Report, required to be tabled in the Provincial Legislature and available for all Ontarians to review, either in print or online at .
  • annual audits of LCBO financial statements by the Office of the Provincial Auditor, as well as internal value-for-money audits of specific LCBO programs, including store planning.
  • public access to records under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
  • Board Members appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, through Orders-in-Council, on the recommendation of the Premier and the Minister of Finance.
  • various statutory reporting requirements under the Liquor Control Act to the Minister of Finance.
  • compliance with Management Board's Agency Accountability Directives.[55]

The LCBO and the Ontario Ministry of Finance, to which it reports, have no Code of Conduct. Conspicuously absent from the LCBO's published mandate and accountability guidelines are:

  • any mention of clarity in labelling and signage, particularly related to contentious issues such as "Cellared in Canada" wine. There is also no mention of clarity in labelling on the website of the Ontario Ministry of Consumer Services.
  • any mention of fair and responsible treatment of stakeholders such as wine agents, wineries and breweries. Many of them are small businesses which collectively contribute much to Ontario's economy.

Signage

The Board's policy states that "In Ontario's 25 designated areas, the operational signage in every LCBO store must be bilingual" ... "This type of signage includes stores' permanent signs and general notices, such as those in the aisles and for customer service."[56]

Pricing
An LCBO store in Richmond Hill, Ontario
An LCBO store in Markham, Ontario
An LCBO store in Toronto

While it is impossible to generalize comparative pricing for the thousands of different alcoholic beverages available through LCBO, the stores have acquired a reputation for high prices. Online price comparisons with independent wine retailers such as Sherry-Lehman[57] in neighbouring New York can indicate price differences ranging from 10% (in LCBO's favour) to 30% (in the independent retailers' favour). However, wines and spirits sold in Canada are subject to the Excise Act, 2001,[58] which contributes greatly to the cost of beverage alcohol, although most liquor tax is provincial. Wine Access,[59] a Canadian food and wine magazine, has claimed that high-end luxury brands sell in Ontario for up to 60% more than in New York.[60] Excise duties on beer and malt liquor are taxed under the Excise Act.[61]

The LCBO pricing policies are designed to control alcohol consumption, generate revenue for the provincial and federal governments, and to support the domestic alcohol beverage industry, especially by providing incentive to purchase Ontario wine. Within this framework, the prices of LCBO products are subject to three policy constraints:

  • All prices are uniform throughout the province, despite inevitable differential costs incurred by transportation and distribution. This policy effectively subsidizes the transportation of goods into the rural parts of the province. However, store managers have the right to reduce prices of 'bin-end' items at their discretion.
  • The LCBO uses a system of "floor pricing", or minimum selling prices, using price control as part of its social responsibility mandate to discourage excessive alcohol consumption. This has been criticized as being a legally sanctioned price fixing mechanism to guarantee profits and discourage price competition, thus protecting established major producers.
  • Less-intoxicating beverages such as light wines and beer are in effect sold by the LCBO at reduced prices, again with the stated object of influencing consumption patterns as part of the Board's social responsibility mandate.[17]

Profits

The company is considered profitable for the provincial government, returning $1.805 billion to the Ontario government in fiscal 2015. This figure does not include the 10% tax charged on alcohol sales in licensed establishments.[62]

Fiscal Year Dividend to Provincial Government

(in billions of Canadian Dollars($))

2008 1.40
2009 1.41
2010 1.55
2011 1.63
2012 1.70
2013 1.74
2014 1.805
2015 1.935
2016 2.06

Debate over privatization

There have been numerous discussions about whether the province should sell, or privatize, the LCBO. It has been argued that the main benefit would be the billions of dollars that would be the immediate windfall from any sale. However, this sale would only deliver a one-time profit, and the province would lose out on a source of steady yearly income. It has also been argued by the C. D. Howe Institute that the government could actually earn more money by dismantling the high-margin retail stores while keeping the lucrative wholesale business as Alberta's privatization of the liquor business suggests.[63] The LCBO's 2006-07 net income was $1.3 billion Canadian dollars (excluding tax revenues generated by Brewers Retail and the independent wine stores), and a sale has been estimated to reap about six billion dollars.[64] Former Premier Ernie Eves stated that when he investigated this possibility, he found that a 100 per cent sale through an income trust would generate 16 billion dollars.

In an attempt to find more revenue for the government within the current system, former Ontario Finance Minister Greg Sorbara ordered a review of the province's liquor distribution methods, under the supervision of John Lacey, a former LCBO board member and grocery executive. Sorbara had stated that any option, other than the complete privatization of the LCBO, would be open for discussion. Subsequent to the release of the report, known as the Beverage Alcohol System Review (BASR),[65] Sorbara rejected the report's recommendations and argued for the continued public ownership of the LCBO. Rejection of the findings notwithstanding, the 2005 report [66] defined the potential benefits of privatization alternatives as greater consumer, convenience and choice via a competitive retail environment, a reduction in government-held investment risk while simultaneously increasing its annual revenues.

An earlier 1994 report from York University, created on behalf of the Ontario Liquor Boards Employees' Union, concluded there to be little governmental or public support for privatization.[17] There may be political motivations to keep alcohol sales public as well, as the LCBO is an excellent source of sinecures for the sitting government. Current LCBO Board Chair is Carmine Nigro.[67] Philip J. Olsson, a long-time Liberal supporter, was the former Chair appointed by the Liberal government shortly after they took power, prior to Olsson was Andy Brandt, who was appointed by NDP Premier Bob Rae in 1991, even though Brandt had been a Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament for a number of years. In 2007, LCBO separated the Board Chair and President/CEO functions, making the Board Chair position part-time. Olsson receives a per-diem for his work as Board Chair,[68] which he donates to the United Way.

Recycling program

The LCBO has phased out its plastic shopping bags, as part of its efforts to become a greener organization. LCBO customers are encouraged to bring their own reusable bags, but can also request handle-less LCBO paper bags or buy reusable bags at the store. Cardboard carrying boxes for individual cans of beer were phased out, with a limited reintroduction during the fall of 2017. The LCBO says the new limited options are expected to eliminate approximately 80 million plastic bags a year from landfill.

In September 2006, the Government of Ontario announced the Ontario Deposit Return Program, a recycling program for LCBO and winery store beverage alcohol containers. The program, which commenced operations on 5 February 2007, is administered and operated by Brewers Retail Inc. Under the program, consumers may return empty bottles, tetra paks, PET plastic and bag-in-box containers, to The Beer Store outlets. This program has been highly criticized by members of the public and employees of The Beer Store. Beer Stores were seeing upwards of 50,000 LCBO containers per week while the unprofitable nature of the program forced wage cuts and staff reductions across Ontario's primary beer distributor.

The deposit rates for the bottles are as follows:

  • Large bottles (greater than 630 ml) – $0.20 each
  • Small containers (equal to or less than 630 ml) – $0.10 each

Through its Natural Heritage Fund, LCBO and its suppliers have raised almost $2 million for projects to restore and rehabilitate Ontario wildlife habitat. This includes Bring Back the Salmon, which helps the return of Atlantic salmon to Lake Ontario after its local extinction over 100 years ago.

LCBO Agencies
A LCBO Agency store in Carlisle

An LCBO Agency is a legally licensed outlet of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Such agencies are placed in small towns and areas that do not have reasonable access to a full service LCBO location. Agency locations are operated by private businesses and allocated through a competitive process.[69]

Controversies

Cellared in Canada

In late 2009, local and international criticism of the "Cellared in Canada" practice and the LCBO emerged. Under the "Cellared in Canada" label, which is now officially known as "International - Canadian blends", Canadian wine producers are allowed to import pre-fermented grape must from grapes grown in other countries to produce wines under their own wine label, although in practice, it is usually finished wine which is imported to be included in International - Canadian blends. In Ontario, producers are allowed to designate these wines as being "cellared" in Canada if they contain a portion of local Ontario grapes. As of April 1, 2014, this percentage is 25% Ontario wine, which may be from labrusca varieties. Historically, this percentage has fluctuated wildly, due to periodic shortages and surpluses of Ontario grapes, and heavy lobbying by large producers and some grape growers.

Grape growers in Ontario have protested against this practice as being a threat to their livelihood, asserting that thousands of tons of Canadian grapes are left rotting on the vine, while large producers use imported grapes to make wine labelled as "Canadian". Growers and producers have criticized this practice as tarnishing the reputation of Canadian wines and misleading consumers. They have also petitioned the government for several changes in the practices, such as making the origin of grapes clearer on the wine label, and increasing the visibility of 100% Canadian Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA) wines in province-run liquor stores. As of August 2009, the stores of the LCBO featured less than 2.5% Canadian wine produced by VQA members, with the vast majority of its wines produced under the "International - Canadian blend" designation with up to 75% foreign wine.[70] Bottles generally say "Cellared in Canada from International and Domestic Content".

Age verification

In May 2011, a study[71] was conducted by Statopex Field Marketing on behalf of the Ontario Convenience Stores Association and found that the LCBO fared poorly when checking for age of minors. Minors between the age of 15 and 18 were used to determine how often LCBO store staff would check for ID before selling alcohol. Minors in the test were accompanied by an adult at a distance to verify any sales that occurred. The test determined that 1 in 4 minors were able to purchase beer at the LCBO without ID. This was poorer than the results shown for The Beer Store, where 1 in 5 minors could purchase beer, or chain convenience stores in Ontario where as few as 1 in 8 could purchase tobacco. The LCBO countered by stating its "retail staff challenged 3.6 million people who appeared underage or intoxicated in 2010 and refused to serve more than 190,000 customers."[72]

Monopoly on cannabis sales

Some critics of the OCRC monopoly on cannabis sales have stated that it will not be the most suitable method. The Cannabis Canada Association, a lobby group representing licensed medical marijuana growers, stated that "a competitive market model would provide the Province with a predictable, low-risk revenue stream without the taxpayer burdens of upfront capital expenditure exposure and operational risk".[73]

The debate proved to be merely of academic interest, since the newly-elected Progressive Conservative government decided in August 2018 that retail sales would be provided by private enterprise companies instead. Finance Minister Vic Fedeli made this comment to the news media: "we will work with private sector businesses to build a safe, reliable retail system that will divert sales away from the illegal market."[74]

High incidence of theft

In late 2018, two articles published by the Toronto Star indicated that theft from the LCBO retail stores was a significant problem, one that was not being effectively handled. There had been some 9,000 thefts at LCBO outlets in Toronto alone since early 2014, according to date provided by the Toronto Police Service. For reasons of personal safety, LCBO staff are not encouraged to confront shoplifters. "The LCBO doesn’t want their staff getting into tussles with thieves inside the store, and I understand that. But when you couple that with a policing decision that says we just don’t have the resources to respond unless the thief is on the scene, you lose a lot of the deterrent," said Mike McCormack, president of the Toronto Police Association. As a result, thefts were likely to continue, leading to frustration by staff and the public.[75][76]

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See also

References
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  2. Governance, corporate. "LCBO Corporate Structure". Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  3. "LCBO Quick Facts". 2011.
  4. "Chapter 17: Government Business Enterprises". www.fin.gov.on.ca. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  5. "Private wine shops in Ontario? John Szabo's Vintages preview for Nov. 24, 2012". Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  6. McRuer, J. C. (James Chalmers) (1922-01-01). The Ontario liquor laws, being the Ontario Temperance Act and amending acts 1916 to 1922; with annotations, supplemented by the Dominion and provincial acts affecting the liquor traffic in Ontario. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Law Bk. Co.
  7. Benzie, Robert (8 September 2017). "LCBO to run 150 marijuana stores". Retrieved 12 January 2018 – via Toronto Star.
  8. "Time to end alcohol retail monopolies in Ontario, report says | Toronto Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  9. FAQ - LCBO Media Centre, accessed January 24, 2008
  10. "Wine Rack, Wine Shop face major shakeup: Cohn | Toronto Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  11. "LCBO vows to open up to seven kiosks in Ontario grocery stores selling beer, wine and spirits". Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  12. Duggan, Evan (24 November 2016). "Alcohol sales in supermarkets a boost to asset values". Property Biz Canada. Property Biz Canada. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Beer and cider on the aisles of Ontario supermarkets was first allowed in December 2015 breaking a long held monopoly on sales enjoyed for decades by The Beer Store and LCBO
  13. CNW (9 December 2016). ""Don't buy into privatization," LCBO union says". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia. Retrieved 16 December 2016. expanded beer, cider, and wine sales to nearly 130 grocery stores across the province. That number that could reach 450 by 2020, the government says.
  14. Business, P. M. N. (March 28, 2019). "Ontario to expand beer, wine to corner stores, finance minister says | Financial Post". Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  15. "LCBO subsidiary to manage Ontario marijuana sales". theglobeandmail.com. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  16. "Bill 36, Cannabis Statute Law Amendment Act, 2018". Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  17. Jazairi, Nuri T. (1994). "The Impact of Privatizing the Liquor Control Board of Ontario".
  18. Sage, Rick (July 2007). "Referendums In Ontario: An Historical Summary" (PDF). Legislative Library of Ontario. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03.
  19. Ferguson, Howard (1926). Speech delivered at Kemptville (Speech). Outlook.
  20. ""To the People of Ontario." Papers Concerning the Temperance Question in Ontario 1907–1929. Archives of Ontario: Howard Ferguson Fonds F 8, MU1029, File: Ferguson, George Howard Papers". 1927.
  21. "University of Waterloo prof awarded Nobel Prize for physics". Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  22. "Punched Drunk - Alcohol, Surveillance and the LCBO". Fernwood Publishing. 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  23. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Liquor Permits. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.45-55.
  24. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Liquor Permit Books. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.45-53.
  25. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Liquor Permit Cards. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax). pp. 83–84.
  26. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Purchase Order Forms. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.56-59,83-84.
  27. "LCBO Instructions to Vendors Regarding the Issuance of Liquor Permits for 1927–1928. AO: Administrative Records of the General Manager of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, RG 41-3, box: 8, file: 1-200". 1927.
  28. Malleck, Dan (2005). "The Bureaucratization of Moral Regulation: The LCBO and (not-so) Standard Hotel Licensing in Niagara, 1927–1944". Histoire sociale / Social History (University of Ottawa).
  29. "LCBO Circular 497 page 1". 1928. "LCBO Circular 497 page 2". 1928. "LCBO Circular 497 page 3". 1928.
  30. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Process. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.84.
  31. "LCBO Circular 904". 1930.
  32. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Interdiction. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.91-105,117-123.
  33. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - The Interdiction Process. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.87-115.
  34. Liquor Control Board of Ontario (1927–1935). Annual Reports of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. 1927–1935. Toronto.
  35. Liquor Control Board of Ontario (1929–1951). Annual Reports of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. 1929–1951. Toronto.
  36. Thompson, Scott; Genosko, Gary (2009). Punched Drunk: Alcohol, Surveillance, and the LCBO 1927-75 - Surveillance of Licensed Establishments. Fernwood Publishing (Halifax)p.146-153.
  37. Evans Hammond, Carolyn (15 June 2019). "What's the difference between Vintages and the rest of the LCBO?". Toronto Star. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  38. Vincent, Donovan (18 September 2013). "Ontario liquor sales: LCBO preparing for big changes". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
  39. "LCBO Announces Appointment Of Dr. George Soleas As New President And CEO". lcbo.com (Press release). June 9, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  40. Rossignol, Joe. "Latest Apple Pay Retailers Include LCBO and Former CurrentC Backers". Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  41. Cullen, Catherine (1 November 2016). "Legal marijuana could raise federal cash — but not right away, PBO says". CBC News. CBC. Retrieved 4 December 2016. as early as January 2018
  42. "LCBO well suited to sell marijuana when legal, Kathleen Wynne says". CBC News. CBC. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Ontario premier says it makes sense to use distribution system province already has in place
  43. The Canadian Press (13 December 2016). "Task force recommends setting 18 as minimum age for pot purchases". BNN. Bell Media. Retrieved 13 December 2016. recreational marijuana should not be sold in the same location as alcohol or tobacco
  44. LeBlanc, Daniel (13 December 2017). "Federal task force advises wide-ranging legalization of recreational marijuana". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 December 2016. The group of experts, chaired by former Liberal minister Anne McLellan...
  45. "Ontario government's marijuana monopoly could weed out craft growers". nationalpost.com. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  46. "Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation Act, 2017". S.O. 2017, c. 26, Sched. 2, Act of December 12, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  47. Benzie, Robert (3 November 2017). "LCBO announces first 14 cities to have legal recreational marijuana shops". Retrieved 12 January 2018 – via Toronto Star.
  48. "Shopify will manage online cannabis sales in Ontario". CBC News. The Canadian Press. September 28, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  49. "LCBO to pay agency $650,000 for branding, marketing of cannabis store, logo". Ottawa Citizen. March 10, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  50. Vomiero, Jessica (March 10, 2018). "LCBO releases logos for 'Ontario Cannabis Store,' and people are underwhelmed". Global News. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  51. "Not high on inspiration: Ontario Cannabis Store logo derided as boring". CBC News. March 10, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
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