Leucanthemum vulgare

Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy and other common names,[2] is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.

Leucanthemum vulgare
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Leucanthemum
Species:
L. vulgare
Binomial name
Leucanthemum vulgare
Synonyms[1]

Description

Leucanthemum vulgare is a perennial herb that grows to a height of 60 cm (24 in) or more and has a creeping underground rhizome. The lower parts of the stem are hairy, sometimes densely hairy but more or less glabrous in the upper parts. The largest leaves are at the base of the plant and are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long, about 5 cm (2.0 in) wide and have a petiole. These leaves have up to 15 teeth, or lobes or both on the edges. The leaves decrease in size up the stem, the upper leaves up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) long, lack a petiole and are deeply toothed.[2][3][4][5][6]

The plant bears up to three "flowers" like those of a typical daisy. Each is a "head" or capitulum 2–6 cm (0.79–2.36 in) wide. Each head has between fifteen and forty white "petals" (ray florets) 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long surrounding the yellow disc florets. Below the head is an involucre of glabrous green bracts 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long with brownish edges. Flowering mostly occurs from late spring to early summer. The seed-like achenes are 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long and have ten "ribs" along their edges but lack a pappus.[2][3][4]

Ox-eye daisy is similar to shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) which has larger flower-heads (5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) wide) and to stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula which has smaller heads (1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) wide).[3]

Taxonomy and naming

Leucanthemum vulgare was first formally described in 1778 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who published the description in Flore françoise.[1][7][8] It is also known by the common names ox-eye daisy, dog daisy, field daisy, Marguerite, moon daisy, moon-penny, poor-land penny, poverty daisy and white daisy.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Ox-eye daisy is native to Europe, and to Turkey and Georgia in Western Asia. It is a typical grassland perennial wildflower, growing in a variety of plant communities including meadows and fields, under scrub and open-canopy forests, and in disturbed areas. The species is widely naturalised in many parts of the world and is considered to be an invasive species in more than forty countries. It grows in temperate regions where average annual rainfall exceeds 750 mm (30 in), and often where soils are heavy and damp. It is often a weed of degraded pastures and roadsides.[3][5][9][10][11]

Ecology

Ox-eye daisy spreads by seeds and by shallow, creeping rhizomes. A mature plant can produce up to 26,000 seeds that are spread by animals, vehicles, water and contaminated agricultural produce, and some seeds remain viable for up to nearly forty years. It is not palatable to cattle and reduces the amount of quality pasture available for grazing. In native landscapes such as the Kosciuszko National Park in Australia, dense infestation can exclude native plants, causing soil erosion and loss of soil organic matter.[3][5][10][11]

This plant was top-ranked for pollen production per floral unit sampled at the level of the entire capitulum, with a value of 15.9 ± 2 μL, in a UK study of meadow flowers.[12]

Status as an invasive species

Leucanthemum vulgare is one of the most widespread weeds in the Anthemideae. It became an introduced species via gardens into natural areas in parts of Canada,[13] the United States,[14] Australia,[3] and New Zealand.[15] In some habitats it forms dense colonies displacing native plants and modifying existing communities.[9][16][17]

Ox-eye daisy commonly invades lawns, and is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments[9] and is a problem in pastures where beef and dairy cattle graze, as usually they will not eat it, thus enabling it to spread;[15] cows who do eat it produce milk with an undesirable flavor.[18] It has been shown to carry several crop diseases.[19]

This species has been declared an environmental weed in New South Wales and Victoria. In New South Wales it grows from Glen Innes on the Northern Tablelands to Bombala in the far southeast of the state, and there are significant populations in the Kosciuszko National Park where it has invaded subalpine grassland, snowgum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) woodland and wetlands. In Victoria it is a prohibited species and must be eradicated or controlled.[3][20]

Uses

Food

The unopened flower buds can be marinated and used in a similar way to capers.[21]

Maud Grieve's Modern Herbal (1931) states that "The taste of the dried herb is bitter and tingling, and the odour faintly resembles that of valerian."[22]

Use in horticulture

Leucanthemum vulgare is widely cultivated and available as a perennial flowering ornamental plant for gardens and designed meadow landscapes. It thrives in a wide range of conditions but prefers a sunny or part-sun location of average soil that is damp (like many in the Daisy family). Ox-eye daisy does well in raised and mulched garden beds that retain moisture and prevent weeds. It is a mesophyte and therefore requires more or less a continuous water supply. The heads of faded and old blooms are often deadheaded to promote further blooming and to maintain the appearance of the plant. There are cultivars, such as 'May Queen', that begin blooming in early spring.

Allergies

Allergies to daisies do occur, usually causing contact dermatitis.[23]

  • Infestation in native pasture near Guyra in Australia
  • L. vulgare plant after flowering, showing the foliage.
  • Capitulum of L. vulgare from below, showing the involucral bracts.
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See also

References
  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  2. Brown, Elizabeth A. "Leucanthemum vulgare". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  3. "Leucanthemum vulgare". Queensland Government Weeds of Australia. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  4. Thompson, Ian R. (2007). "A taxonomic treatment of tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) in Australia" (PDF). Muelleria. 25: 39–40. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  5. "Ox-eye daisy". New South Wales Government Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  6. Walsh, Neville. "Leucanthemum vulgare". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  7. "Leucanthemum vulgare". APNI. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  8. Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1778). Flore françoise (Volume 2). Paris: l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 137. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  9. "Ox-Eye Daisy – Chrysanthemum leucanthemum". cirrusimage.com.
  10. "Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)". State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria). Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  11. "Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare". Washington State Weed Control Board. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  12. Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016). "Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows". PLoS ONE. 11 (6): e0158117. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158117H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117. PMC 4920406. PMID 27341588.
  13. T. Dickinson; D. Metsger; J. Bull; R. Dickinson (2004). ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. p. 175.
  14. oxeye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare (Asterales: Asteraceae). Invasive.org (2010-05-04). Retrieved on 2015-07-08.
  15. "Oxeye daisy". Massey University; University of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  16. "Plants Profile for Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy)". usda.gov.
  17. "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for LEUCANTHEMUM vulgare". berkeley.edu.
  18. Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 22.
  19. "Leucanthemum vulgare". University of Georgia: Invasive plant atlas. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  20. "Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)". New South Wales Government Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  21. "Forbes Wild Food". wildfoods.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13.
  22. Grieve, Maud (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1. p. 248. ISBN 9780486227986.
  23. Lynette A. Gordon (1999). "Compositae dermatitis". Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 40 (3): 123–130. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00341.x. PMID 10439521.

Further reading
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