Legio I Adiutrix

Legio prima adiutrix ("Rescuer First Legion"), was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 68, possibly by Galba when he rebelled against emperor Nero (r. 54–68). The last record mentioning the Adiutrix is in 344, when it was stationed at Brigetio (modern Szőny), in the Roman province of Pannonia. The emblem of the legion was a capricorn,[1] used along with the winged horse Pegasus, on the helmets the symbol used by I Adiutrix legionaries was a dolphin.[1]

Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio I Adiutrix, stationed on the river Danube at Brigetio (Szőny, Hungary), in Pannonia Inferior province, from AD 86 to at least 344
I Adiutrix celebrated by Septimius Severus with this denarius. I Adiutrix supported Severus in his fight for purple.
Brick stamp LEG I AD found in Rheinzabern.

Origins

The legion probably was founded by Nero, although some sources state that it was Galba.[2] Some theories propose the idea that Nero started to recruit marines from the Misenum navy, and it is likely that Galba was responsible for the final stages of the organization, when sacrifices were brought, and the legion received its aquila standard. There may have been children among the first recruits.[2]

Year of the Four Emperors

In the confusing Year of the Four Emperors, the legion fought in Otho's army in the Battle of Bedriacum, where this emperor was defeated by Vitellius[3] The victorious Vitellius ordered the legion transferred to Spain,[4] but by the year 70 it was fighting in the Batavian rebellion.

Helmet of Lucius Lucretius Celer, Soldier in the centuria of Gaius Mummius Lolianus of the Legio I Adiutrix

Stationed in Moguntiacum

The city of Moguntiacum (Mainz) is the legion's first known base camp, shared with Legio XIV Gemina, where they attended mainly building activities. In 83, they fought the Germanic wars against the Chatti, a German tribe living across the Rhine, under the command of Emperor Domitian. After that they were transferred to the Danubian army stationed in the Roman province of Pannonia, to fight the Dacians.

Legio I Adiutrix Pia Fidelis

Following the murder of Domitian in 96, the Adiutrix, along with the Danubian army, played an important role in Roman politics, forcing Nerva to adopt Trajan as his successor. When Trajan became emperor, he gave the legion the cognomen Pia Fidelis ("loyal and faithful") to acknowledge their support.[5] Between 101 and 106, under the new emperor's command, I Adiutrix, along with IV Flavia Felix and XIII Gemina, conquered Dacia and occupied the newly formed province. Trajan also used his Pia Fidelis in the campaign against Parthia (115–117), but they were sent back to Pannonia by his successor emperor Hadrian, with base in Brigetio.

During the next decades, I Adiutrix remained in the Danube frontier. Under Marcus Aurelius, I Adiutrix fought the war against Marcomanni commanded by Marcus Valerius Maximianus. Between 171 and 175, the commander was Pertinax, emperor for a brief period in 193. When Septimius Severus became emperor, I Adiutrix was among his supporters, following him in the march for Rome.

In the next decades, the main base was again Pannonia, but they played a part in several Parthian wars, namely the campaigns of 195 and 197–198 of Septimius Severus, 215–217 led by Caracalla and 244 by Gordian III.

It (probably vexilationes of it) took part in the battle of Mediolanum.

The legion received the cognomen Pia Fidelis Bis ("twice loyal and faithful") and Constans ("reliable"), sometime in the 3rd century.

Gabara the Giant

Gabara was a three-meter (9 feet 9 inches) tall Arabian giant that, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, served in the Adiutrix legion under the Roman emperor Claudius. According to the story, Gabara was so admired by his fellow soldiers that some worshipped him like a god.[6]

Attested members
Name Rank Time frame Province Source
Orfidius Benignus legatus legionis 69 Italia Tacitus, Histories, ii.43
Sextus Octavius Fronto legatus legionis between 75 and 85
Titus Julius Maximus Manlianus legatus legionis c. 105 CIL XII, 3167
Lucius Attius Macro legatus legionis between 125 and 130 Pannonia Superior CIL III, 4356
Claudius Maximus[7] legatus legionis c. 134 - c. 137 Pannonia Superior
Titus Flavius Longinus[8] legatus legionis c. 143-c. 146 Pannonia Superior IGRR I, 622
Gaius Julius Commodus Orfitianus[8] legatus legionis c. 149-c. 152 Pannonia Superior
Publius Helvius Pertinax[8] legatus legionis c. 171-175 Pannonia Superior Augustan History, Pertinax, 2.6
Marcus Valerius Maximianus[8] legatus legionis c. 179 Pannonia Superior AE 1956, 124
Lucius Aurelius Gallus[9] legatus legionis c. 193 Pannonia Superior
Gaius Junius Faustinus Placidus Postumianus[9] legatus legionis c. 196? Pannonia Superior CIL VIII, 597
Quintus Cornelius Valens Cu[...] Honestianus Junianus[9] legatus legionis 200/210 Pannonia Superior CIL VIII, 18269
Claudius Piso[9] legatus legionis c. 207 Pannonia Superior
Lucius Julius Apronius Maenius Pius Salamallianus[9] legatus legionis 220/222 Pannonia Superior CIL VIII, 18270
Aemillus Deciminus medicus ordinarius c.114 Pannonia CIL III, 4279
Quintus T.f. Attius Priscus tribunus angusticlavius 1st century CIL V, 7425 = ILS 2720
Lucius Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus tribunus laticlavius c. 115 CIL XIV, 3599
Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus tribunus laticlavius between 178 and 180 Pannonia Superior CIL XIV, 3900
Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus tribunus laticlavius late 2nd century Pannonia Superior CIL III, 10473
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See also

Notes
  1. L.J.F. Keppie, The Origins and Early History of the Second Augustan Legion, in L.J.F. Keppie, Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000, Stuttgart, 2000, p. 128.
  2. "Legio I Adiutrix - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
  3. Tac., Hist. II 43.1.
  4. Tac., Hist. III 44.
  5. ILS 1029, 1061, etc.
  6. Parkhurst, John (1823). A Hebrew and English Lexicon, without points. London: William Banes and Son. p. 21.
  7. Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag 1977), p. 334
  8. Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antonine, p. 296
  9. Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (1989), p. 335

References

Primary sources
  • Tacitus, Histories.

Secondary sources
  • J.B. Campbell, art. Legio, in NP 7 (1999), klm. 7-22.
  • L.J.F. Keppie, The Origins and Early History of the Second Augustan Legion, in L.J.F. Keppie, Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000, Stuttgart, 2000, pp. 123–160.


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