Leavenworthia

Leavenworthia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It includes about eight species native to the southern and southeastern United States.[1] They are known generally as gladecresses.[2][3]

Leavenworthia
Leavenworthia stylosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Brassicales
Family:	Brassicaceae
Genus:	Leavenworthia Torr.
Species
about 8, see text

Description

Leavenworthia exigua from Central Tennessee showing characteristic siliques.

These are small annual herbs under 10 centimeters tall.[4] They produce a basal rosette of leaves and often lack a true stem, instead sending up a scape, a flowering stalk topped with an inflorescence. The inflorescence is usually made up of just one flower, but a large plant may produce several flowers in a raceme. The petals are white, yellow, orange, or lavender. They are often notched and clawed, narrow at the base and wider at the tip. There are six stamens, two short and four long. The fruits are siliques or silicles of various shapes. The seeds are flattened and have wide margins or wings.[1]

Ecology

Leavenworthia species are mainly restricted to habitats with limestone substrates, especially cedar glades.[5] These glades can be very wet in winter and spring, even flooded.[4] Several species are narrow endemics in terms of geography; L. alabamica and L. crassa are endemic to Alabama, L. aurea to Oklahoma, L. stylosa to Tennessee, and L. texana to Texas.[1]

Breeding systems

The mating systems found in genus Leavenworthia have been studied extensively because they are variable and have changed several times in the evolutionary history of the group. Some species are self-compatible, while others are self-incompatible. L. exigua, L. torulosa, and L. uniflora are self-compatible, able to produce seed from ovules fertilized by their own pollen. In L. alabamica and L. crassa, separate populations of self-compatible and self-incompatible individuals have been observed. At at least three points in the history of Leavenworthia there have been transitions between mating systems, in which self-incompatible plants evolved self-compatibility, developing the ability to fertilize their own ovules.[4]

This process has inspired studies of the genetics of the genus, which may help explain how such changes occurred. Self-incompatibility is the ancestral state of the genus, and it has been lost several times.[6] The transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility is described as the loss of a barrier, rather than the gain of a new function; in L. alabamica, for example, a mutation in a pollen gene may have led to the production of compatible pollen.[7] Self-compatible plants are also shaped differently, with smaller flowers in which the pollen-bearing anthers are positioned closer to the stigma.[6]

Diversity

Taxa include:[1][2][3][8]

• Leavenworthia alabamica – Alabama gladecress
  • Leavenworthia alabamica var. alabamica
  • Leavenworthia alabamica var. brachystyla
• Leavenworthia aurea – golden gladecress, golden yelloweye
• Leavenworthia crassa – fleshyfruit gladecress
  • Leavenworthia crassa var. crassa
  • Leavenworthia crassa var. elongata
• Leavenworthia exigua – Tennessee gladecress
  • Leavenworthia exigua var. exigua
  • Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata – Kentucky gladecress
  • Leavenworthia exigua var. lutea
• Leavenworthia stylosa – cedar gladecress
• Leavenworthia texana (syn. L. aurea var. texana) – Texas golden gladecress
• Leavenworthia torulosa – necklace gladecress
• Leavenworthia uniflora – Michaux's gladecress

References

1. Leavenworthia. Flora of North America.
2. Leavenworthia. USDA PLANTS.
3. Leavenworthia. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
4. Beck, J. B., et al. (2006). Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae) revisited: testing classic systematic and mating system hypotheses. Systematic Botany 31(1), 151-59.
5. Baskin, J. M. and C. C. Baskin. (1978). The rarity of Leavenworthia uniflora, with special reference to its occurrence in Kentucky. Castanea 43(1) 54-57.
6. Busch, J. W. (2005). The evolution of self-compatibility in geographically peripheral populations of Leavenworthia alabamica (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 92(9), 1503-12.
7. Chantha, S. C., et al. (2013). Secondary evolution of a self-incompatibility locus in the Brassicaceae genus Leavenworthia. PLoS Biology 11(5), e1001560.
8. GRIN Species Records of Leavenworthia. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Further reading

• Busch, J. W., et al. (2011). Demographic signatures accompanying the evolution of selfing in Leavenworthia alabamica. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(5), 1717-29.
• Joly, S. and D. J. Schoen. (2011). Migration rates, frequency-dependent selection and the self-incompatibility locus in Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae). Evolution 65(8), 2357-69.