Lake Simcoe

Lake Simcoe (French: Lac Simcoe) is a lake in southern Ontario, Canada, the fourth-largest lake wholly in the province, after Lake Nipigon, Lac Seul, and Lake Nipissing.[6] At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century the lake was called Ouentironk ("Beautiful Water") by the Wyandot (Huron) people. It was also known as Lake Taronto until it was renamed by John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, in memory of his father, Captain John Simcoe, Royal Navy.

Lake Simcoe
Satellite View.
LocationOntario
Coordinates44°26′12″N 079°20′21″W
TypeFreshwater
EtymologyOuentironk, a Huron (Wyandot) word meaning "beautiful water"
Primary inflowsHolland River, Talbot River
Primary outflowsSevern River
Catchment area2,840 km2 (1,100 sq mi)[1]
Basin countriesCanada
Max. length30 km (19 mi)[2]
Max. width25 km (16 mi)[2]
Surface area722 km2 (279 sq mi) [3]
Average depth15 m (49 ft)[4]
Max. depth41 m (135 ft)[2]
Water volume11.6 km3 (2.8 cu mi)[1]
Shore length1240 kilometres (150 mi) [4]
Surface elevation219 m (719 ft) [5]
IslandsGeorgina Island, Thorah Island, Strawberry Island, Snake Island, Fox Island, Helmers Island, Grape Island
SettlementsOrillia, Barrie
References
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The lake is bordered by Simcoe County, Durham Region, and York Region. The city of Barrie is located on Kempenfelt Bay, and Orillia is located at the entrance to Lake Couchiching. The watershed draining into the lake contains a population of roughly half a million people, including the northern portion of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).

The town of Georgina lies along the entire south shore of Lake Simcoe and consists of smaller residential towns and communities, including Keswick on Cook's Bay, Sutton, Jackson's Point, Pefferlaw, and Udora.

The town of Innisfil occupies the western shore south of Barrie and north of Bradford. Eastside Simcoe includes the towns of Beaverton, Brechin and Lagoon City.

History

Lake Simcoe is a remnant of a much bigger, prehistoric lake known as Lake Algonquin. This lake's basin also included Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Nipigon, and Lake Nipissing. The melting of an ice dam at the close of the last ice age greatly reduced water levels in the region, leaving the lakes of today.

At the time of the first European contact in the 17th century, the lake was called Ouentironk ("Beautiful Water") by the Wyandot (Huron) natives. A 1675 map by Pierre Raffeix referred to the lake with the French term Lac Taronto[7] and a 1687 map by Lahontan called it Lake Taronto, while the name Tarontos Lac appeared on a 1678 map of New France by cartographer Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin.[8] The term Taranto refers to an Iroquoian expression meaning gateway or pass. Taronto had originally referred to The Narrows, a channel of water through which Lake Simcoe discharges into Lake Couchiching. (Natural Resources Canada gives a related translation: "it originated as the Mohawk phrase tkaronto, which means "where there are trees standing in the water". According to several Mohawk speakers and aboriginal language expert John Steckley. Mohawks used the phrase to describe The Narrows, where Hurons and other natives drove stakes into the water to create fish weirs. Radiocarbon dating of surviving stakes reveals that the weirs at The Narrows were in use more than 4,000 years ago.") Since then, many subsequent mapmakers adopted this name for it, though cartographer Vincenzo Coronelli is thought to have introduced the more commonly used spelling of Toronto in a map he created in 1695.[9]

Map of Lac de Frontenac (Lake Ontario) from the late 1600s, showing Teiaiagon and Lac Taronto, now known as Lake Simcoe.

The name 'Toronto' found its way to the current city through its use in the name for the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail (or Toronto Passage), a portage running between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, that passed through Lake Toronto, which in turn was used as the name for an early French fort located at the foot of the Toronto Passage, on Lake Ontario. The Severn River, its outlet stream, was once called 'Rivière de Toronto' which flows into Georgian Bay's Severn Sound, then called the 'Baie de Toronto'.

Later French traders referred to it as Lac aux Claies, meaning "Lake of Grids (or Trellises)" in reference to the Huron fishing weirs in the lake. It was known by this name until the beginnings of Upper Canada.[10] It was renamed by John Graves Simcoe in 1793 in memory of his father, Captain John Simcoe. Captain Simcoe was born on 28 November 1710, in Staindrop, in County Durham, northeast England and served as an officer in the Royal Navy, dying of pneumonia aboard his ship, HMS Pembroke, on 15 May 1759.[11]

The lake is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) long, 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide and 722 square kilometres (279 sq mi) in area.[2] It is shaped somewhat like a fist with the index finger and thumb extended. The thumb forms Kempenfelt Bay on the west, the wrist Lake Couchiching to the north, and the extended finger is Cook's Bay on the south. Couchiching was at one time thought of as a third bay of Simcoe, known as the Bristol Channel; however, the narrows between the two bodies of water separate them enough to consider this to be another lake. The narrows, known as "where trees stand in the water", an interpretation of the word 'Toronto', was an important fishing point for the First Nations peoples who lived in the area, and the Mohawk term toran-ten eventually gave its name to Toronto by way of the portage route running south from that point, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail.

Regarding the translation of 'Toronto' as meaning "where trees stand in the water", this would have been the likely outcome of the Huron practice of driving stakes into the channel sediments to corral fish. Fresh-cut saplings placed in the water and sediments would have sprouted branches and leaves, persisting for some time, leading to a place "where trees stand in the water".

Watershed and navigation
Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada

A number of southern Ontario rivers flow, generally north, into the lake, draining 2,581 km2 (997 sq mi) of land. From the east, the Talbot River, part of the Trent–Severn Waterway, is the most important river draining into Lake Simcoe, connecting the lake with the Kawartha lakes system and Lake Ontario. From its connection to Lake Couchiching, the Severn River is the only drainage from the lake to Georgian Bay, part of Lake Huron (Simcoe itself is not one of the Great Lakes). The canal locks of the Trent-Severn Waterway make this connection navigable.

A number of creeks and rivers flow into the lake:

Islands within Lake Simcoe
Main article: Georgina Island

Lake Simcoe contains a large island, Georgina, which along with Snake Island and Fox Island forms the reserve of the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation. The lake is dotted with several smaller islands, including Thorah Island (a cottage destination), Strawberry Island, Snake Island, Helmers Island and Fox Island. Pope John Paul II stayed on Strawberry Island for four days just before World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto.[12] Before the completion of the Trent Severn Waterway, the water level on Lake Simcoe was quite low enabling residents to cross in wagons or walk in ankle deep water to the mainland. However, when it was completed, the water table increased by several feet. Grape Island on the north end the late is located off of Orillia. To the east of Grape Island is Goffatt Island, a small an private island located within Ramara.[13]

Georgina, Snake and Fox Islands are within York Region, Thorah is within Durham Region, where as Strawberry Island and Helmers Island are privately owned but within the boundaries of Ramara in Simcoe County. Grape is within Orillia and Goffatt is within Ramara with both owned privately by residents.

Recreation
Lake Simcoe frozen over, seen from Jackson's Point

The lake has little commercial activity, but sees many recreational uses. In the winter, it freezes over completely and hosts a number of ice fishing competitions, making it one of the most intensely fished lakes in Ontario. However, claims that it is one of the world's largest lakes that freeze over completely in winter are pure speculation, and, in fact, spurious; Canada alone has a large number lakes of the same size or larger that do the same.

In the summer, fishing is still an attraction; however, there are also a number of poker runs, jet-skiing, and other boating events. The lake is surrounded with summer cottages leading heavy recreational and boating use in summer.

There are a number of beaches which attract visitors from the GTA as Lake Simcoe has a reputation for cleaner and warmer water than the GTA's Lake Ontario beaches. Many of the beaches are used for kite surfing as well. Willow Beach in Georgina on the south shore is one of the largest and most popular public beaches on Lake Simcoe.

There are seven yacht clubs (sailing) around the lake, which host a number of regattas, and an active sailing community exists on the lake.

The lake also forms part of the Trent-Severn Waterway system that links Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay/Lake Huron.

Lake Simcoe is also well known for its scuba diving. The ship J. C. Morrison sank in 1857 and is a great dive site off centennial beach. There are also a number of other popular scuba diving entrance points popular among fresh water divers. Kempenfelt Bay is the most popular for scuba divers as it is the deepest. Visibility ranges from over 30 feet to near none.

Ecology
View of Lake Simcoe

When a lake is healthy, cold-water fish such as lake trout, herring, and whitefish are abundant and active.[14] It is sometimes known as Canada's ice fishing capital.

Geology and physiography
Lake Simcoe as it is located in Ontario

The lake is located on Paleozoic limestone of the Ordovician period. However, due to deep deposits of glacial sediments, this bedrock only appears exposed along the lakeshore on Georgina Island. This rock, however, also appears along the shore of Lake Couchiching, where sediments are thinner. The outlet of the lake at the north end of Lake Couchiching is controlled by Precambrian bedrock which first makes its appearance about mid-way along this lake. As a result, the lake has persisted to the present, with the outlet-flow unable to cut down through the rock, and thereby draining the lake. This is unlike its one-time smaller sister-lake of 'Lake Minesing' to the west, being a remnant of Lake Algonquin, and, later the Nipissing stage of Lake Huron. This lake's outlet was founded on sediments located near Edenvale, which have largely been cut through, draining most of the lake. Today 'Lake Minesing' exists as the Minesing Swamp, but it re-establishes itself for a short period each spring when spring run-off floods the basin.

Isostatic rebound from the retreat of the last glaciers results in a steady rise of Lake Simcoe, particularly at its south end, and is further responsible for the deep organic sediments that have accumulated in its one-time shallow southern arm, known as the Holland Marsh. Here, organic deposits created by vegetation have largely kept pace with the steady rise in water level, and today supports extensive market gardening. All rivers, and most streams, flowing into the lake have wide, deep, navigable mouths as a consequence of the rising waters drowning the river channels.

2017 data for the year prior from the NOAA shows the lake has a yearly average surface temperature of 2.5 degrees Celsius.[15]

Environmental problems

Lake Simcoe has been victim to significant eutrophication. Lake Simcoe has seen a dramatic decline in some fish species, along with an increase in algae blooms and aquatic weed growth. Phosphorus emissions from both urban and rural sources have upset the lake's ecosystem and fostered excessive aquatic plant growth, raising water temperatures, and decreasing oxygen levels, thereby rendering limited breeding grounds inhospitable.

Lake Simcoe has been victim to zebra mussel, purple loosestrife, black crappie, spiny water flea, round goby, rusty crayfish and Eurasian milfoil invasions.[14][16][17][18]

The zebra mussel, which arrived in North American waters in 1985, originated in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea area and is thought to have been brought to North America in the ballast of foreign freighters. Zebra mussels are particularly harmful to Lake Simcoe because they increase the clarity of the water allowing sunlight to penetrate to the bottom of the lake, where more algae and aquatic weeds can grow, accelerating the eutrophication process.[14]

The Rainbow Smelt are another introduced species and they were first observed in the early 1960s. They were believed to compete with native Lake Whitefish and be somewhat responsible for a decline in their populations.[17]

Several initiatives, such as the Lake Simcoe Environmental Management Strategy (LSEMS), the Lake Simcoe Conservation Foundation, and the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, are making efforts to rectify some of the lake's environmental woes. A local activist group, The Ladies of the Lake, are using the $250,000 they raised from the sale of a nude picture calendar to rally government, business, the school system, and the local citizenry to rescue the lake. Several towns and communities on the lakeshore depend on Lake Simcoe for their drinking water.

The Region of York is currently finalizing plans for a sewage treatment plant to be constructed on the shores of Lake Simcoe [19] to be located on the Holland River in Cook's Bay. This plant's purpose is to support intensification of development in the Lake Simcoe watershed.

Marine Police

Ontario Provincial Police, South Simcoe Police Service, York Regional Police, Durham Regional Police, and Barrie Police have marine units that patrol on the waters of the lake. Georgina Island Police patrol on Georgina, Fox and Snake Islands with some capability to respond to marine needs off these islands.[20] As part of Orillia, Grape Island is policed by the OPP.

gollark: Much timefulness.
gollark: I was complaining about too few offers on my cheese and ice. Now I have too many.
gollark: The trick is to never pay attention to what you're breeding together.
gollark: 2 groups!
gollark: The Splash BSA?

References
  1. "Lake Simcoe". World Lake Database. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC). 1999. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  2. Guan, Xian (2009). "Monitoring Lake Simcoe Water Quality using Landsat TM Images" (PDF). uwspace.uwaterloo.ca. University of Waterloo. p. 24. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  3. "Lake Simcoe". Corporation of the Town of Georgina Official Website. Town of Georgina. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  4. "Lake Simcoe Region Authority A Watershed For Life". Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  5. "National Data Buoy Center". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Data Buoy Center. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  6. "Ontario - Lake Areas and Elevation". Lakes. Atlas of Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  7. Timothy B. Leduc (May 2016). Canadian Climate of Mind: Passages from Fur to Energy and BeyondII. McGill-Queens. p. 53. ISBN 9780773547629. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
  8. Seputis, Jasmin (14 October 2018). "'Tarontos Lac': Geographer finds oldest known reference to Toronto on 340-year-old French map". Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  9. "The real story of how Toronto got its name". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2006-04-17.
  10. Quayle Innis, Mary, ed. (2007). Mrs. Simcoe's Diary. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-768-6.
  11. Rayburn, Alan. Place Names in Ontario. University of Toronto Press. p. 184.
  12. John Paul to rest as cross makes way through Toronto
  13. "Goffatt Island - Ontario, Canada - Private Islands".
  14. "Addressing The Issue". Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  15. "NOAA View Global Data". NOAA Global Data Viewer. NOAA. 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. can be determined by moving the mouse over the area of the lake
  16. Walker, Susan (2007-03-03). "Lake Simcoe 'Ladies' to the rescue". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  17. "Invasive Species". Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  18. nurun.com. "Invasive crayfish a plenty". orilliapacket.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  19. "UYSSolutions Information - UYSSolutions". uyssolutions.ca. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  20. "Fire & Police Services | Georgina Island".

Bibliography
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