Klonimir

Klonimir (Greek: Κλονίμηρος, Serbian Cyrillic: Клонимир;[a] fl. 896) was a Serbian prince of the Vlastimirović dynasty, and pretender to the throne of the Serbian Principality. His father and uncle, co-princes Strojimir and Gojnik, had been exiled to Bulgaria with their families after their eldest brother Mutimir had ousted them and taken the Serbian throne. Klonimir married a Bulgarian noblewoman chosen by Khan Boris I himself. She later gave birth to a son named Časlav. The descendants of the three Vlastimirović branches continued the feud over the Serbian throne which spanned over the century, and Klonimir returned to Serbia in ca. 896 and attempted to take the country from his cousin Petar, who had ruled since 891. He managed to take over the Serbian city of Destinikon, but the much more powerful Petar defeated him, and it is presumed that Klonimir died in battle. His son Časlav later became the most powerful of the Vlastimirović dynasty, as Prince of Serbia from 927 to 960, unifying several tribes in the region.

Klonimir
Pretender to the Serbian throne
Reignca. 896[b]
PredecessorPetar
SuccessorPetar
BornSerbian Principality
Diedca. 896[b]
Serbian Principality
SpouseBulgarian noblewoman
Issue
DynastyVlastimirović
FatherStrojimir
ReligionChristian

Life
Vlastimirović dynasty
Serb lands in the 9th century.

The history of the early medieval Serbian Principality and the Vlastimirović dynasty (ruled ca. 610–960) is recorded in the work De Administrando Imperio (On the Governance of the Empire), compiled by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959). Vlastimir, the eponymous founder of the Vlastimirović dynasty and the ruling Serbian Prince (archon)[1] in the period of ca. 830–851,[2] was a Byzantine ally who had managed to devastate the Bulgars in a three-year war (839–842), and greatly expand the Serbian realm to the west.[3] Upon his death, the rule was inherited by his three sons, Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik, though supreme rule was held by the eldest, Mutimir.[4] The three brothers successfully fought off a Bulgarian attack in 853 or 854 (shortly after the death of Vlastimir), when they had managed to capture 12 great boyars and the commander himself, Vladimir, the son of Khan Boris I of Bulgaria (r. 852–889). The Bulgars sought to avenge the defeat of their previous Khan, Presian.[5] The Serbs and Bulgars then made peace, and possibly formed an alliance.[6]

A quarrel eventually broke out between Vlastimir's three sons.[7] Mutimir, the eldest, sought supreme leadership of the Serbian throne; as the co-ruling younger brothers, Strojimir and Gojnik, resisted, he had them captured and exiled to Bulgaria,[7] where they were most likely held as hostages at the Bulgarian court at Pliska, after 855/856.[8] According to V. Ćorović, Boris wanted to gain influence on these events in Serbia and sought to help those who could stand on the Bulgarian side instead of the Byzantine, and thus he graciously received the two younger brothers, holding them as weapons for his needs.[7] Evidence of this is the fact that Boris himself chose a Bulgarian noblewoman to marry Strojimir's son, Klonimir.[7] It seems that the exiled families were treated well in Bulgaria, with respect to their status.[8] Mutimir had not exiled all members of his brother's families, but had retained his nephew Petar, the son of Gojnik, at the Serbian court for political reasons,[4] although Petar later feared his father's fate and eventually escaped across the western border to Croatia.[7] The descendants of Vlastimir's sons continued to fight for the throne over the century.[6] An important event was the Christianization of the Serbs which began in 870, accompanied by strong political and cultural influences from the Byzantine Empire.[9]

After Mutimir's death in 890 or 891, the rule of Serbia was inherited by Mutimir's three sons Pribislav, Bran and Stefan (called the Mutimirović), headed by the eldest son, Pribislav.[6] However, Pribislav's reign only lasted less than a year, ending when his cousin Petar returned to Serbia from Croatia and won a battle against Pribislav. Petar acquired the Serbian throne in ca. 892.[6] Mutimir's three sons then left Serbia for Croatia where they sought refuge and help.[10] In ca. 894, Bran tried to oust Petar with Croatian help but was unsuccessful; he was captured and blinded (according to political mutilation culture).[10] In ca. 896, Klonimir left Bulgaria and marched an army into Serbia, entering the Serbian city of Destinikon (Greek: Δεστινίκον, also spelled Destinika and Serbian: Desnica), with the intent of seizing the throne.[11] This city's exact location is undetermined, as De Administrando Imperio only lists it as one of eight fortified cities (καστρα) of baptized Serbia (not counting those of the maritime Serbian principalities). Klonimir was likely supported by the Bulgarians,[12][13] which shows that Petar had bad relations with Bulgaria.[14] However, Klonimir was unsuccessful, and the powerful Petar slew him.[10][11][15] A little while afterwards,[14] Petar was recognized as the ruler of Serbia by Bulgarian Tsar Symeon, resulting in a twenty-year peace and alliance.[6]

Aftermath
Seal of prince Strojimir of Serbia (late 9th century)

Petar ruled at peace with the Bulgars, though he was probably not happy with his subordinate position, and may have dreamed of reasserting his independence. His situation and the succession wars of the three branches of Vlastimir's sons was to play a key part in the coming Bulgarian–Byzantine War.[6] However, according to De Administrando Imperio, Petar would have ruled under the suzerainty of Leo VI.

Klonimir's son, Časlav, was sent with Bulgarian aid to conquer Serbia in 924. The Bulgarians tricked him and annexed Serbia, until Časlav returned from exile in 927 after Symeon's death and asserted his rule over Serbia in a Byzantine alliance.[16]

On July 11, 2006, the Serbian government bought a Byzantine-styled seal in solid gold weighing 15,64 g, most likely belonging to Strojimir (Klonimir's father), at an auction in Munich. It was presumably crafted outside Byzantium, and has a Greek inscription (KE BOIΘ CTPOHMIP, "God Help Strojimir") and a patriarchal cross in the centre. It most likely dates to the second half of the 9th century, between 855/56 and 896, when Klonimir tried to take the Serbian throne.[17]

Annotations
  1. ^
    In De Administrando Imperio, his name is written as Greek: Κλονίμηρος[11] (Klonimeros, Klonimiros[18]), rendered as Klonimir in Serbian (Клонимир). His name has been transcribed into Latin as Clonimerus (J. Meursis, G. S. Assemani and J. G. Stritter) and Clonimer (G. Lucio and A. Banduri).[19] His full name in historiography is written as Klonimir Strojimirović[13][20] (Клонимир Стројимировић)[21] and scarcely as Klonimir Vlastimirović (Клонимир Властимировић).[22] The name Klonimir is derived from the Slavic imperative mood (verb) kloniti, and the common mir.[23]
  2. ^
    According to De Administrando Imperio, Klonimir's failed conquest came two years after Bran's attack.[11]
gollark: I'll patch that in TomatOS 0.59292.
gollark: Ah yes, clever.
gollark: <@235768051683950593> Seriously? Is that bytecode?My best guess is that you're mucking with some string manipulation function to make the system not detect that the path it is using is startup.
gollark: Are you talking about the Hebrew alphabet or something?
gollark: Sorry, I have *no* idea what you're talking about.

References
  1. Stephenson 2000, p. 41
  2. Živković 2006, pp. 12–13
  3. Fine 1991, pp. 108, 110
  4. Đekić, Đ. (2009). "Why did prince Mutimir keep Petar Gojnikovic?" (PDF). Teme (in Serbian). 33 (2): 683–688.
  5. Runciman 1930, p. 93; DAI, pp. 154
  6. Fine 1991, p. 141
  7. Ćorović 2001, ch. 2, IV: Покрштавање Јужних Словена
    Код Срба су за то време почеле међусобне борбе. Синови Властимирови не осташе у слози. Најстарији, Мутимир, хтео је да као такав има врховну власт и како су се браћа његова, Стројимир и Гојник, томе опирала, он их обојицу ухвати и посла у Бугарску, налазећи у њеном владару помагача за своје циљеве. У ствари, Борис је хтео да добије утицаја на прилике у Србији и да помаже тамо оне, који би се у својој политици ослањали на Бугаре место на Византију. Он с тога прогнате српске кнезове прима љубазно, држећи их као оруђе за своје потребе, и тамо Клонимира, Стројимирова сина, ожени с једном угледном Бугарком. Једног од сродника, свог синовца Петра Гојниковића, Мутимир је задржао код себе, али се тај, уплашен очевим удесом, склони у Хрватску. У верском погледу Мутимир се држао источне цркве, иако га је папа Иван VIII позвао, да се, по традицији претходника, врати панонској дијецези, нарочито ваљда с обзиром на то, што је у Методију добила словенског епископа.
  8. Živković 2007, p. 28
  9. Ćirković, Sima (1995). "Rises and falls in Serbian statehood in the middle ages". In Ivić, Pavle (ed.). The History of Serbian Culture. Randall A. Major (transl.). Porthill Publishers. ISBN 1-870732-31-6.
  10. Ćorović 2001, ch. 2, V: Срби између Византије, Хрватске и Бугарске
    Око 890. год. продро је из Хрватске у Србију, после Мутимирове смрти, избегли Петар Гојниковић. Он је свргнуо Мутимирова сина и наследника Прибислава, учврстио се у земљи, и одржао на престолу више од четврт века. Мутимирови синови, тројица, беже Хрватима и траже тамо склониште и помоћ. Покушај средњег брата Брана да са хрватском помоћу сруши Петра није имао успеха (око 894.). Бран сам би ухваћен и ослепљен. Исто је тако пропао и покушај Клонимиров, који је проваливши из Бугарске, био заузео град Достиницу (око 896.). Петар, јачи човек, одупро се свима. Са Хрватима је, изгледа, прекинуо везе, иако су га они с почетка подржавали, вероватно с тога, што су најпре тражили награду за услуге, а после помагали његове противнике. У прво време Петар се, ваљда преко оца или стрица или рођака тамо, приближио Бугарима и окумио се с њиховим новим владаром Симеоном (од 893. год.). Сигуран на тој страни, он је почео да се шири према западу, на рачун хумских и неретљанских владара.
  11. Moravcsik 1967, p. 156; p. 299
    Κλονίμηρος, son of Stroimer, prince of the Serbs
  12. Novaković 1981, pp. 61–63
  13. Fine 1991, p. 154
  14. Kovačević & Jovanović 2002, p. 180
    Овај удар Клонимиров јасно казује да Петар није био у добру с Бугарском; али мало после тога склопи он пријатељство с тадашњим бугарским владаоцем Симеуном ...
  15. Curta 2006, p. 211
  16. Fine 1991, p. 159
  17. Živković 2007, pp. 23–29
  18. Ralph-Johannes Lilie (2002). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen zeit: (641-867). p. 153. ISBN 9783110174564.
  19. Banduri, Anselmo (1729) [1711]. Imperium orientale sive Antiquitates Constantinopolitanae in quatuor partes distributae (in Latin). Ex typographia B. Javarina. p. 60.
  20. Ferdo Šišić (1917). Geschichte der Kroaten, Volume 1. Matica Hrvatska. pp. 119–124.
  21. Recueil de Travaux de l'Institut des Études Byzantines, Volume 36. Naučno delo. 1997. pp. 51–52.
  22. Strizović, Đorđe (2004). Прошлост која живи. Доситеј.
  23. Šimundić 1988, p. 175
  24. Konstantin Jireček (1967). Geschichte der Serben (in German). 1. Hakkert.
  25. Pavel Jozef Šafárik, Josef Jireček (1863). Sebraneʹ spisy. 2. Bedřich Tempskʹy. p. 268.

Sources
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Klonimir
Preceded by
Petar		 — TITULAR —
Serbian Prince
ca. 896
Reason for succession failure:
Battle defeat		 Succeeded by
Petar

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