Khamag Mongol

Khamag Mongol (Mongolian: Хамаг монгол, lit. "Whole Mongol") was a major Mongolic tribal confederation (khanlig) on the Mongolian Plateau in the 12th century. It is sometimes considered a be a predecessor state to the Mongol Empire.[1][2]

Khamag Mongol Хамаг Монголын ханлиг
10th century–1206
Mongol Empire c.1207
Status	Khanate
Capital	Centered camp near Kherlen River
Common languages	Middle Mongol
Religion	Tengrism Shamanism
Government	Elective monarchy
Khan
• 1130–1148	Khabul Khan (1st recorded khan)
• 1148–1156	Ambaghai Khan (2nd)
• 1156–1160	Hotula Khan (3rd)
• 1160 - 1171	Yesugei (de-facto)
• 1189–1206	Genghis Khan (last)
Legislature	Kurultai
Historical era	High Middle Ages
• Liao dynasty records the existence of the Khamag Mongol	11th century or 10th century
• Khabul Khan crowned	1130
• Death of Yesugei	1171
• Temujin becomes Khagan of the Khamag and given honorary name of Genghis Khan	1189
• Jamukha elected as a rival khan to Genghis	1201
• Jamukha defeated by Genghis Khan, who unifies the tribes and establishes the Mongol Empire	1206
Preceded by Succeeded by Liao dynasty Proto-Mongols Mongol Empire
Today part of	Mongolia Russia China

The existence of a somewhat mysterious tribal power known in Mongol tradition as Khamag Mongol Uls is recorded in sources of Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125) in North China and eastern Mongolia.[3] After the fall of Liao dynasty in 1125, the Khamag Mongols began to play an important role on the Mongolian plains.[4] They occupied one of the most fertile lands of the country, the basins of the river Onon, Kherlen and Tuul Rivers in the Khentii Mountains. The Taichiud (Cyrillic: Тайчууд) was one of the three core tribes in the Khamag Mongol Khanate of Mongolia during the 12th century and whose people lived in the southern part of Siberia's Zabaykalsky Krai. Zabaykalsky Krai and the Mongolian Khentii Province were core regions of the Khamag Mongol Khanate.[5] The Khamags consisted of the three core clans Khiyad, Taichuud, Jalairs.

The first khan of Khamag Mongol recorded in history is Khabul Khan from the Borjigin clan. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of the Jurchen Jin armies. Khabul Khan was succeeded by Ambaghai Khagann of the Taichiud. Ambagai was captured by the Tatar confederation while delivering his daughter for marriage to their leadership. He was handed over to the Jin, who cruelly executed him. Ambaghai was succeeded by Hotula Khan, a son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged the Tatars in 13 battles in an effort to obtain vengeance for the death of Ambagai Khan.

Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandson Yesugei, who was a chief of the Khiyad tribe, was an effective and preeminent leader of Khamag Mongol. Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, was born into Yesugei's family as the first son in Delüün Boldog on the upper reaches of the Onon river in 1162.

When young Tooril Khan asked for help from Yesugei, the ruler of the Khamag Mongol,[6] to dethrone his brothers among the Keraites, the Mongols helped him defeat the Keraite leaders and put him on the throne in the early 12th century.

Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars in 1170 and shortly after Yesugei died. The Khamag Mongol began to disintegrate after Yesugei's death in 1171. Political anarchy and a power vacuum lasted until 1189 when Temujin became the Khan of the Khamag Mongol. War broke soon out between other Mongol tribes. Temujin's friend Jamukha was recognized by the rival tribes as Gur-Khan (the universal ruler) in 1201 but he was defeated by the alliance of Khamag Mongol and Keraites.

When Tooril Khan refused to cement the alliance with the Khamag, Temujin's wars with the clans nearly destroyed him. Temujin united all clans on the Mongolian plateau at last in 1206, when he was given the title Genghis Khan.

See also

• List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans

Notes

1. Bat-Ocher Bold (2001), Mongolian nomadic society: a reconstruction of the "medieval" history of Mongolia, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, p. 176, ISBN 0-7007-1158-9
2. History of the Mongolian People's Republic By Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR, p.99
3. Khamag Mongol Uls
4. Histoire de la Mongolie By László Lőrincz, p.43
5. History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
6. He never assumed the title the Khan of the Khamag Mongol but baghatur (hero)

References

• Akademiiya nauk SSSR – History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1973
• Bat-Ochir Bold – Mongolian Nomadic Society, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-22827-9
• The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974: Macropaedia Me-Ne ISBN 0-85229-290-2
• László Lőrincz – Histoire de la Mongolie, Akadémiai Kiadó,the University of Michigan, 1984. ISBN 963-05-3381-2