Kevin O'Higgins

Kevin Christopher O'Higgins (Irish: Caoimhghín Críostóir Ó hUigín; 7 June 1892 – 10 July 1927) was an Irish politician who served as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice from 1922 to 1927, Minister for External Affairs from June 1927 to July 1927 and Minister for Economic Affairs from January 1922 to September 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1927. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Queen's County from 1918 to 1921.[1]

Kevin O'Higgins
Vice-President of the Executive Council
In office 6 December 1922 – 10 July 1927
President	W. T. Cosgrave
Preceded by	New office
Succeeded by	Ernest Blythe
Minister for Justice
In office 30 August 1922 – 10 July 1927
President	W. T. Cosgrave
Preceded by	Eamonn Duggan
Succeeded by	W. T. Cosgrave
Minister for External Affairs
In office 23 June 1927 – 10 July 1927
President	W. T. Cosgrave
Preceded by	Desmond FitzGerald
Succeeded by	W. T. Cosgrave
Minister for Economic Affairs
In office 10 January 1922 – 9 September 1922
President	Michael Collins W. T. Cosgrave
Preceded by	Robert Barton
Succeeded by	Ernest Blythe
Teachta Dála
In office August 1923 – 10 July 1927
Constituency	Dublin County
In office May 1921 – August 1923
Constituency	Laois-Offaly
Member of Parliament for Queen's County
In office 14 December 1918 – 24 May 1921
Preceded by	New office
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Personal details
Born	Kevin Christopher O'Higgins (1892-06-07)7 June 1892 Stradbally, County Laois, Ireland
Died	10 July 1927(1927-07-10) (aged 35) Booterstown, Dublin, Ireland
Cause of death	Assassination
Resting place	Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, Ireland
Nationality	Irish
Political party	Cumann na nGaedheal (1923–27)
Other political affiliations	Sinn Féin (1918–23)
Spouse(s)	Brigid O'Higgins (m. 1915; d. 1927)
Relations	Timothy Daniel Sullivan (Grandfather) Tim Healy (Uncle-in-law) Thomas F. O'Higgins (Brother) Tom O'Higgins (Nephew) Michael O'Higgins (Nephew) Iseult O'Malley (Granddaughter)
Children	5
Education	Clongowes Wood College St. Mary's Knockbeg College
Alma mater	University College Dublin

He was part of early nationalist Sinn Féin, before going on to become a prominent member of Cumann na nGaedheal. In his capacity as Minister for Justice, O'Higgins established the Garda Síochána police force. His brother Thomas and nephews Tom and Michael were also elected TDs at various stages.

Along with Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Eoin O'Duffy, O'Higgins is an important figure in Irish nationalist historiography, representing a more "conservative revolutionary" position when contrasted with republicanism. After having a role in the Irish War of Independence, he went on to defend the nascent Irish Free State, as part of the pro-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. During this time he signed the execution orders of seventy-seven political prisoners. He was later assassinated in retaliation by an IRA unit in Booterstown, County Dublin.

Background

Kevin O'Higgins was born in Stradbally, County Laois, one of sixteen children of Dr. Thomas Higgins and Anne Sullivan, daughter of the Nationalist politician Timothy Daniel Sullivan.[2] His aunt was married to the Nationalist MP Tim Healy. He was educated at the Jesuit-run Clongowes Wood College, where he was expelled. O'Higgins was then moved to Knockbeg College, St. Marys Christian Brother School, Portlaoise. With a view to becoming a priest he went to St Patrick's College, Maynooth. There he broke the non-smoking rules, and was removed to Carlow Seminary.[3] He attended University College Dublin.

O'Higgins joined the Irish Volunteers in 1915. He was efficient, had a forceful personality and was soon appointed captain of Stradbally company, Carlow brigade.[3] He joined Sinn Féin, but was soon arrested and imprisoned in 1918. While he was in prison he became MP for Queen's County (Laois).[4]

1919–1923

O'Higgins in 1922

In 1919, the First Dáil elected its "Aireacht" (Ministry) under the shadow of the Irish War of Independence. O'Higgins was appointed as the Assistant Minister for Local Government under W. T. Cosgrave. When Cosgrave was arrested in 1920, O'Higgins took the lead as head of the Ministry.[3] Like other writers on Sinn Féin, O'Higgins believed the extremists were self-deluded; they themselves rejected the damning epithet "extremist". When he wrote on disillusionment he articulated this fear:

the whole history of the world is the triumph of mind over matter. We are backing our Idea against aeroplanes and armoured cars.[5]

Sinn Féin then split in 1922 over the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In the debate that took place in the Dáil on the Treaty, O'Higgins outlined the reasons for his support thus:

Last October the Minister of Local Government W. T. Cosgrave and myself came deliberately to the decision that we would not recommend any settlement involving allegiance to the King of England. That is true, but I am not ashamed to plead guilty to the fact that I consider political realities and the consequence of my vote... I would have gone back to war rather than recommend a settlement involving allegiance if the Treaty had not been signed. But I face the political situation and realise that some of the biggest personalities in our movement ... have considered this is the last ounce [that] could be got from England, and who, knowing the situation better than I do, attached their names to that document.

When running for election in 1922, he told a crowd:

I have not abandoned any political aspirations to which I have given expression in the past, but in the existing circumstances I advise the people to trust to evolution rather than revolution for their attainment.

He was duly elected Teachta Dála (TD) for Leix–Offaly, becoming Minister for Justice and External Affairs in the Provisional Government.

When the Irish Civil War broke out in June 1922, O'Higgins tried to restore law and order by introducing tough measures. Between then and mid-1923, he confirmed the sentences of execution of seventy-seven republican prisoners of war, including Rory O'Connor who had been best man at his wedding. O'Higgins and his colleagues did not view them as prisoners of war, but rather as criminals. In reprisal for O'Higgins' role in the executions of captured republicans, the Anti-Treaty IRA murdered his father and burned his family home in Stradbally, County Laois.

O'Higgins feared, as did many of his colleagues, that a prolonged civil conflict would give the British an excuse, in the eyes of the world, to reassert their control in the Free State. He was given a nominal posting to the Irish Army during the early stages of the war, which he described as "very short, though very brilliant". General Richard Mulcahy was less impressed, recalling that "O'Higgins' personal presence in the Adjutant-General's office at that time (July–August 1922) was the personal presence of a person who didn't understand what was going on".

In August 1922, following Collins' assassination, O'Higgins was moved from the Army to Ministry of Home Affairs. O'Higgins had formed a negative view of Cosgrave, having worked under him at Local Government, and was not happy when the latter was appointed President of the Executive Council. Of the alternatives Mulcahy had been seen as indecisive, pedantic and too close to the Army (opinions which the subsequent Kenmare incident would make widespread), whereas O'Higgins himself was not avowedly republican. In the Government of the 3rd Dáil he would be classed, along with Desmond FitzGerald, as one of the “Donnybrook set" - out of step with the rest on issues such as Irish language, autarky and militarism.[6]

O'Higgins had set up the Garda Síochána, but by September 1922, the force was experiencing indiscipline in the ranks. He appointed Eoin O'Duffy as Garda Commissioner. At the time O'Duffy was a fine organiser and worked for the emergence of a respected and unarmed police force. O'Duffy insisted on a Catholic nationalist ethos to distinguish the Gardaí from their RIC predecessors.[7] He became increasingly authoritarian in later years, however, a fact that caused several high-profile arguments between himself and O'Higgins.[8] Cosgrave appointed O'Higgins as Vice-President in December that year.[6]

Politics and later career

In March 1924, midway through the 'Army Mutiny', Minister Joseph McGrath resigned from the cabinet and President Cosgrave took sick leave. O'Higgins, as de facto head of government, reversed Cosgrave's policy of appeasement and confronted the IRAO mutineers confounding their objectives.[3] In June, the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 changed his title from Minister for Home Affairs to Minister for Justice.

As Minister for External Affairs he successfully increased Ireland's autonomy within the Commonwealth of Nations. O'Higgins was seen very much as the "strong man" of the cabinet. He once described himself as one of "the most conservative-minded revolutionaries that ever put through a successful revolution". Though far-left political enemies characterised him as having supposed "fascist" tendencies, O'Higgins was to the fore in resisting the small wing of Cumann na nGaedheal who looked to Italy for inspiration.[9] He did not approve of left-wing feminism, for instance when asked by Leader of the Labour Party Thomas Johnson in the Dáil whether he believed giving women the vote had been a success, O'Higgins replied,

I would not like to pronounce an opinion on it in public.

He famously derided the socialist influenced Democratic Programme of the First Dáil as "mostly poetry". Before his death, he toyed with Arthur Griffith's idea of a dual monarchy to end the Partition of Ireland.

Assassination

On Sunday 10 July 1927, O'Higgins was assassinated at the age of 35 on the Booterstown Avenue side of Cross Avenue in Dublin, while on his way to Mass at the Church of the Assumption in Blackrock, Dublin, by three anti-Treaty members of the IRA, Timothy Coughlan, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle, in revenge for O'Higgins' part in the executions of 77 IRA prisoners during the civil war.

None of the three assassins was ever apprehended or charged, but Coughlan, a member of Fianna Fáil as well as the IRA, was killed in strange circumstances in Dublin, in 1928, by a police undercover agent whom he was attempting to murder. The other two (Doyle and Gannon) benefited from the amnesty to IRA members issued by Éamon de Valera, upon his assumption of power in 1932. Gannon, who died in 1965, joined the Communist Party of Ireland and played a central role in organising Irish volunteers for the Spanish Civil War. Yet in party publications his part in assassinating O'Higgins is downplayed.[10] Doyle remained a prominent IRA militant and took part in various acts in the early 1940s. He lived to an old age, dying in 1980, and continued to take pride in having killed O'Higgins.

Legacy

O'Higgins body lay in state in the Mansion House before a state funeral held at St Andrew's Church, Westland Row. He was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery.[11][12]

In 1927, a relief of O'Higgins was posthumously added to a 1923 cenotaph in the grounds of Leinster House dedicated to Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith. This was replaced in 1950, by a simpler granite obelisk commemorating Griffith, Collins and O'Higgins.[13][14]

In July 2012, Taoiseach Enda Kenny unveiled a commemorative plaque to his memory at the site in Booterstown, at the junction of Cross Avenue and Booterstown Avenue, where he was shot.[15] Red paint was sprayed over this memorial within its first week, and it was further damaged shortly afterwards.[16] It was removed some two weeks later and has not returned.

His brother Thomas F. O'Higgins and nephews Tom O'Higgins and Michael O'Higgins were later elected TDs. His granddaughter Iseult O'Malley is a judge of the Supreme Court of Ireland.

• 
  2012 memorial plaque to O'Higgins, located briefly near the site where he was shot
• 
  British Army military intelligence file for Kevin O'Higgins

See also

• Families in the Oireachtas

References

1. "Kevin O'Higgins". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
2. De Vere White, Terence Kevin O'Higgins Methuen and Co. London, 1948.
3. David Harkness, 'O'Higgins, Kevin Christopher (1892–1927)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011.
4. "Kevin O'Higgins". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
5. Terence de Vere White, "Kevin O'Higgins" (London 1948), p.48.
6. Garret FitzGerald (April 2003). "Reflections on the Foundation of the Irish State". University College Cork. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011.
7. Fearghal McGarry, 'O'Duffy, Eoin (1890–1944)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011.
8. Wallace, Colm (2017). The Fallen: Gardaí Killed in Service 1922-1949. Dublin: History Press.
9. Mark Phelan, 'No Fascisti!' - Kevin O'Higgins and the defence of democratic policing in 1920s Ireland', Irish Times, 4 July 2017
10. West, Nigel (15 August 2017). Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-538-10239-8.
11. Lyng, Paul (2000). "Booterstown, A pastoral journey through four centuries 1616–2000", Future Print.
12. O'Riordan, Tomás. "Kevin O'Higgins". Multitext Project in Irish History – UCC. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
13. Turpin, John. "Monumental Commemoration of the Fallen in Ireland, North and South, 1920–60 – Excerpt". Project MUSE. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
14. The OPW – a history of service (PDF). The Office of Public Works. 2006. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2012.
15. Hegarty, Kevin (31 July 2012). "O'Higgins – moral architect of the new Irish state". The Mayo News. Retrieved 31 July 2012.

Bibliography

• Cronin, Sean, The Ideology of the IRA (Ann Arbor 1972)
• De Paor, Liam, On the Easter Proclamation and Other Declarations (Dublin 1997)
• Macardle, Dorothy, The Irish Republic 1911-1923 (London 1937)
• McGarry, Fearghal, Eoin O'Duffy: A Self-made Hero (Oxford 2005)
• Markievicz, Constance de, What Irish republicans Stand For (Dublin 1922)
• Mitchell, Arthur, Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919-22 (Dublin 1995)
• Townshend, Charles, 'Civilisation and Frightfulness': Air Control in the Middle East between the Wars', in C.J.Wrigley (ed.), Warfare, Diploacy and Politics: Essays in Honour of A.J.P.Taylor (London 1986)
• White, Terence de Vere, Kevin O'Higgins (London 1948)
• Younger, Calton, Ireland's Civil War (London 1968)

External links

• Kevin O'Higgins – Biography on the O'Higgins Clan website

Political offices
New office	Assistant Minister for Local Government 1919–1922	Succeeded by Lorcan Robbins
Preceded by Robert Barton	Minister for Economic Affairs 1922	Succeeded by Ernest Blythe
New office	Vice-President of the Executive Council 1922–1927	Succeeded by Ernest Blythe
Preceded by Eamonn Duggan	Minister for Justice 1922–1927	Succeeded by W. T. Cosgrave (acting)
Preceded by Desmond FitzGerald	Minister for External Affairs Jun–Jul 1927