Kamehameha Schools

Kamehameha Schools, formerly called Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate (KSBE), is a private school system in Hawaiʻi established by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, under the terms of the will of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop,[7] who was a formal member of the House of Kamehameha. Bishop's will established a trust called the "Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate" that is Hawaiʻi's largest private landowner.[8] Originally established in 1887 as an all-boys school for native Hawaiian children, it shared its grounds with the Bishop Museum. After it moved to another location, the museum took over two school halls. Kamehameha Schools opened its girls' school in 1894. It became coeducational in 1965. The 600-acre (2.4 km2) Kapālama campus opened in 1931, while the Maui and Hawaiʻi campuses opened in 1996 and 2001, respectively.[9]

Kamehameha Schools
Seal of Kamehameha Schools
Address
1887 Makuakāne Street

Honolulu
,
Hawaiʻi
96817

United States
Information
TypePrivate, College-prep
Day & Boarding
MottoI Mua Kamehameha
(Forward, Kamehameha)
Religious affiliation(s)Nondenominational Protestant[1]
Established1887
FounderBernice Pauahi Bishop
HeadmasterTaran Chun, (Kapālama),[2] Holoua Stender, (Hawaiʻi),[3] Lee Ann DeLima (Maui)[4]
GradesPK–12
Enrollment5,416[5]
Campus3: Kapālama, Honolulu; Pukalani, Maui; Keaʻau, Hawaiʻi
Campus size600 acres (2.4 km2) (Kapālama)
180 acres (0.73 km2) (Maui)
300 acres (1.2 km2) (Hawaiʻi)
Color(s)     Blue
     White
SongSons of Hawaiʻi
Fight songI Mua Kamehameha
Athletics conferenceInterscholastic League of Honolulu Division I
Team nameWarriors
AccreditationWestern Association of Schools and Colleges
NewspaperKa Mōʻī
YearbookKa Naʻi Aupuni
Endowment$11.1 billion (2016)[6]
Websitewww.ksbe.edu

It was developed at the bequest of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop to educate children of Hawaiian descent, and is designed to serve students from preschool through twelfth grade. The school teaches in the English language a college-prep education enhanced by Hawaiian culture, language and practices, imparting historical and practical value of continuing Hawaiian traditions. It operates 31 preschools statewide and three grade K–12 campuses in Kapālama, Oʻahu, Pukalani, Maui, and Keaʻau, Hawaiʻi.

By the terms of its founding, the schools' admissions policy prefers applicants with Native Hawaiian ancestry. Since 1965 it has excluded all but two non-Hawaiians from being admitted. A lawsuit challenging the school's admission policy resulted in a narrow victory for Kamehameha in the Ninth Circuit Court; however, Kamehameha ultimately settled, paying the plaintiff $7 million.[8]

As of the 2011–12 school year, Kamehameha had an enrollment of 5,398 students at its three main campuses and 1,317 children at its preschools, for a total enrollment of 5,416.[10] Beyond its campuses, Kamehameha served an estimated 46,923 Hawaiians in 2011 through its support for public schools, charter schools, and families and caregivers throughout Hawaii.[11]

According to the Kamehameha Schools home website, the mission statement is as follows: "Kamehameha Schools' mission is to fulfill Pauahi's desire to create educational opportunities in perpetuity to improve the capability and well-being of people of Hawaiian ancestry."[10]

History

In 1883, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a member of the Hawaiian Royal Family,[12][13][14] directed in her will, after naming heirs for gifts of money and land, that the remainder of her estate be held in trust to create the Kamehameha Schools.[15] A majority of the Bishop estate was inherited from her parent and her cousin Ruth Keʻelikōlani, who in turn had inherited a substantial amount from her first husband Leleiohoku I and her half-siblings Victoria Kamāmalu and Kamehameha V, all who were given substantial amounts of land in the Great Mahele of 1848 which had divided the land of the kingdom amongst the King, the ali'i and the common people.[16][17][18] During her lifetime, she experienced and encountered the decline of her Hawaiian people. She was well aware that education was key to the survival of her people and culture; therefore, she left 375,000 acres of ancestral land, entrusting her trustees to use this gift to educate her people.[19]

Bernice named Samuel Mills Damon, William Owen Smith, Charles Montague Cooke, Charles McEwen Hyde, and her husband, Charles Reed Bishop, as the original five trustees to invest her estate at their discretion, use the income to operate the schools, and also "to devote a portion of each year's income to the support and education of orphans, and others in indigent circumstances, giving the preference to Hawaiians of pure or part aboriginal blood." She also directed the Hawaiʻi (Kingdom) Supreme Court to appoint replacement trustees and required that all teachers be Protestant, without regard to denomination.[7]

After Bishop's death in 1884, her husband Charles Reed Bishop carried out her will. Reverend William Brewster Oleson (1851–1915), former principal of the Hilo boarding school founded by David Belden Lyman in 1836, helped organize the schools on a similar model of European-American education.[20]:46 The original Kamehameha School for Boys opened in 1887; after it moved to a new campus, that site was later taken over by the Bishop Museum. The girls' school opened nearby in 1894. The preparatory school, originally serving grades K–6, opened in 1888 adjacent to the boys' school. By 1955, all three schools had moved to the current 600-acre (2.4 km2) campus in Kapālama Heights. The schools became co-ed in 1965[9] In 1996, the school opened a 180-acre (0.73 km2) campus on Maui, followed in 2001 by the 300-acre (1.2 km2) campus on Hawaiʻi.

In 1991, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) brought suit against Kamehameha Schools alleging that its requirement that all teachers be Protestant was religious discrimination in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[21] Although Kamehameha Schools conceded the practice was discriminatory, the School maintained that it was bound by the provisions of Bernice Pauahi Bishop's will, which established the charitable trust creating the School as well as mandating that all the teachers "be persons of the Protestant religion."[22] Accordingly, the School sought to be included within one of the applicable exemptions to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The United States District Court for the District of Hawaii found in the School's favor, ruling that the religious education exemption, the religious curriculum exemption, and the bona fide occupational qualification exemption were each applicable to Kamehameha Schools.[22] The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court, holding that none of the exemptions to the Civil Rights Act was applicable since the School was essentially a secular and not primarily a religious institution despite certain historical traditions including Protestantism.[23] As a result, the requirement that all teachers be Protestant was held to be a violation of the Civil Rights Act.

Reorganization

According to the will, the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi appointed trustees. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii by the United States, the Territorial and State Supreme Court assumed that responsibility. However, many trustees were political insiders. By 1997 trustees were paid $800,000 to $900,000 annually.[24] At that time, critics alleged that the trustees were micromanaging the schools and that they had vastly over-rewarded themselves in their pay. Trustees were appointed to positions as "lead trustee" of a particular part of estate operations. In particular, Lokelani Lindsey, lead trustee for educational affairs, was blamed for low morale among students and faculty.

On August 9, 1997, University of Hawaiʻi (UH) Board of Regents Chair (and former Kamehameha Schools Principal) Gladys Brandt, retired judge Walter Heen, Msgr. Charles Kekumano, federal judge Samuel Pailthorpe King, and UH William S. Richardson School of Law professor Randall Roth published a report titled Broken Trust in the Honolulu Star Bulletin. They called on the State Attorney General to fully investigate KSBE management. The report alleged, among other things, that:

  • the method of selecting trustees (appointment by the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court) was flawed
  • the trustees did not fully understand their responsibilities
  • the trustees were not accountable for their actions.[25]

On August 12, 1997, Governor Ben Cayetano directed Attorney General Margery Bronster to perform a preliminary investigation into the allegations. In her report on September 10, 1997, she found that "the rights of the beneficiaries may be at substantial risk," and that there were "credible allegations that the intent of Bernice Pauahi Bishop is not being implemented."[26] Another essay appeared in November, with Brandt, UH Professor Isabella Abbott, respected Hawaiian cultural educator Winona Beamer, and others as authors. Its headline was "Tyranny, distrust, poor decisions reign at Kamehameha".[27]

The investigation continued through 1998, when Attorney General Bronster sought the permanent removal of Lindsey and fellow trustees Richard Wong and Henry Peters. On May 6, 1999, after a six-month trial, Lindsey was permanently removed as trustee (Lindsey later appealed her removal). A day later, trustees Wong, Peters, and Gerard Jervis were also temporarily removed. The fifth trustee, Oswald Stender, voluntarily resigned. An interim board was appointed by the Hawaii Probate Court to run the estate.

Bronster had been re-appointed as attorney general by Governor Cayetano, who was a Democrat. Since 23 of the 25 state senators were Democrats, some political observers thought approval of Bronster's renomination would be assured. However, the investigation proved costly for Bronster, whose confirmation was defeated by the Hawaii State Senate on April 28, 1999 by a vote of 14-11.[28]:256–257

The US Internal Revenue Service retroactively revoked Bishop Estate's tax exempt status because of the trustees' breach of duties and unlawful use of tax exempt charitable trust assets for political lobbying. This action triggered charges of about $1 billion in back taxes and penalties.[28]:254

Jervis resigned permanently on August 20, 1999. The trials for permanent removal of the remaining three trustees were set for December 13, 1999. Wong offered his permanent resignation on December 3, 1999; Peters did the same on December 13; and Lindsey voluntarily resigned on December 17. Many of the court files relating to Bishop Estate were ordered sealed by the court, citing the need for "closure and healing."[28]:281

Although new Bishop Estate trustees were appointed, they had continued to use the same attorneys and law firms as their predecessors. Deputy attorneys general advised the replacement trustees that these attorneys and law firms either had provided flawed legal advice to the previous trustees, or stood by silently while the trustees had ignored good advice. Some claimed "there had been no thorough housecleaning; instead, the old guard had been put in charge and handed the keys."[28]:268

In 2002, the Hawaii Supreme Court threw out the criminal indictments against three Bishop Estate trustees on procedural grounds and ruled no new charges could be brought.[29] In 2005, two of the authors of the newspaper series published a book exploring the issues in the full-scale investigation.[28] The controversy was costly to the schools. In 2009, after a large decline in the endowment, trustee compensation ranged from $97,500 to $125,000 per year, and trustees turned down any pay increases.[24]

Campuses and governance
Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center: Myron "Pinky" Thompson Hale

Kamehameha Schools operates three campuses, which together served 5,398 students K-12 in the 2011–12 school year. The main campus, established in 1887 as the Kamehameha Schools for Boys, occupies 600 acres (2.4 km2) on Kapālama Heights in Honolulu and served 3,200 students, including 550 boarding students from neighbor islands. The campus has more than 70 buildings, including numerous classroom buildings, dormitories, and maintenance shops. It also features extensive athletic facilities, including a 3,000-seat stadium, an Olympic-size swimming pool, three gymnasiums, and several tennis courts.[5]

In 2010, Kamehameha undertook a $118.5 million construction project featuring a brand-new middle school, a Hawaiian cultural center, a new athletics building, and a parking structure. The Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center opened in October 2012,[30] followed by the other projects in 2013.[31][32]

The 180 acres (0.73 km2) Maui campus, established in 1996 in Pukalani, served 1,084 students. The 300 acres (1.2 km2) campus on the island of Hawaiʻi, established in 2001 in Keaʻau, served 1,118 students. In addition to these three campuses, Kamehameha Schools operates thirty-one preschools throughout Hawaiʻi, which served 1,317 students statewide.[5]

The five-member Board of Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop administers the Schools. Each trustee may serve up to two five-year terms. The 1999 reorganization limited Board micromanagement. A Chief Executive Officer manages day-to-day operations and has autonomy over educational matters.

Endowment

A 1995 Wall Street Journal article described the Bishop Estate as "the nation's wealthiest charity," with an endowment estimated at $10 billion – greater than the combined endowments of Harvard and Yale universities.[33] As of June 2011, the endowment was US$9.06 billion.[11] Approximately 75% of the endowment is in financial assets, and 25% is in real estate. When compared against the endowments of major U.S. colleges and universities, only six schools (Harvard University, Yale University, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Texas System, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology), each with much higher enrollments, have higher endowments than Kamehameha Schools. In 2016, the endowment was $11.1 billion[6]

Land holdings
The Royal Hawaiian Hotel is located on land owned by Kamehameha Schools.

Bishop's original bequest consisted of 375,000 acres (1,520 km2) of land worth around $474,000. More than 365,000 acres (1,480 km2) are still controlled by the estate. The book value of the land for accounting purposes is probably much lower than fair market value.[34] Kamehameha Schools' Land Assets Division manages nearly 360,000 acres (1,500 km2) of this land, which is used for agricultural and conservation purposes. The remaining 5,000 acres (20 km2) are designated for commercial use; approximately 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of those acres actively generate revenue.[35]

Kamehameha Schools' commercial real estate includes owned and operated properties and ground lease holdings. Commercial properties operating on Kamehameha Schools land include shopping centers, such as Windward Mall, Pearlridge, Kahala Mall, and Royal Hawaiian Center; and hotels, such as the Kahala Hotel & Resort, the Four Seasons Resort Hualālai, and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel.[36]

Kamehameha is also redeveloping several of its urban real estate properties in Haleʻiwa, Kāhala, Kakaʻako, Kapālama, and Mōʻiliʻili to revitalize those areas and increase commercial revenue.[36]

On October 22, 2013, Kamehameha Schools announced that it would sell the buildings of its largest single real estate property (in terms of value), the Royal Hawaiian Center. The shopping center encompasses three blocks of prime Waikīkī real estate on Kalākaua Avenue.

Admission

Kamehameha Schools is a private organization to which students apply for admission. At the Kapālama campus, the process is highly selective. Acceptance rates range from approximately 6.7% to 14.7% depending on the grade for which a student applies. Acceptance rates at the Maui and Hawaiʻi campuses are generally higher, ranging from approximately 9.2% to 24%, due to those islands' smaller populations and the lack of boarding students at those facilities.[37] The current enrollment is 5,416 students.[10]

In accordance with a century-old interpretation of the will of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Kamehameha Schools gives preference to applicants of Native Hawaiian descent "to the extent permitted by law." Orphans and indigent applicants receive special consideration as adjured in Pauahi's will.[37] Preference applicants must submit evidence verifying that at least one of their pre-1959 ancestors is Hawaiian.[38]

The schools' admissions policy has been a subject of controversy. Because far more applicants claim Hawaiian ancestry than the schools can admit, virtually all students have some Native Hawaiian ancestry. Non-Hawaiians have attended, but this is extremely rare. In 2002, Kamehameha admitted one non-Hawaiian student, Kalani Rosell, to its Maui campus, for the first time in 40 years. Rosell was admitted after all qualified Hawaiian applicants had been admitted. This decision sparked alumni protest. Kamehameha's admissions policy was the focus of two federal lawsuits, which contended that preferring Native Hawaiians is a race-based exclusion that violates U.S. civil rights law. Both lawsuits have since been settled and the admission policy stands today.

Mohica-Cummings lawsuit

In August 2003, Brayden Gay Mohica-Cummings was a seventh-grader admitted to Kapālama Heights after his mother, who is the hānai (adopted) daughter of a Hawaiian family,[39] said he was Hawaiian. The school rescinded its admission offer when his mother was unable to document his ancestry.[40] Because Kamehameha rescinded the offer only a week before the school year started, his family sued the school for admission. District Judge David Ezra issued a temporary restraining order requiring Kamehameha to admit Mohica-Cummings. The case was settled out-of-court in November 2003, when Kamehameha Schools agreed to let Mohica-Cummings attend, in exchange for dropping the lawsuit.[40]

John Doe v. Kamehameha

In June 2003 a suit was filed on behalf of an unidentified non-Hawaiian student, claiming that preferring Hawaiian applicants violates provisions of the Civil Rights Act that prohibits racial discrimination in private contracts. In November, District Judge Alan Cooke Kay dismissed the lawsuit, finding that Kamehameha Schools' policy served a "legitimate, remedial purpose by improving native Hawaiians' socioeconomic and educational disadvantages".[41]

In August 2005, however, a three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit of Appeals reversed 2–1, and ruled that the policy was racially exclusionary.[42] A protest march by native Hawaiians, including Hawaiʻi's governor and lieutenant governor, to ʻIolani Palace and a rally on the palace grounds attracted an estimated 10–15,000 participants.[43][44]

The Ninth Circuit agreed to rehear the appeal before a 15-judge en banc panel in February 2006.[45] On December 5, 2006, by a vote of 8–7, the en banc panel reversed the earlier decision by the three-judge panel, affirming Kay's earlier ruling.

The majority ruled that Kamehameha's policy does not run afoul of a civil rights law, citing what it said were unique factors in the history of Hawaiʻi, the socioeconomic plight of Native Hawaiians, and the schools' distinctively remedial mission, which Congress has repeatedly endorsed. The dissent stated that civil rights law "prohibits a private school from denying admission to prospective students because of their race." It was very skeptical of the majority interpretation, stating, "The fact that Congress has passed some measures promoting Native Hawaiian education says nothing about whether Congress intended to exempt Native Hawaiian schools from § 1981 [civil rights law]".

Following the decision, attorneys appealed to the United States Supreme Court. However, before the Supreme Court decided whether to hear the case, Doe v. Kamehameha was also settled. Both this settlement and the Ninth Circuit's decision prompted a procession at the Kapalama High School, leading to an all-school assembly. On February 8, 2008, Goemans, attorney for John Doe, disclosed that the amount of the settlement was $7 million USD.[8]

On August 6, 2008, Kamehameha Schools announced that it had sued John Doe for releasing the settlement amount.[46] On the same day, John Doe's attorneys, Eric Grant and David Rosen, filed another lawsuit against Kamehameha on behalf of four non-Hawaiian children who wanted to attend the school.[47]

Sex abuse settlements

On April 24, 2020, it was revealed that Kamehameha Schools was paying $80 million in settlements. The settlements involve sex abuse claims against psychiatrist Robert Browne, who was said to have sexually abused children in the 1960s and 1970s while serving at the schools.[48]

Academics

All three of Kamehameha's campuses are college-preparatory and offer honors courses. In addition, the Kapālama campus offers 15[49] Advanced Placement courses, while the Hawaiʻi campus offers four.[50] The Kapālama high school administered 344 Advanced Placement exams in 2014.[51]

Upper-class students at the Maui and Hawaiʻi high schools select a "Career Academy" based on their individual interests. They develop course schedules designed to enhance skills for potential careers within their academy's scope. The campuses offer academies for arts and communication, business and leadership, engineering and design, health and wellness, and science and natural resources.

Approximately 70% of Kamehameha graduates enroll in four-year universities, while 25% enroll in two-year colleges or technical schools. Students in the 2010 graduating class of the Kapālama campus had an average composite SAT score of 1560 out of 2400.[52] In the 2014 graduating class, there were 4 National Merit semi-finalists and 9 commended students.[53]

As students each have Native Hawaiian ancestry, Kamehameha emphasizes Hawaiian language and culture in its curriculum. The Kapālama high school offers a six-year program in Hawaiian language and requires its students to achieve Hawaiian language proficiency equivalent to one year of study. It also offers various supplementary courses in Hawaiian culture, history, literature, song composition and performance, chant, dance, and crafts.[49]

Community outreach

Kamehameha offers several distance learning programs for high school students, adults, and educators to learn Hawaiian language and culture over the Internet. The program includes an archived series of instructional videos entitled Kulāiwi for learning the Hawaiian language; these are available for free online streaming.[54] Kamehameha also operates Kamehameha Publishing, which prints and sells Hawaiian-language books, posters, and multimedia.[55]

As a part of its 2000-2015 Strategic Plan, generated by wide community input, Kamehameha Schools partners with more than 20 community-based organizations across the archipelago through its ʻAina Ulu program to deliver natural and cultural resource stewardship education programs and services to over 25,000 participants annually. ʻAina Ulu provides an asset-management strategy by integrating community, education, cultural, environmental and economic outcomes to manage resources and lands to enhance prudent and sustainable use, responsible stewardship and supportive community relationships. By engaging community volunteers and expertise, ʻAina Ulu partners manage, protect and restore native watershed, dryland and rain forests; riparian, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems, including Hawaiian fishponds; and Hawaiian food systems, including dry field systems, as well as wet field systems call loʻi.

Kamehameha also offers several programs and services for high school graduates. Along with the Ke Aliʻi Pauahi Foundation, Kamehameha offers a variety of need- and merit-based scholarships for those pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate education. Its career counseling program provides advice and counseling for post-high school students and operates an internship program for various companies statewide. The First Nations' Futures Program, operated in conjunction with Stanford University and the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, is a fellowship program designed to develop "a select team of emerging leaders... to become significant community contributors in natural, cultural and land stewardship."[56]

Song contest
Program from the first song contest of the School for Boys, on May 26, 1921

The Kamehameha Schools Song Contest is an annual choral competition in which groups of students of the Kapālama campus perform Hawaiian mele. The event held in Honolulu is broadcast live on TV and is also streamed live online.[57] According to the 2008 program, the goals of the contest are to develop leadership and foster cooperation and class spirit among the students as well as to increase student awareness of their cultural heritage by allowing them to use their singing voices to express themselves.[58]

The first contest (then called the Inter-class Sing Competition) was held in 1921. It was started to perpetuate the memory of George Alanson Andrus, a music teacher at the School.[59] The event was originally held on campus, but moved to the Neal Blaisdell Center (formerly the Honolulu International Auditorium) in 1964 where it has been held ever since.[60] The 2008 contest was featured in the PBS documentary One Voice.[61]

Notable people
gollark: We actually operate regions of space-time with all possible finite legal systems nowadays.
gollark: Apiohypnoforms?
gollark: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/joaomilho/Enterprise/CEO/assets/growth.png
gollark: WRONG.
gollark: Why not just create *more* folders, only one of which contains Macron (the rest are decoys)?

See also

References
  1. "About Kamehameha Schools: Religious Affiliation". Kamehameha Schools. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  2. "Dr. Taran Chun is new po'o kula for KS Kapālama". ksbe.edu.
  3. "Stan Fortuna, Jr., Ed.D." Archived from the original on 2012-03-02.
  4. "Lee Ann DeLima". Archived from the original on 2012-11-20.
  5. "Kamehameha Schools – Campuses". Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  6. https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/01/05/kamehameha-schools-endowment-reaches-11-1b-annual.html
  7. "Will and Codicils of Ke Ali'i Bernice Pauahi Paki Bishop". Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  8. Jim Dooley (8 February 2008). "Kamehameha Schools settled lawsuit for $7M". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
  9. "Kamehameha Schools – Facts". Kamehameha Schools. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  10. "Kamehameha Schools – About Us page". Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  11. Kamehameha Schools (2011-06-30). "Kamehameha Schools 2010-2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  12. Frank D. Aquila (29 November 2007). School Law for K-12 Educators: Concepts and Cases. SAGE Publications. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-5063-2418-0.
  13. Charles L. Glenn (21 January 2002). The Ambiguous Embrace: Government and Faith-Based Schools and Social Agencies. Princeton University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4008-2351-2.
  14. R. G. Crocombe (1995). The Pacific Islands and the USA. editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 210. ISBN 978-982-02-0116-3.
  15. Chapman Distinguished Professor of Law Paul Finkelman; Paul Finkelman (16 December 2003). Religion and American Law: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-136-91956-5.
  16. "Princess Pauahi's will shows foresight and strength of character". ksbe.edu.
  17. Samuel P. King; Randall W. Roth (2006). Broken Trust: Greed, Mismanagement & Political Manipulation at America's Largest Charitable Trust. University of Hawaii Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8248-3014-4.
  18. Jon M. Van Dyke (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i?. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 307–343. ISBN 978-0-8248-3211-7.
  19. "Kamehameha Schools – About Kamehameha Schools". Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  20. Annual report. Volume 63. The Hawaiian Mission Children's Society. 1915.
  21. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, 780 F.Supp. 1317 (D.Haw.1991).
  22. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, 780 F.Supp. 1317 (D.Haw.1991)
  23. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir.1993); "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2010-07-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. Rick Daysog (February 28, 2009). "Kamehameha Schools trustees take 10% pay cut, reject raise". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  25. Samuel Pailthorpe King, Msgr. Charles Kekumano, Walter Heen, Gladys Brandt and Randall Roth (August 9, 1997). "Broken Trust: The community has lost faith in Bishop Estate trustees, in how they are chosen, how much they are paid, how they govern". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved December 10, 2010.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. "Bronster releases preliminary report". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 10, 1997. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  27. Isabella Abbott, Winona Beamer, Gladys A. Brandt, Roderick F. McPhree and Winona Ellis Rubin (November 27, 1997). "Schools' gross mismanagement must stop: Tyranny, distrust, poor decisions reign at Kamehameha". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved December 10, 2010.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. Samuel Pailthorpe King; Randall W. Roth (March 2006). Broken Trust: Greed, Mismanagement, and Political Manipulation at America's Largest Charitable Trust. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3014-4.
  29. State v. Wong, 97 Haw. 512, 40 P.3d 914 (Haw. 2002)
  30. October 3, ʻŌiwi TV on; Schools, 2012 in Kamehameha (October 4, 2012). "I Mua e Kamehameha ma ke Aʻo Hawaiʻi".
  31. "Kamehameha Schools Breaks Ground on New Kapalama Master Plan". Kamehameha Schools. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  32. "Ke Kupu Malamalama Updates". Kamehameha Schools. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  33. "Broken Trust Book: Home". brokentrustbook.com.
  34. "Kamehameha Schools 2007-2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
  35. "About Us". Land Assets Division. Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  36. "Commercial Properties". Commercial Real Estate. Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  37. "Admissions: A Brief History of Kamehameha Schools". official web site. Kamehameha Schools. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  38. "Ho'oulu Hawaiian Data Center Frequently Asked Questions". official web site. Kamehameha Schools. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  39. Viotti, Vicki; Gordon, Mike (December 5, 2003). "Kamehameha settlement OK'd". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  40. Rick Daysog (November 29, 2003). "School lets non-Hawaiian stay; In exchange, the student will drop his suit against Kamehameha Schools". Star-Bulletin.
  41. Rick Daysog and Debra Barayuga (November 18, 2003). "Federal judge upholds Hawaiians-only school; The court rules that Kamehameha Schools' admission policy serves a legitimate purpose". Star Bulletin.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  42. "John Doe v. Kamehameha Schools". Honolulu Advertiser. August 3, 2005.
  43. Gordon Y.K. Pang; Will Hoove (August 7, 2005). "Rally cry: 'Justice now!'". Honolulu Advertiser.
  44. David Y. Ige. "Governor's Newsletter".
  45. Sally Apgar (February 23, 2006). "Court will rehear school case; The challenge to Kamehameha Schools' policy will go before 15 judges of the 9th Circuit Court". Star Bulletin.
  46. "Trustee Message: KS sues John Doe for Breach of Contract; Receives demand letter threatening new lawsuit from Eric Grant". Kamehameha Schools. August 6, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
  47. "Kamehameha Sues Over Breach Of Confidentiality". KITV Honolulu. August 6, 2008. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
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