Juncal Formation

The Juncal Formation (also Juncal Shale) (/ˈdʒʊŋkɑːl, ˈhuːŋ/) is a prominent sedimentary geologic unit of Eocene age found in and north of the Santa Ynez Mountain range in southern and central Santa Barbara County and central Ventura County, California. An enormously thick series of sediments deposited over millions of years in environments ranging from nearshore to deep water, it makes up much of the crest of the Santa Ynez range north of Montecito, as well as portions of the San Rafael Mountains in the interior of the county. Its softer shales weather to saddles and swales, supporting a dense growth of brush, and its sandstones form prominent outcrops.[4]

Juncal Formation Stratigraphic range: Eocene
Outcrop of the Juncal Formation, in the Santa Ynez Mountains, California. Shale with interbeds of sandstone (the lighter-colored material).
Type	sedimentary
Underlies	Matilija Sandstone
Overlies	Sierra Blanca Limestone, Jalama Formation, Espada Formation, Franciscan Formation[1]
Thickness	1,500 to 5,400 feet[2]
Lithology
Primary	shale, sandstone
Location
Region	Coastal southern California
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Juncal Camp, east of Agua Caliente Creek, Santa Barbara County
Named by	Page, Marks and Walker (1951)[3]

Type locality, description, and distribution

Weathered Juncal Shale. Quarter for scale.

The type locality of the Juncal Formation is found north of the Santa Ynez River and east of Agua Caliente Canyon, near Juncal Campground in the Los Padres National Forest, where the unit is well-exposed. At the type locality the Juncal Formation is 3,360 feet thick, which is about average; elsewhere it is both thicker and thinner, reaching 5,400 feet thick near the Romero Saddle north of Carpinteria, and thinning to 1,500 feet north of the Santa Ynez Fault in Oso and Redrock Canyons.[2]

The unit consists of shales and sandstones, with the shales being generally more abundant, particularly near the top of the stratigraphic column.[5] Overall the unit shows a persistent alternation of shale and sandstone layers, of widely varying thickness, indicating frequent and erratic changes in water depth at the point of deposition.[6] The lithologic characteristics of the unit are different north and south of the Santa Ynez River. South of the river, on the north slope and on the crest of the Santa Ynez Mountains, the shales are darker and a thick interior sandstone member can be mapped as a separate unit. Page, Marks, and Walker, in their 1951 report on the region mapped it as the "Camino Cielo Sandstone member."[7] North of the river, the unit contains fossil oyster beds in a sandstone member at its base, and an interior sandstone member is massive and cliff-forming, unlike anything in the Juncal of the Santa Ynez Mountains.[5]

Shales of the unit are micaceous and dark, usually gray or brown, weathering to various colors. Sandstones are arkosic, hard, and range from white to tan in color. The shale weathers readily, and supports a dense growth of chaparral, similar to the other shale units in the Santa Ynez Mountains, such as the Cozy Dell.[8][9]

The unit lies conformably on the Sierra Blanca Limestone, a relatively thin, separately-mapped limestone unit, in some areas. Where the Sierra Blanca is not present the unit lies unconformably on older units – including the Jalama Formation and Espada Formations, both of Cretaceous age; and in some places the Juncal lies unconformably on the Franciscan Formation, which is probably of Jurassic age.[10][11]

Deposition environment and tectonic history

Sometime during the late Cretaceous period, the sea withdrew from the area that was to become the California coast in the region of Santa Barbara and Ventura, exposing the sediments that had accumulated during tens of millions of years underwater – the Espada and Jalama Formations – and they began to erode. In the early Eocene, the sea returned, resuming sediment deposition on the eroded surface, making an unconformity.

The first unit deposited in the Eocene was the limestone Sierra Blanca Formation, although only north of the Santa Ynez Fault, and then the ancient sea deposited the Juncal Formation on top of the Sierra Blanca.[12] At this time, the crustal block on which these units were deposited was nearer to the present-day position of San Diego; it has twisted approximately 90 degrees clockwise during the last 15 million years, as part of a process of regional, extensional deformation associated with motion along the boundary of the Pacific and North American Plates.[13][14]

At first the sea was shallow, and the first part of the Juncal Formation to be deposited was in a shallow-water environment with reefs. This portion of the unit includes calcareous sandstones and shales and sandstones with lenses of limestone, as well as come conglomerates. Gradually the sea deepened, resulting in the deposition of finer-grained sediments, although mixed in with the shales that resulted are coarser-grained sediments such as sandstones, indicating an alternating regime of deep and shallow water over the millions of years in which the Juncal Formation was laid down.[6] Another peculiarity of the unit is that fossil foraminifers from very different depth environments are often mixed together; this has been interpreted as the result of turbidity currents and other submarine mass movements. Rip-up clasts and conglomerates which appear in the Juncal also support this interpretation.[15] Some of the foraminifers are characteristic of lower bathyal depths, indicating that some of the Juncal formation was deposited at a depth of up to 2,000 meters.[15]

Paleontology

While the formation is rich in microfossils, particularly foraminifers,[16] larger fossils are uncommon. However, some of the stratigraphically lowest beds – such as the portion which is in contact with the Sierra Blanca limestone formation – contain larger fossils characteristic of nearshore and reef environments. These include oysters, especially in limestone-rich beds and limestone lenses. Other fossils from the Juncal include algae, worms, brachiopods and molluscs.[17]

Economic importance

As a potential hydrocarbon resource, the unit is grouped with above-lying sedimentary units as part of the Gaviota-Sacate-Matilija Sandstone Play. While the Juncal Formation itself does not likely contain large pools of oil or gas, it may be a source rock for petroleum found in other units, particularly low-sulfur oil in offshore reservoirs.[18]

References and notes

1. Dibblee, Thomas. Geology of the central Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. Bulletin 186, California Division of Mines and Geology. San Francisco, 1966. 21
2. Dibblee (1966) 21-22
3. Dibblee (1966) 21
4. Dibblee (1966) 20-22
5. Dibblee (1966) 22
6. Norris, Robert M. (2003). The geology and landscape of Santa Barbara County, California. Santa Barbara, California: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. p. 80. ISBN 0-936494-35-2.
7. Page, B.M., Marks, J.G., Walker, G.W. Stratigraphy and structure of mountains northeast of Santa Barbara, California. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 35 No. 8. 1951. p. 1749
8. Thomas M. Dibblee, 1986. Geologic Map of the Santa Barbara Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California. California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology. Dibblee Foundation Map DF#06.
9. Dibblee (1966) 20-21, 24
10. Norris, 77-80
11. Dibblee (1966) 21-24
12. Norris, 77-81
13. Deborah R. Harden. California Geology. Prentice Hall, 1997. ISBN 0-02-350042-5 p. 398
14. Marilyn E. Tennyson and Caroline M. Isaacs, "Geologic setting and petroleum geology of Santa Maria and Santa Barbara Basins, Coastal California." In: Isaacs, Caroline M. and Rullkötter, Jürgen. The Monterey Formation: From Rocks to Molecules. Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-231-10585-1 p. 218.
15. Minor, Scott A. "Geologic Map of the Reyes Peak Quadrangle, Ventura County, California." United States Geological Survey Open File Report 2004—1420. 2004.
16. County of Santa Barbara. Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. 3.12-4
17. Dibblee (1966) 22, 24
18. James M. Galloway. "Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin Province." Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine 112-114.