Judd (engine)

Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd., a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham's racing efforts, and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines, but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport.

Engine Developments Limited
Private limited company
Founded1971 (1971)[1]
Headquarters
Rugby, Warwickshire
,
United Kingdom
ProductsHigh performance racing engines
Websitewww.engdev.com
Judd as a Formula One engine manufacturer
Formula One World Championship career
First entry1988 Brazilian Grand Prix
Last entry1992 Belgian Grand Prix
Races entered76 (68 starts)
ChassisLigier, March, Williams, Brabham, EuroBrun, Lotus, Leyton House, Life, Dallara, Andrea Moda
Constructors' Championships0
Drivers'
Championships		0
Race victories0
Podiums8
Points86
Pole positions0
Fastest laps3

Judd has provided engines for many major series, including Formula One and other smaller formula series, sports car racing, and touring car racing. They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha, MG, Mazda and Honda, although they have mainly been a privateer-engine supplier.

Engine history

Lower formulas
1988 Truesports Judd AV Indy car engine
1989 Judd AV engine

As a result of Jack Brabham's long standing relationship with Honda, Judd was hired by them to develop an engine for the company's return to Formula Two in association with Ron Tauranac's Ralt team.

After the demise of Formula Two at the end of the 1984 season, Judd continued to develop new engines for Honda. The first was the Judd AV, a turbocharged V8 engine built for Honda's CART campaign. It was first used on the CART circuit midway through the 1986 season, fielded by Galles Racing and driver Geoff Brabham. It was initially badged as the Brabham-Honda, and scored a fourth-place finish at the 1986 Michigan 500. In 1987, the engine was used for the first time at the Indianapolis 500. Brabham scored second-place finishes in 1987 at Pocono and Road America, as well as a third at the season finale at Miami.

The engine became known for its reliability and superior fuel mileage (particularly in the 500-mile races). However, it was at a decided power disadvantage compared to the top engine of the time, the Ilmor Chevrolet.

In 1988, Truesports with driver Bobby Rahal took over as the primary team, and the "Honda" name was dropped from the powerplant. During the 1988 season, Rahal took advantage of the engine's reliability in the 500-mile races, finishing fourth at Indy and second at the Michigan 500. He then scored the first and only Indycar victory for the Judd engine, at the Pocono 500. His ten top-10 finishes led to a third-place finish in the season points standings. Judd continued to build upgrades to the AV into the early 1990s, even after Honda had stopped badging the engines. When Honda moved into the new Formula 3000 series, Judd again developed the company's engine. Based on the architecture of the AV, the new BV V8 was a naturally aspirated variant, and would eventually form the basis for the Judd CV Formula One engine.

KV

After the company's departure from Formula One, Judd returned to Formula 3000 in 1995 with the development of the 3-litre KV V8 engine. Judd built the engines that every Formula 3000 team used, although Zytek was tasked with maintaining the over 80 engines after they were built. Judd stopped production of the KV and the Formula 3000 series ended in 2004; contrary to rumour, Zytek did not use the KV engine as a basis for the A1 Grand Prix units in 2005, but used their own V8 designed by ex-Judd engineer Hiro Kaneda.

Formula One

In 1988, in conjunction with March Engineering, Judd made the move into the recently reintroduced normally aspirated variant of Formula One, which would completely replace turbocharged cars in 1989. By using the existing BV V8 as the starting point for their new F1 engine, Judd saved cost while at the same time producing a customer engine that could compete on track and in the marketplace with the Ford-Cosworth V8s that were standard equipment for the (mostly smaller) teams competing to the new rules.

CV

The first Formula One engine developed by Judd, the CV, was built to the 3.5 litre engine formula for naturally aspirated engines. The engine shared many design features with the Judd BV engine, but was expanded to 3.5 litres. March Engineering were the first team who signed to use the Judd CV. Reigning World Constructors' champion Williams was later forced also to turn to Judd, after they lost their supply of Honda engines for 1988. In addition, Ligier also bought CVs for use in the 1988 season. Judd powered cars finished in podium positions four times during their debut season, with Williams' lead driver, Nigel Mansell, scoring Judd's first podium when he finished second at the 1988 British Grand Prix.

During the 1988 season the 600 bhp (447 kW; 608 PS) Judd V8 was commonly the fastest of the non-turbo engines, and the Marches of Ivan Capelli and Maurício Gugelmin regularly recorded higher speeds through the speed trap than the Cosworth DFR- and DFZ-powered cars with Gugelmin recording the fastest 'atmo' speed trap of the season when he hit 312 km/h (194 mph) during qualifying for the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim (though this was still considerably slower than the turbo powered McLaren-Hondas which were timed at 333 km/h (207 mph)). At the 1988 Japanese Grand Prix Capelli's Judd powered March 881 became the first naturally aspirated car to lead a lap of a Grand Prix since 1983, when he briefly passed the McLaren of two time World Drivers' champion Alain Prost for the lead on lap 16 of the 51 lap race.

For the 1989 season, Judd developed the all-new narrow-angle Judd EV, with a more compact, 76 degree, vee angle, rather than the more conventional 90 degrees of the Judd AV/BV/CV, and the Cosworth DFV series. Construction of the CV continued as a cheaper alternative for smaller teams, however. Team Lotus and EuroBrun were the only CV customers, with Lotus finishing sixth in the Constructors' Championship. EuroBrun was originally the only team to continue with the CV unit into 1990, but Life eventually bought CV units to replace their failed in-house W12 engine design.

EV

The previous Judd CV was designed with a conventional 90-degree engine block. Following the 1988 season it was decided that a narrower vee-angle would be adopted to give a more compact engine; the original intent was a 75-degree vee, but limitations in Judd's CNC equipment (it could only work in even-degree increments) meant that 76 degrees was used instead.

March Engineering upgraded their 1988 CV unit to an EV in 1989, while Brabham was also supplied with the new engines. Brabham and March each scored one podium with the EV engine. Both teams continued with the EV in 1990, although March Engineering was renamed Leyton House Racing. Leyton House took the engine's only podium of the season, a second place at the French Grand Prix. For 1991, Team Lotus was the only team to use the older EV.

GV

In the normally aspirated 3.5 litre formula, ten and twelve cylinder engines had proved to be more powerful than V8s. This prompted Judd to replace the CV and EV V8s with an all-new engine in 1991 for the BMS Scuderia Italia team. The new 72-degree angle V10 engine would carry the GV name. The engine was powerful, helping the team to a podium finish in the San Marino Grand Prix.

Judd's agreement with Scuderia Italia ended following the 1991 season, leaving the GVs to be used by the Brabham team and newcomers Andrea Moda Formula in 1992. Neither team scored a point all season and Judd Engines pulled out of Formula One.

Yamaha partnership
1993 Yamaha OX10A engine, a variant of the Judd GV engine

Following Judd's withdrawal from Formula One in 1992, John Judd turned to Yamaha to continue production of his engines. Using the Judd GV V10 as a base, Yamaha developed an all-new cylinder head and branded the motor as the OX10, for use by Tyrrell Racing in 1993. Once again, Tyrrell were unable to score any points all season. An improved OX10B for 1994 boosted Tyrrell's performance, as the team scored a podium and finished sixth in the Constructors' Championship.

1997 Yamaha OX11C engine, a variant of the Judd JV engine

Rule changes in 1995 saw the OX10C (known by Judd as the HV) reduced to 3 litres, although the architecture of the engine was generally the same. Tyrrell's performance fell off again however, as the team scored five points and finished eighth in the championship. 1996 saw the same points total from Tyrrell, although the new Yamaha OX11 (Judd JV) engine was an all-new design. After 1996 Tyrrell switched to using Ford-branded engines.

An updated C-Spec version of the OX11 was used by Arrows in 1997. Featuring a new bottom end, with changes consisting of a revised sump, crankshaft, oil pump and water pump; the OX11C had an extremely low centre of gravity (and a dry weight of 105 kg vs the Renault RS09's 121 kg) but was underpowered (708 bhp vs the RS09's 755 bhp) and most of all unreliable.

Consequently, a D-Spec was introduced for the fourth race, at Imola, with significant improvements in the airflow management of the combustion chamber area, which permitted the OX11D to gain 20 hp, which along with superior Bridgestone tyres propelled Damon Hill to a second place at the Hungaroring, the 11th race of a year that otherwise was pretty lacklustre with Pedro Diniz's 5th place at the Nürburgring as a last high point before Yamaha consequently pulled the plug on the failing project.

Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year Entrant Chassis Engine Tyres Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Pts. WCC
1988 Leyton House
March Racing Team		 March 881 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G BRA SMR MON MEX CAN DET FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 22 6th
Maurício Gugelmin Ret 15 Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 4 8 5 Ret 8 Ret 7 10 Ret
Ivan Capelli Ret Ret 10 16 5 DNS 9 Ret 5 Ret 3 5 2 Ret Ret 6
Ligier Loto Ligier JS31 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G René Arnoux Ret DNQ Ret Ret Ret Ret DNQ 18 17 Ret Ret 13 10 Ret 17 Ret 0 NC
Stefan Johansson 9 DNQ Ret 10 Ret Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret 11 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 9
Canon Williams Team Williams FW12 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G Nigel Mansell Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 2 Ret Ret Ret 2 Ret Ret 20 7th
Martin Brundle 7
Jean-Louis Schlesser 11
Riccardo Patrese Ret 13 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 6 Ret 7 Ret 5 6 4
1989 Motor Racing Developments Brabham BT58 Judd EV 3.5 V8 P BRA SMR MON MEX USA CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 8 9th
Martin Brundle Ret Ret 6 9 Ret DNPQ DNPQ Ret 8 12 Ret 6 8 Ret 5 Ret
Stefano Modena Ret Ret 3 10 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret EX 14 Ret Ret 8
EuroBrun Racing EuroBrun ER188B
EuroBrun ER189		 Judd CV 3.5 V8 P Gregor Foitek DNQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ 0 NC
Oscar Larrauri DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ
Leyton House
March Racing Team		 March 881 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G Maurício Gugelmin 3 Ret 4 12th
Ivan Capelli Ret Ret
March CG891 Judd EV 3.5 V8 Maurício Gugelmin Ret DNQ DSQ Ret NC Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret 10 Ret 7 7
Ivan Capelli 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 12 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret
Camel Team Lotus Lotus 101 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G Nelson Piquet Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret 4 8 4 5 6 DNQ Ret Ret 8 4 Ret 15 6th
Satoru Nakajima 8 NC DNQ Ret Ret DNQ Ret 8 Ret Ret DNQ 10 7 Ret Ret 4
1990 Motor Racing Developments Brabham BT58
Brabham BT59		 Judd EV 3.5 V8 P USA BRA SMR MON CAN MEX FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 2 10th
Stefano Modena 5 Ret Ret Ret 7 11 13 9 Ret Ret 17 Ret Ret Ret Ret 12
Gregor Foitek Ret Ret
David Brabham DNQ Ret DNQ Ret 15 DNQ Ret DNQ Ret DNQ Ret DNQ Ret Ret
EuroBrun Racing EuroBrun ER189B Judd CV 3.5 V8 P Roberto Moreno 13 DNPQ Ret DNQ DNQ EX DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ 0 NC
Claudio Langes DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ
Leyton House Racing Leyton House CG901 Judd EV 3.5 V8 G Maurício Gugelmin 14 DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret DNS Ret 8 6 Ret 12 8 Ret Ret 7 7th
Ivan Capelli Ret DNQ Ret Ret 10 DNQ 2 Ret 7 Ret 7 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret
Life Racing Engines Life L190 Judd CV 3.5 V8 G Bruno Giacomelli DNPQ DNPQ 0 NC
1991 Scuderia Italia Dallara F191 Judd GV 3.5 V10 P USA BRA SMR MON CAN MEX FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 5 8th
Emanuele Pirro Ret 11 DNPQ 6 9 DNPQ DNPQ 10 10 Ret 8 10 Ret 15 Ret 7
JJ Lehto Ret Ret 3 11 Ret Ret Ret 13 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 12
Team Lotus Lotus 102B Judd EV 3.5 V8 G Mika Häkkinen 13 9 5 Ret Ret 9 DNQ 12 Ret 14 Ret 14 14 Ret Ret 19 3 9th
Julian Bailey DNQ DNQ 6 DNQ
Johnny Herbert DNQ 10 10 14 7 Ret Ret 11
Michael Bartels DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ
1992 Andrea Moda Formula Andrea Moda C4B
Andrea Moda S921		 Judd GV 3.5 V10 G RSA MEX BRA ESP SMR MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN AUS 0 NC
Alex Caffi EX DNP
Enrico Bertaggia EX DNP
Roberto Moreno DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ Ret DNPQ DNA DNPQ DNPQ DNQ DNQ
Perry McCarthy DNP DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNP DNA DNPQ EX DNPQ DNQ
Motor Racing Developments Brabham BT60B Judd GV 3.5 V10 G Eric van de Poele 13 DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 0 NC
Giovanna Amati DNQ DNQ DNQ
Damon Hill DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ 16 DNQ 11
Engines badged as Yamaha
1993 Tyrrell Racing Organisation Tyrrell 020C
Tyrrell 021		 Yamaha OX10A
(Judd GV) 3.5 V10		 G RSA BRA EUR SMR ESP MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN AUS 0 NC
Ukyo Katayama Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 17 Ret 13 Ret 10 15 14 Ret Ret Ret
Andrea de Cesaris Ret Ret Ret Ret DSQ 10 Ret 15 NC Ret 11 Ret 13 12 Ret 13
1994 Tyrrell Racing Organisation Tyrrell 022 Yamaha OX10B
(Judd GV) 3.5 V10		 G BRA PAC SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR EUR JPN AUS 13 7th
Ukyo Katayama 5 Ret 5 Ret Ret Ret Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret Ret
Mark Blundell Ret Ret 9 Ret 3 10 10 Ret Ret 5 5 Ret Ret 13 Ret Ret
1995 Nokia Tyrrell Yamaha Tyrrell 023 Yamaha OX10C
(Judd HV) 3.0 V10		 G BRA ARG SMR ESP MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR EUR PAC JPN AUS 5 8th
Ukyo Katayama Ret 8 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret Ret 10 Ret 14 Ret Ret
Gabriele Tarquini 14
Mika Salo 7 Ret Ret 10 Ret 7 15 8 Ret Ret 8 5 13 10 12 6 5
1996 Tyrrell Yamaha Tyrrell 024 Yamaha OX11A
(Judd JV) 3.0 V10		 G AUS BRA ARG EUR SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN 5 8th
Ukyo Katayama 11 9 Ret DSQ Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 8 10 12 Ret
Mika Salo 6 5 Ret DSQ Ret 5 DSQ Ret 10 7 9 Ret 7 Ret 11 Ret
1997 Danka Arrows Yamaha Arrows A18 Yamaha OX11C/D
(Judd JV) 3.0 V10		 B AUS BRA ARG SMR MON ESP CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA AUT LUX JPN EUR 9 8th
Damon Hill DNS 17 Ret Ret Ret Ret 9 12 6 8 2 13 Ret 7 8 12 Ret
Pedro Diniz 10 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret 13 5 13 Ret

Sports car racing

GV10

In 1991, the World Sportscar Championship introduced an engine formula nearly identical to Formula One. This was an attempt to decrease cost by allowing sportscar teams to purchase Formula One engines, while at the same time encouraging major sportscar manufacturers to enter Formula One. This allowed for Judd to offer their GV V10 to customers following modifications to meet the endurance requirements necessary in the World Sportscar Championship.

As financial troubles hit other teams, the Judd V10 became one of the few privately funded engines for the top C1 class. Mazda was forced to turn to Judd to replace their outlawed rotary engines, although the GV10s would be rebadged as Mazda MV10s. Euro Racing, also purchased GV10s for their Lola T92/10s. Mazda finished third in the team's championship while Euro Racing took fifth.

The World Sportscar Championship was cancelled in 1993, quickly ending Judd's first brief involvement in sports car racing.

GV4

After engine involvement with Yamaha in Formula One, Judd returned once again to sports car racing. Believing that a large naturally aspirated engine would be fitting for use as a customer supply in the Sports Racing World Cup, Judd resurrected the GV10 from a few years earlier. Expanded to FOUR litres and upgraded with new technology, the new GV4 became a favorite choice for teams not running the dominant Ferrari 333 SP, eventually winning the championship with Racing for Holland in 2002 and 2003. In 2000 a Doran Ferrari 333 SP-Judd hybrid appeared, the performance of the Judd engine being deemed superior to that of the six-year-old Italian unit, which was no longer supported by Ferrari.

The GV4s also became powerful enough to contest for overall wins in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with Oreca Dallaras running the GV4 finishing fifth and sixth in 2002 as well as an overall victory for Doran Lista at the Rolex 24 at Daytona the same year. The engine's reliability record at Le Mans was still patchy and, while it could challenge for the pole in Domes and Dallaras, the engine rpms had to be reduced to ensure it survived the race.

KV675

In 2001, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), organisers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, announced new regulations for Le Mans Prototypes. The smaller LMP675 category would allow naturally aspirated V8 engines up to 3.4 litres. Using the design of the Formula 3000 KV V8, Judd expanded the engine to the maximum 3.4 litres and reinforced it for endurance racing, creating the KV675.

In its debut year, the KV675 won the LMP675 championship in the American Le Mans Series for Dick Barbour Racing. However, factory supported efforts by MG and then Zytek were the dominant efforts in LMP675, so the KV675 only won its class at the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans. It also won the LMP2 class championship in the ALMS in 2005. Both victories were for Intersport Racing, installed at the back of their Lola B2K/40.

GV5

In 2002, Judd introduced a variant of the GV4 known as the GV5. The engine capacity increase to five litres was an attempt to reduce rpms, increase torque, and increase reliability. The GV5 quickly proved its superiority over the GV4, when it took second place in the teams' championship in the Rolex Sports Car Series in its debut year with Doran. Pescarolo Sport later went on to finish fourth at the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans with a GV5. The following year, Pescarolo finished in second place at Le Mans and won the teams' championship in the Le Mans Endurance Series.

The GV5 received an upgrade in 2006, using lighter materials to decrease the weight of the unit by 20 kg.[2] The GV5 S2 showed its performance by taking the Pescarolo to second place once again at Le Mans behind Audi's R10, as well as winning every event in the Le Mans Series season.

The engine was further upgraded in 2007, with an increase in displacement to 5.5 litres to produce more torque while attaining the maximum power at lower rpms and improving fuel consumption, as the Judd GV5.5 S2.[3]

XV675

In an attempt to displace Ford and Cosworth as the only supplier of engines in the Champ Car World Series, Judd proposed a variant of the KV675 for use in the series through an agreement with MG, who would badge the engine. The deal did not come to fruition, but the development work performed based on the KV675 to adapt it to Champ Car was transferred to sports car racing. The improved engine, known as XV675, retained the 3.4 litre layout but included technology developed from the GV series of engines to increase revs and performance while reducing weight.

The XV675 debuted in 2004 with mixed success. Ray Mallock Ltd. earned the XV675 one of its few successes, winning the LMP2 class at the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans, but the team later switched to the Advanced Engine Research turbocharged LMP2 engine which had become dominant in the class. It was used until 2008.

DB

On September 12, 2007, Engine Developments announced their plans for a replacement for the XV675, termed the DB. Although it retained the 3.4 litre engine capacity, the unit was entirely new. Judd planned to work closely with a top LMP2 team in order to get better testing out of the DB in 2008 before the engine was released to any customers.[4] The engine is now found at the back of the numerous Lola B08/80 LMP2 cars in the LMS championship where it competes against the Zyteks and the rare Porsche RS Spyders.

Touring car racing

In 1997, Engine Developments was chosen by Nissan Motors to lead their engine development program on the Primera for the British Touring Car Championship. Nissan went on to win the constructors' championship in 1998 and 1999, with Laurent Aïello winning the driver's title in 1999.

As part of MG's involvement with Judd elsewhere, the two worked together on MG's return to the British Touring Car Championship in 2004. Judd developed the K2000 engine for the MG ZS, with Anthony Reid finishing fourth in the driver's championship in their debut year. However, MG's financial troubles forced the company to drop out of the championship soon after, leaving the K2000 open to customers. Des Wheatley installed the engine in an MG Metro and won the British Rallycross Championship.

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gollark: Hmm, well, that's figured out.
gollark: That would have been very hard to debug.
gollark: Phew, it's not.
gollark: Waaaaait a minute. Is this also using potatOS superglobals in some insanely convoluted way?

References
  1. "High Performance Engine Development". Judd Power. 10 May 2016.
  2. "GV5 S2 Runs For The First Time". Engine Developments. 2006-01-24. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
  3. "New Engine for 2007". Engine Developments. 2006-07-13. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
  4. "Engine Developments Introduces New Judd LMP2 Engine". The-Paddock.net. 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
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