Ludacris

Christopher Brian Bridges (born September 11, 1977),[1] better known by his stage name Ludacris (/ˈluːdəkrɪs/), is an American rapper and actor. After forming his own label, Disturbing tha Peace in the late 1990s, Ludacris later signed with Def Jam South and would go on to become one of the first "Dirty South" rappers to achieve mainstream success with his subsequent releases. For his music, Ludacris has won an MTV Video Music Award and 3 Grammy Awards.

"Luda" redirects here. For other uses, see Luda (disambiguation).

Ludacris
Bridges at the premiere of Max Payne, 2008
Born
Christopher Brian Bridges

(1977-09-11) September 11, 1977
Champaign, Illinois, U.S.
Other namesChris Lova Lova, Luda
CitizenshipUnited States
Gabon
Occupation
  • Rapper
  • actor
  • songwriter
  • entrepreneur
  • philanthropist
  • record executive
Years active1998–present
Spouse(s)
Eudoxie Mbouguiengue
(
m. 2014)
Children3
RelativesRichard Pryor (cousin)
AwardsFull list
Musical career
GenresHip hop
InstrumentsVocals
Labels
Associated acts
Websiteludaversal.com

Born in Champaign, Illinois, Ludacris moved to Atlanta at age nine, where he first began rapping. After a brief stint as a DJ, he independently released his first album Incognegro in 1999 to limited success, but achieved national attention the following year with his major label debut, Back for the First Time, which contained the hit singles "Southern Hospitality" and "What's Your Fantasy". In 2001, he released Word of Mouf, followed by Chicken-n-Beer in 2003 and The Red Light District in 2004, all of which were certified multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). He took a more serious approach with his next two albums, Release Therapy (2006), and Theater of the Mind (2008). His next record, Battle of the Sexes, was released in 2010 and featured a return to the more lighthearted tone of his previous albums. His most recent effort, Ludaversal was released on March 31, 2015.

As an actor, Ludacris is best known for his role as Tej Parker in The Fast and the Furious film series, with his first appearance in the franchise coming in 2002. His other notable roles include Crash (2004), Gamer (2009), and New Year's Eve (2011). For his performances as Parker, Ludacris has won both a Screen Actors Guild and a Critic's Choice Award.

Early life

Christopher Brian Bridges was born in Champaign, Illinois, the only child of Roberta Shields and Wayne Brian Bridges. He later moved to the Chicago area, where he attended Emerson Middle School in Oak Park and Oak Park & River Forest High School for one year.[2][3] He then moved to Centreville, Virginia and attended Centreville High School for one year.[4] He attended Banneker High School in Atlanta, Georgia and graduated in 1995.[1] From 1998 to 1999, he studied music management at Georgia State University.[5] Bridges is of African American, English, and Native American ancestry.[6] He is a distant cousin of late comedian Richard Pryor.[7] Bridges wrote his first rap song at age nine when moving to Atlanta, and joined an amateur rap group three years later.[8]

Music career

1998–2000: Incognegro and Back for the First Time

Bridges served as an intern and then a DJ at Atlanta's Hot 97.5 (now Hot 107.9) under the name "Chris Lova Lova".[9] He was also known for DJing during Freaknik at one point. Ludacris collaborated with Timbaland on the track "Phat Rabbit" from his album Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment. This song was a hit in many countries. In 1998, Ludacris began to record his debut album Incognegro, which was eventually released by his then-independent label, Disturbing tha Peace, in August 1999. This album was the defining example of Ludacris' fast, wild, and comedic flow, a unique style for southern rappers. The album was supported by his debut single "What's Your Fantasy", which ended up peaking at #21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Despite its poor sales, it landed the artist a record deal with the Southern based division of Def Jam Recordings (Def Jam South) due to the success of its singles. In 2000, Ludacris released his major label debut Back for the First Time. The album reached number four on the U.S. Billboard 200, and was a major success. The album made its mark on the industry with singles such as "Southern Hospitality" (featuring Pharrell Williams) and "Area Codes" (featuring Nate Dogg). Guest appearances included 4-Ize, I-20, Shawnna, Pastor Troy, Timbaland, Trina, Foxy Brown, UGK, and others. Ludacris stated in an interview on MTV's hip hop program Direct Effect that he came up with his stage name based on his "split personality" that he considered "ridiculous" and "ludicrous".[10]

2001–2003: Word of Mouf and Chicken-n-Beer

Ludacris promptly completed his next album, Word of Mouf, and released it at the end of 2001. The video for the lead single, "Rollout (My Business)", was nominated for a 2002 Grammy Award, and Ludacris performed it live at the awards' pre-show. He released singles "Saturday (Oooh Oooh)" with Sleepy Brown, "Move Bitch" with Mystikal and I-20, and "Area Codes" with Nate Dogg.

During the spring of 2003, Ludacris returned to the music scene after a brief hiatus with a new single, "Act a Fool", from the 2 Fast 2 Furious soundtrack. At around the same time, he released the lead single from his album Chicken-n-Beer, called "P-Poppin" (short for "Pussy Poppin'"). Neither of his new singles were as well received by either the urban or pop audiences as his previous songs had been, and both music videos received only limited airplay. Chicken-N-Beer opened strongly, but without a popular single, the album fell quickly. Guest appearances include Playaz Circle, Chingy, Snoop Dogg, 8Ball & MJG, Lil' Flip, I-20, Lil Fate, and Shawnna.

In the fall of 2003, Ludacris rebounded with his next single, "Stand Up", which appeared on both Chicken-n-Beer as well as the soundtrack for the teen hip hop/dance movie You Got Served. Produced by Kanye West, "Stand Up" went on to become one of Ludacris' biggest mainstream hits to date, hitting the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 garnering heavy airplay on mainstream pop, rhythmic, and urban radio stations, as well as on MTV, MTV2, and BET. Ludacris was sued by a New Jersey group called I.O.F. who claimed that "Stand Up" used a hook from one of their songs, but in June 2006, a jury found that the song did not violate copyrights. "I hope the plaintiffs enjoyed their 15 minutes of fame," Ludacris said after the verdict.[11]

The album's next single, "Splash Waterfalls", was released in early 2004. A huge pop hit (despite its steamy video and explicit, adult-oriented lyrical content and themes), it subsequently became a success at urban radio and BET, and is the only time he has produced two consecutive top 10 singles from a solo album, except for Release Therapy (an unedited version of the video could only be viewed on BET's Uncut program). It was Ludacris' most sexual video yet, an R&B remix that featured Raphael Saadiq and sampled Tony! Toni! Tone!'s "Whatever You Want". Ludacris received his first Grammy Award with Usher and Lil Jon for their hit single "Yeah!". Ludacris next released "Blow It Out", which was accompanied by a low-budget music video.

2004–2007: The Red Light District and Release Therapy
Ludacris during a 2011 New Year's Day concert in a Miami Beach nightclub

Ludacris took a more mature approach to his fourth album The Red Light District. Sohail Khalid helped produce this album with various artists such as T.I., Lil Flip and Bun B. Ludacris openly boasted that he may be the only rapper able to keep the Def Jam label afloat on the opening track. Ludacris filmed and recorded the single "Get Back" in which he was featured as a muscle-bound hulk who was being annoyed by the media and warned critics to leave him alone. He first appeared on Saturday Night Live as a special guest performing with musical guest Sum 41 on a season 30 episode hosted by Paul Giamatti. He then recorded "Get Back" with Sum 41 to make a rock crossover single. The follow-up single was the Austin Powers-inspired "Number One Spot". It was produced by New York City's Hot 97 personality DJ Green Lantern. It used the Quincy Jones sample of "Soul Bossa Nova" and sped it up to the tempo of Ludacris' rap flow. Featured artists on the album include Nas, DJ Quik, DMX, Trick Daddy, Sleepy Brown and Disturbing tha Peace newcomers Bobby Valentino, Dolla Boi and Small World. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard charts.

In an issue of XXL, Ludacris was placed in the number nine spot for the most anticipated albums of 2006, for Release Therapy. The album Release Therapy was released on September 26, 2006. Ludacris formatted the CD to have two sides: a Release side and a Therapy side on a single CD. Guest appearances include Pharrell Williams, R. Kelly, Young Jeezy, Mary J. Blige, Field Mob, Bobby Valentino, Pimp C, C-Murder and Beanie Sigel. The first single, "Money Maker", which features Williams, was released to U.S. radio outlets on July 17, 2006.[12] "Money Maker" reached number one on the BET program 106 & Park. It then went to become the rapper's second number-one single after 6 years. His second single, "Grew Up a Screw Up", featuring Young Jeezy, dispels rumors that the two are or ever were in a dispute. His third single, "Runaway Love", soon peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks and won Best Collaboration in the 2007 BET Awards. Release Therapy won the Best Rap Album award at the 2007 Grammy Awards. His album then reached number one on the Billboard 200 album charts with sales of 309,000 in its first week. With the release of this album, Ludacris marked a change in style in his career with his musical style. The new album itself features a departure of the lighthearted mood of his previous albums, and introduces a darker side. A change of hair accompanied this as he cut off his trademark braids for a more conventional "fade" cut. To promote the album, Ludacris returned to Saturday Night Live (as both host and musical guest) on November 18, 2006.

2008–2010: Theater of the Mind and Battle of the Sexes

The Preview, a mixtape to preview the album was released on July 28, 2008. Theater of the Mind was released on November 24, 2008, and in April 2008, the single "Let's Stay Together" appeared on xxlmag.com; supposedly from the new album ("Let's Stay Together" was expected to but was released as a bonus track on the CD). A song with Small World called "Pinky Shinin" was expected to be on the album, but it was dropped. In an interview with Complex Magazine he stated that Chris Brown, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, T.I., Plies, Common, T-Pain, Jay-Z, Nas and The Game will be on the album; Game is featured in a track with Willy Northpole titled "Call Up the Homies". T.I. was on the album on a track called "Wish You Would" squashing the long feud between them. The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 with 213,493 sold first week. The album was released the same day as Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak, which took the number-one spot.[13] His first single "What Them Girls Like", featuring Chris Brown and Sean Garrett, peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 100. His second single, "One More Drink", featuring T-Pain, peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 100. The third official single is "Nasty Girl", featuring Plies. He confirmed a "sequel" titled Ludaversal[14] due to be released September 11, 2012.[15]

Ludacris' eighth studio album was released on March 9, 2010, with his first promotional single for the album being "Everybody Drunk" which features Callum Smith, originally featuring Shawnna. The first concept idea of the album was to have Ludacris and Shawnna battle it out on the album back–to–back, but this was later axed upon Shawnna's departure from Disturbing tha Peace, ending her contract on Ludacris' label and joining T-Pain's Nappy Boy Entertainment label. The first official single released from Battle of the Sexes was "How Low", which was released on December 8, 2009. The follow–up single was "My Chick Bad", released on February 23, 2010. The third single is "Sex Room", peaking at number 69 on the Billboard 100. Ludacris's Battle of the Sexes entered the chart at number one, with 137,000 sales in the first week. The album is currently certified gold.[16]

2012–2015: Ludaversal

Throughout 2012, Ludacris released 3 singles: "Stairway To Heaven ", Representin and Rest of My Life, all of which were scrapped after the songs underperformed and the recording process for his upcoming album Ludaversal stalled.

On May 24, 2013, Ludacris released a mixtape entitled #IDGAF. He had been releasing a new song on Fridays as he is calling these releases IDGAF Fridays. These songs, in order of release, were "Raised in the South" featuring rapper Young Jeezy, released on April 19. That release was followed by "If I Ain't Fucked Up" on April 26, "9 Times Out of 10" featuring rappers French Montana & Que on May 3, "Speak into The Mic" on May 10, and "I Don't Give A Fuck" on May 17. The last song was released a week before the release of the mixtape. The mixtape had almost 60,000 downloads via datpiff.com within the first day. Ludacris reprised his role as Tej in the blockbuster movie Fast & Furious 6, which opened during Memorial Day Weekend, May 2013. Ludacris had this to say about his upcoming new album: "I think every album is like a progression, I'm working with different producers. Usher, We definitely have this album which is a great thing. Ne-Yo is also on the album and I have producers like David Guetta, we have Stargate, have trainees. [The] Kelly Rowland single just came out that you need to check out. It's called 'Representing'".[17]

On August 3, 2013, Ludacris confirmed to VIBE.com he will be working with Anita Baker. "I don't know if the cat's out the bag. Yeah, Anita Baker is definitely on the album," admitted Luda. "She's on that particular song. [It] is really about my father and growing up and me being a kid and trying to get him to stop and me dealing with that."[18]

After a lengthy hiatus, Ludacris returned to the music on January 30, 2014 with the release of a single "Party Girls" featuring Jeremih, Wiz Khalifa and Cashmere Cat. The song takes a cue from Aqua's 1997 song "Barbie Girl"; however, the single did not appear on the new album.[19] On October 9, 2014, Ludacris announced that Ludaversal would be released on March 31, 2015; which will be preceded by an EP titled Burning Bridges due for release on December 16, 2014.[20][21] On October 31, 2014 Ludacris premiered the first single from the "Burning Bridges" EP titled "Good Lovin'" featuring American singer Miguel.[22]

Due to its moderate success, "Good Lovin" would go on to serve as the first single from Ludaversal. On March 3, 2015, Ludacris held a listening party for Ludaversal with Def Jam. The tracks "Intro", "Not For Long" featuring Usher, and "Come N See Me" featuring Big K.R.I.T. were revealed to the public[23] After 3 years worth of delays, Ludaversal was released March 31, 2015 to generally positive reviews and debuted at number three on the Billboard 200.

2017–present: Upcoming tenth studio album

In March 2017, Ludacris confirmed that he was working on his tenth studio album in an interview with Complex magazine.[24] On March 31, 2017, Ludacris released a new single called "Vitamin D" featuring Ty Dolla Sign.[25]

In 2017, Ludacris hosted YouTube's Best.Cover.Ever show.[26]

In 2018, he was featured on country singer Carrie Underwood's single "The Champion". The song peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the opening song for Super Bowl LII and 2018 Winter Olympics and Cry Pretty. On May 8, 2018, Ludacris received three nominations and one win for the 2018 CMT Music Awards.[27]

Personal life

Ludacris has a daughter named Karma Bridges (born August 2001) from a relationship with an attorney from Atlanta.[28] From 2009 until their marriage in 2014 he dated model Eudoxie Mbouguiengue.[29] He also has a daughter, Cai Bella Bridges (born December 2013), with Tamika Fuller, a longtime friend.[30][31] In Costa Rica on December 26, 2014,[32] Ludacris became engaged to Mbouguiengue,[33][32] and the two married later that same day.[34][35] In early June 2015, Eudoxie announced that the couple had welcomed a baby girl.[36]

In January 2020, Ludacris acquired Gabonese citizenship along with his mother and two daughters.[37]

Business ventures
Heel window of the Clyde x Luda Puma Clyde sneaker showing the Disturbing tha Peace logo

Ludacris is the founder of his own record label, Disturbing tha Peace, an imprint distributed by Def Jam Recordings. He is the co-owner of Conjure Cognac liquor. In 2011, Ludacris released his own line of headphones called "Soul By Ludacris" manufactured by Soul Electronics.[38] He also has various real estate holdings.[39]

In 2006, Ludacris appeared in a television and print advertising campaign for Puma, which released 3 limited edition models of a "Clyde x Luda" Puma Clyde sneaker, with Ludacris' image on the heel of the insole and "DTP" (for Disturbing tha Peace) on the heel window.

In November 2016, Ludacris opened up a restaurant named "Chicken N Beer" at the Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta.[40]

Philanthropy

In 2011, Ludacris joined a joint effort between Do Something and Better World Books to collect books to help restock library shelves in New Orleans. He filmed a public service announcement in support of the Epic Book Drive.[41]

Chris "Ludacris" Bridges also started the Ludacris Foundation at the beginning of his music career in 2002. The aim of the foundation is to inspire the youth through education, memorable experiences and helping the youth help themselves. The focus is what Ludacris calls the "3Ls": Leadership and Education, Living Healthy Lifestyles, and LudaCares.[42]

Controversy

T.I.

Tensions began when T.I. saw Disturbing tha Peace rapper I-20's video in which a man wearing a shirt with the words "Trap House," was being beaten. T.I. believed the man's shirt actually said "Trap Muzik," perhaps interpreting this to be a reference to his album of the same name. Later, G-Unit artist Young Buck asked these two fellow Southern rappers to appear on his new record on the track "Stomp". T.I. recorded a verse which contained a line that Young Buck considered to be an insult towards Ludacris, "Me gettin' beat down?/That's ludicrous". Young Buck spoke to Ludacris about his interpretation of the event. Ludacris then later recorded a verse that can be found on the album "Straight Outta Cashville".[43] T.I's record company wanted Ludacris to change his verse before they sanctioned it but Ludacris refused and T.I. was therefore replaced by Game on the album version.

On June 24, 2007, at the Sunset Tower Hotel in West Hollywood, California, T.I. was involved in a physical altercation. During a luncheon held by Kevin Liles of Warner Music Group (parent company of T.I.'s label, Atlantic Records), the MC got into a fight with Ludacris' manager Chaka Zulu. According to witnesses, T.I. punched Zulu in the face and choked him and a small, brief melee ensued.[44]

T.I. was awarded honors for Best Hip-Hop Artist at the BET Awards, and took the opportunity to apologize for his scuffle with Disturbing tha Peace executive Chaka Zulu earlier in the week. While accepting his award, he expressed regret over the situation. "They say it's a fine line between brilliance and insanity," he said, in an apparent reference to his troublesome alter ego, T.I.P. During the broadcast, cameras showed his onetime rival Ludacris smiling in the audience.

The two rappers have resolved their disagreement and have collaborated on four songs: "Wish You Would" off Ludacris's sixth studio album Theater of the Mind, "On Top of the World" off T.I.'s sixth studio album Paper Trail, and "We in This Bitch" off DJ Drama's album Quality Street Music. The original version of the latter had Kanye West. The two have also collaborated on Big Boi's song called "In The A," released on the 2012 album Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors.

Bill O'Reilly and Pepsi

On August 27, 2002, political pundit Bill O'Reilly called for all Americans to boycott Pepsi products because they hired Ludacris for promotional purposes and O'Reilly objected to Ludacris' style and attitude.[45] The next day, O'Reilly reported that Pepsi had fired Ludacris.[45] Six months later, Russell Simmons and his hip hop action summit threatened a boycott of all PepsiCo products on the grounds that Pepsi had subsequently hired Ozzy Osbourne for a commercial even though Osbourne is notable for use of profanity and explicit lyrics. Eventually an agreement was reached which resulted in PepsiCo donating $3 million to Ludacris' foundation and other inner city charities.[46]

This is referenced in the 2003 songs "Hoes in My Room" as well as "Blow It Out" from Chicken n' Beer. Three years later, this would be referenced again in the song "Number One Spot". During a summer 2003 appearance on MTV's The New Tom Green Show, Ludacris and host Tom Green launched copies of Bill O'Reilly-authored books into a dumpster using a homemade catapult. In an interview with RadarOnline.com in 2010, Ludacris stated that he and O'Reilly had made amends after having a conversation at a charity event.[47]

2008 presidential election

The song "Politics as Usual" from Ludacris' mixtape The Preview has stirred controversy due to lyrics in the song criticizing Jesse Jackson; "Now Jesse talkin' slick and apologizin' for what? If you said it then you meant it" (in reference to Jackson stating that he would "like to cut Obama's nuts off"); John McCain "McCain don't belong in any chair unless he's paralyzed"; President George W. Bush "Yeah I said it, 'cuz Bush is mentally handicapped/Ball up all of his speeches and throw 'em just like candy wraps/'Cuz what you talkin' I hear nothin' even relevant/you the worst of all 43 presidents"; Hillary Clinton "Hillary hated on you, so that bitch is irrelevant", in reference to Hillary's campaign comments against Obama.[48]

Discography
Main article: Ludacris discography
Studio albums

Filmography
Film
Year Film Role Notes
2001 The Wash Customer Minor role
2003 2 Fast 2 Furious Tej Parker Main role
2004 Lil' Pimp Weathers Supporting role
Voice
2005 Paper Chasers Himself Documentary film about the Hip hop scene, directed by Maxie Collier. Ludacris is interviewed at various stages, just before achieving major fame.
Hustle & Flow Skinny Black Supporting role
Crash Anthony Supporting role
The Industry Himself
Ludacris: The Red Light District Himself Hip hop film/Documentary
2007 The Heart of the Game Narrator
Ludacris: The Southern Smoke: Unauthorized Himself Documentary
American Hustle himself Minor role
Fred Claus DJ Donnie Supporting role
2008 RocknRolla Mickey Minor role
Max Payne Jim Bravura Supporting role
2009 Ball Don't Lie Julius Main role
Gamer Humanz Brother Supporting role
2011 Fast Five Tej Parker Main role
No Strings Attached Wallace Supporting role
New Year's Eve Brendan Nolan Supporting role
Breakaway Himself Together with Akshay Kumar, Ludacris produced one of the movie's main tracks. He also made a cameo appearance in the movie
2013 Fast & Furious 6 Tej Parker Main role
2015 Furious 7 Main role
2017 The Fate of the Furious Main role
Demi Lovato: Simply Complicated Himself Documentary film
2018 Show Dogs Max (voice) Main role
2020 John Henry Hell Main role
2021 F9: The Fast Saga Tej Parker Main role
Television
Year Title Role Notes
2006 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Darius Parker "Venom" (season 7, episode 156)
2007 The Simpsons Himself "You Kent Always Say What You Want" (season 18, episode 22)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Darius Parker "Screwed" (season 8, episode 183)
2010 When I Was 17 Himself
2014 Being Mary Jane Terrence Mitchell "Exposed" (season 1, episode 5)
2014 Rising Star Himself Judge/Expert
2014 – 2016 Billboard Music Awards Himself Presenter
2015 The Comedy Central Roast of Justin Bieber Himself Roasting Justin Bieber
2015 Empire Officer McKnight "Without a Country" (season 2, episode 2)
2017–present Fear Factor Himself Host
2018 Super Bowl LII 2018 Winter Olympics Himself Opening Performer
Video games
Year Title Role Notes
2003 Def Jam Vendetta Himself Voice role
2004 Def Jam: Fight for NY Himself Voice role
2007 Def Jam: Icon Himself Voice role
2015 Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Tej Parker Voice-over role
gollark: Opus the audio codec.
gollark: Try downloading it as opus or whatever then using FFmpeg directly to convert to WAV.
gollark: No.
gollark: @Eevvaann6 ...?
gollark: It does? Weird. It didn't do that for me.

See also

References
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  2. Anonymous (November 9, 2007). "Ludacris revels in holiday spirit". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  3. "Ludacris". IMDb.
  4. "Ludacris tells Lindsay Czarniak that he attended Centreville High School for a year". Washington Post.
  5. Alumni Report Archived June 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Sounds, Fall 2008, pg. 10. Georgia State University.
  6. "Furious 7 Star Ludacris Learns About His Surprising Relatives". PEOPLE.com. April 3, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  7. "Furious 7 Star Ludacris Learns About His Surprising Relatives". April 3, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  8. Dukes, Rahman; Scorca, Shari (March 9, 2001). "Ludacris: Throwing Bows". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  9. "Ludacris Talks Conjure, Fast & The Furious (EXCLUSIVE VIDEO) | HotSpotATL – Hot 107.9 Atlanta's Home for the Hip-Hop Community". HotSpotATL. September 20, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  10. Johnson, Elon (October 19, 2000). "DFX: Ludacris Is "Back For The First Time"". MTV News. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  11. "For The Record: Quick News On Luda, Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Avenged Sevenfold, Social Distortion & More". MTV.com. Retrieved May 24, 2006.
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  13. Paine, Jake (December 3, 2008). "Hip Hop Album Sales: The Week Ending 11/30/08". HipHopDX.com. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
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  16. "RIAA – Searchable Database". RIAA. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
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  25. "Vitamin D (feat. Ty Dolla $ign) - Single by Ludacris" – via music.apple.com.
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  27. "From Carrie to Blake — See the Complete Winners List from the 2018 CMT Music Awards". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  28. "HIPHOSSIP BLOG.: November 2007". Hiphossip.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  29. Brittany King (January 8, 2015). "Eudoxie Mbouguiengue". Hollywood Life.
  30. "Ludacris and baby mama Tamika Fuller had a daughter". January 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  31. "Ludacris and baby mama in child support dispute". January 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  32. Webber, Stephanie (December 27, 2014). "Ludacris Engaged to Girlfriend Eudoxie: See the Airplane Proposal Photo". Us Weekly. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  33. Chiu, Melody (January 6, 2015). "Ludacris Marries Eudoxie Mbouguiengue". People. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
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  37. "American Rapper Ludacris Becomes Gabonese Citizen". BBC. January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
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  42. "The Ludacris Foundation, Green For All and Actress Keshia Knight Pulliam Host "Keep It Fresh" Earth Day Event – Green For All". Greenforall.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
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  44. Shaheem Reid (June 25, 2007). T.I., Ludacris' Manager Get Into Scuffle At Industry Event MTV. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
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