Jesús Comín Sagüés

Jesús Comín y Sagüés was a Spanish Carlist politician and soldier. He has been twice elected deputy to the Republican Cortes. He is also recognized for his role during early days of the Civil War, when he decisively contributed to Nationalist seizure of Zaragoza and large part of Aragón.

Jesús Comín Sagüés
Born1889
Zaragoza, Spain
Died1939
Zaragoza, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationlibrarian, scholar
Known forpolitician

Family and youth
Bienvenido Comín

The well established Comín family for generations has been producing locally distinguished figures. Jesus’ great-grandfather sided with Carlos V during the First Carlist War and sought refuge on exile afterwards.[1] His son, Bienvenido Comín Sarté (1828-1880), became a recognized lawyer, known as "el abogado de los pobres",[2] and member of the Zaragoza ayuntamiento. He sided with Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War, member of the Royal Council and leader of Junta Provincial Católico-Monárquica.[3] He too had to flee abroad; upon return he grew to a distinguished Zaragoza law scholar, Traditionalist thinker[4] and writer.[5] Until death he continued as regional party leader in Aragon.[6]

Bienvenido's son and the uncle of Jesús, Pascual Comín Moya, in 1919 briefly was the national party jefe,[7] active among national Jaimista leaders until death in 1928.[8] Pascual's brother and Jesús' father, Francisco Javier Comín Moya (1857-1932), has not occupied major posts in the party, engaging rather in local Catholic periodicals like El Noticiero.[9] His prestigious position in the Zaragoza realm resulted from his stand as a recognized academic: in 1895 he assumed Cátedra de procedimientos judiciales y práctica forense of the University of Zaragoza and retained the position for the following 35 years. In 1921 he became dean of the Facultad de derecho, the post held - since 1931 as honorary dean - until death.[10] Francisco Javier was married to Rosario Sagüés Mugiro;[11] it is not clear how many children the couple had.

Pascual Comín

None of the sources consulted provides information on early education of Jesús. Upon receiving bachillerato he entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad de Zaragoza; his graduation in jurisprudence is not confirmed, though later on occasionally the press referred to him "abogado".[12] It is known, however, that he was excellent student in Filosofia y Letras, graduating in 1913 with premio extraordinario;[13] at unspecified date he reached the grade of doctor in Philosophy and Letters, still in Zaragoza.[14]

In 1920[15] Jesús Comín Sagüés married a Catalan, María Pilar Ros Martínez (1896–1973);[16] the couple had seven children,[17] brought up in fervently Catholic ambience.[18] The only one which became a nationwide known figure was Alfonso Carlos Comín Ros. He gained recognition for theoretical attempt to merge militant Communism with Christianity, dubbed cristiano-marxismo; political prisoner in the Francoist Spain, he was one of the PSUC and PCE leaders.[19] María Pilar Comín Ros[20] and Javier Comín Ros[21] were locally known in Catalonia as contributors to the Barcelona daily La Vanguardia; María Pilar ran the section on women's fashion. Jesús grandson and Alfonso Carlos' son, Antoni Comín i Oliveres, is a Catalan Separatist politician.[22] He was the Minister of Health of the Executive Council of Catalonia between 2016 and 2017. The older brother of Jesús, Francisco Javier, specialized in commercial law and served as catedrático in a number of Spanish universities; another one, Jose Maria, was active as Carlist politician, in the 1940s he joined Carloctavismo[23] and in the 1950s recognized Don Juan as a legitimate Carlist heir.[24]

Public servant
Zaragoza University, early 20th c.

Upon graduation Comín applied for entry into Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, a state-controlled corporation entrusted with protection of national cultural heritage; following the nationwide contest process he emerged victorious as the 3rd best among 45 successful candidates nationwide and in 1915 was admitted to the corps.[25] He was assigned to Biblioteca Universidaria de Zaragoza[26] with the annual salary of 3,000 pesetas.[27] During the next few years Comín worked as an archivist in the university and elsewhere, taking care of various archival projects in Aragón and beyond: he was noted as appointed in 1919 to Archivo de Hacienda de Zamora[28] and in 1921 nominated director of the local Teruel archive.[29] It is not clear how long he carried on with the librarian and archivist tasks; none of the contemporary sources consulted referred to him as such after the mid-1920s. However, he remained member of the corps until 1936; in September the appropriate ministry of the Republican government relegated Comín from Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos.[30]

Some time during the last years of the Restoration Comín commenced working at Facultad de Filosofía y Letras at the Zaragoza University, where at that time his father was member of the academic Junta de Gobierno. In 1920, apart from having carrying on with his librarian duties, he was also noted as professor auxiliar at the faculty of philosophy and letters.[31] An apparently temporary assignment was prolonged in 1924. He signed a new contract for the following 4 years, though there was no professional progress recorded; he remained professor auxiliar temporal.[32] It is not clear what his exact role was and in particular, whether he assumed senior teaching duties or rather performed junior academic roles; he is listed as auxiliary member of the Filosofía y Letras faculty staff in the late 1920s[33] and in the early 1930s.[34]

Zaragoza University, current view

Comín's position in the academic realm of the Republic is uncertain; it is not clear whether he continued working at the University, either as a librarian or as a scholar. Occasionally he was referred to as "catedrático";[35] a present-day scholar names him "Professor Jesús Comín"[36] and even claims he chaired a faculty, but points to Law instead of Letters.[37] The official Cortes service referred to him as "abogado" rather than as a scholar.[38] None of the sources consulted lists any Comín's scholarly works. A rather hagiographical and outdated encyclopedic entry notes his extensive culture and asserts that he specialized in political, philosophical, literary and historical studies.[39] A monograph dedicated to Zaragoza University staff supporting the Nationalist rebels of 1936 does not list Comín at all.[40]

Early politics
Magna Junta de Biarritz

Born and raised in the iconic Carlist Aragón dynasty, Jesús was from his childhood growing accustomed to regional and national party leaders visiting his family home. As a teenager he was active in Carlist juvenile organizations, and in 1912 he rose to leader of the local Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista.[41] At that time he was already active beyond his native Aragón, e.g. when leading a group of Navarrese youth during pilgrimage to the Zaragoza sanctuary of Virgen del Pilar.[42] In the 1910s Carlism was suffering from conflict between the claimant, Don Jaime, and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella; the Comín family, though like de Mella assuming somewhat Germanophile positions during the Great War, remained loyal to their king. Jesús career in the party ranks was boosted when his uncle assumed leadership of Comunión Católico-Monárquica; the same year he entered Comité de Acción Jaimista, a loyalist body working to mobilize support for the pretender.[43]

In 1919 Comín took part in works of the grand Jaimista reunion named Junta Magna de Biarritz, an assembly intended to provide the movement with a new momentum following the Mellista breakup.[44] Though the gathering was massively attended, his taking part demonstrated Comín's growing position in the party ranks. In 1920 he tried his hand when running for the Cortes from the South Aragonese district of Daroca, presenting his bid as a Jaimist and Agrarian candidate.[45] He lost to a conservative rival[46] and appealed, accusing his counter-candidate with corruption; the charge was dismissed.[47] He did not take part in the last electoral campaign of Restauración in 1923, as the Jaimistas agreed they would abstain from what they considered corrupt democracy.[48]

Don Jaime

Advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill, with all political parties dissolved. There is no information on Comín's political activity during the mid- and late 1920s; he is listed neither as engaged in Carlist organizations nor in the primoderiverista structures; when noted in the press, it was rather due to his university engagements, activity in numerous Catholic associations, like Caballeros de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, or organizing sport events, e.g. a lawn tennis tournament in Zaragoza.[49] Upon the fall of dictatorship and re-emergence of Carlist political structures in 1930 Comín was for the first time noted as member of the Aragón party executive, Junta Regional.[50] Some authors claim that during dictablanda he was not adverse towards the new military regime and tentatively agreed to take part in "organized" elections for the Cortes, planned for 1931; he would stand in Daroca again.[51] Nothing came out of these plans as the monarchy collapsed and the Republic was declared.

Republic
Comín as MP

During the early months of the Republic Comín emerged as engaged in a number of Jaimist initiatives going far beyond the regional realm and with major nationwide impact. In June 1931 he contributed to reformatting of Requeté from a self-defense militia to a paramilitary formation;[52] more importantly, in the autumn of that year and with a group of senior Carlist leaders he took part in preliminary talks with the Alfonsist politicians, intended as preparations for a would-be dynastical agreement. Fully authorized by Don Jaime, they met with the Alfonsinos in San Sebastián, leading later to the so-called Pacto de Territet.[53] Comín's stance on dynastical agreement is not clear; later that year he was noted as speaking against any common monarchist movement,[54] including sort of a monarchist shirt organization.[55]

New republican regime and its militantly secular course drew three separate Carlist branches together; Comín contributed by propaganda activities, delivering addresses as far as in Santander.[56] Following re-unification in Comunión Tradicionalista, within the new party structures Comín emerged as head of the municipal Zaragoza organization,[57] 1932 noted as presidente of the local Círculo Tradicionalista.[58] He also retained his position in the regional executive, now renamed to Junta Suprema de Aragón and scaled down to just 3 members.[59]

In 1933 Comín stood on a joint right-wing electoral list and was successfully elected to the Cortes;[60] 3 years later he would renew his mandate standing in the same Zaragoza district.[61] In the parliament he remained a restless and militant deputy; some declare him "famous for his numerous interventions"[62] while the others would rather prefer to call him notorious.[63] Member of 3 committees,[64] he tended to focus on Aragon rather than on nationwide problems, rising questions of flood damages, regulation of the Ebro[65] or underused railway hub in Canfranc.[66] Apart from the Left, which grudgingly acknowledged his harsh harangues against the Anarchist 1933 uprising[67] and the 1934 Asturian revolution,[68] he gained enemies also among the Republicans, enraged by Comín's onslaught on FUE[69] and masonry,[70] and among CEDA, as he repeatedly clashed with Serrano Suñer over local self-government regime[71] and attacked the Lerroux government.[72]

Carlist standard

Comín was fairly explicit about necessity to introduce "national dictatorship" as a stepping stone towards Traditionalist monarchy;[73] in practical terms he seemed to have changed his mind compared to his 1931 position and supported a monarchist alliance within National Bloc;[74] he signed its launch 1934 manifesto.[75] The strategy did not go well with the new Carlist leader Manuel Fal,[76] who nevertheless in 1934 appointed Comín to Council of Culture, a congregation of Carlist pundits.[77] The same year he grew to regional Aragón jefe,[78] presided over dynamic growth of the provincial organization[79] and emerged among most active party propagandists, attending Traditionalists feasts from Poblet in Catalonia[80] to Quintillo in Andalusia.[81] He also founded a local El Lunes weekly and collaborated with a number of others Carlist periodicals.[82]

Civil War
Requeté, early Civil War

During the last 2 years of the Republic Comín focused on buildup of the local Requeté organization; in mid-1935 Zaragoza was able to field only 2 companies;[83] a year later the organization expanded by leaps and bounds; the city could have presented one battalion[84] and emerged as one of the most mobilized Carlist centers in Spain.[85] Amidst standoff during the first few days of the rebellion in Zaragoza Comín travelled twice to Pamplona to secure reinforcements[86] and came back with some 1,200 Navarrese requetés.[87] The Carlist militiamen helped to overwhelm pockets of workers' resistance in the city, overran the surrounding province and met the Anarchist column advancing from Barcelona some 22 km East of the Aragon capital.[88] As a result, Zaragoza, one of the national anarchist strongholds,[89] remained firmly in Nationalists' hands.[90]

Following the seizure of Zaragoza Comín played a politically vital role, transforming the Aragon insurgency from defense of the Republic against anarchy, as Cabanellas would have had it, into a monarchist, ultra-conservative and fanatically Catholic crusade.[91] Under his command the Carlists were tearing down republican flags and replacing them with monarchist banners; he personally introduced Virgen del Pilar painting into the ayuntamiento hall,[92] while the city elated in religious celebrations.[93] Comín threw himself into organizing the new Requeté battalions; in late July the first sub-units of Tercio de Nuestra Señora del Pilar were formed,[94] later on followed by another Aragon battalion, Tercio de los Almogávares.[95] In the autumn Comín was incorporated into command structures of the Pilar tercio, though given his lack of military training it is not clear what exactly his position was.[96] He spent December 1936 in line on the Madrid front,[97] though it is not known what was his unit at the time;[98] also later on he served in the frontline troops on the on and off basis, present among soldiers entering Teruel when re-taken by the Nationalists in early 1938.[99] He suffered combat wounds;[100] noted for demonstrating bravery which bordered imprudence, Comín was admonished for taking unnecessary risks.[101]

Zaragoza, late 1936

Comín did enter the Carlist wartime executive and is neither listed as taking part in key Traditionalist meetings, intended to discuss the threat of looming amalgamation into a state party.[102] Personally he remained on good terms with local Falange;[103] this caused anxiety of the Falangist leader, Manuel Hedilla, who fired his Zaragoza chief due to his too friendly relations with the Requetés.[104] Following issuing of the Unification Decree Comín seemed to have complied and in May 1937 was nominated sub-jefe regional of Falange Española Tradicionalista.[105] It appears, however, that he strove to turn Aragon into a Carlist fiefdom very much like the neighboring Navarre, influencing local appointments and engaging in Traditionalist[106] and Nationalist[107] propaganda. Circumstances of his death are not clear. According to most sources he was killed in a car accident in Zaragoza in March 1939;[108] according to some he developed serious lung problems following a car accident suffered at the Teruel front and died due to pneumonia following 11 days in bed.[109]

Reception and legacy
former Comín street, Zaragoza

During his lifetime Comín gained recognition mostly locally in Zaragoza and Aragón; it was only the Carlist press which hailed him nationwide as a great orator and "catedrático".[110] His very belligerent interventions in the Cortes at times gained him attention beyond the Traditionalist realm, e.g. when he triggered a governmental fact-finding mission to Canfranc.[111] His zeal earned him also some ridicule on part of the hostile press, which did not miss the opportunity to quote him declare in excitement that "yo soy Jesús Comín, y les doy mi nombre porque cuando digo una cosa me gusta responder de ella", drawing mocking comparisons to Neron or Napoleon.[112] His funeral was attended by a number of Francoist dignitaries,[113] including general Moscardo and general Monasterio.[114] José María Comín tried to honor his brother's name in the local Círculo Cultural Español, as Círculo Carlista was renamed during early Francoism.[115]

Except that in the 1960s one of the streets in Zaragoza was named after him, Comín fell into oblivion. There are various scientific institutions of the country which acknowledge members of the Comín dynasty of lawyers and scholars, though it is Bienvenido and Francisco Javier rather than Jesús. There is no mention of Jesús Comín on any of the official Carlist sites, be it this of the Sixtinos, Carloctavistas, CTC or Partido Carlista.[116] He served as a point of reference for some works focusing on his son Alfonso Carlos Comín; typically he is presented as a reactionary whose influence had to be overcome be his son in order to become a progressive humanist.[117] There is a fairly substantial entry dedicated to Comín in Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. The Comín Street was renamed in 2009; the change was hailed in local media as a revenge of democracy against Carlism. The author of a triumphant press note claimed that 99,9% of the passers-by had no idea who Jesús Comín was, but he still made the point of underlining that such a figure of "untold reactionary" and a "Tejero of 1936" should be kept in oblivion.[118]

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See also

Footnotes
  1. Comín y Sarté, Bienvenido entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa, available here Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Comín y Sarté, Bienvenido entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  3. Melchor Ferrer, Breve historia del legitimismo español, Madrid 1958, pp. 55, 59
  4. Jacek Bartyzel, Nic bez Boga, nic wbrew tradycji, Radzymin 2015, ISBN 9788360748732, p. 90
  5. namely author of theoretical works on Catholic and Carlist thought, though also fathering a few novels: El Cristianismo y la ciencia del Derecho en sus relaciones con la civilización, Madrid 1857, Catolicismo y racionalismo. Estudio sobre la literatura católica del siglo xix, Zaragoza 1867-1868, Apuntes de literatura cristiana, Zaragoza 1866, La política tradicional de España, Zaragoza 1870, Virgen y mártir. Novela histórico-religiosa, Zaragoza 1876, plus unpublished works
  6. Comín y Sarté, Bienvenido entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  7. Comín y Moya, Pascual entry [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa, available here, Ferrer 1958, p. 102
  8. Diario de Reus 23.03.28, available here
  9. Manuel Marínez Neira, Comín Moya, Francisco Javier entry, [in:] Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho (2011), available here
  10. Marínez Neira 2011
  11. see Rosario Sagüés y Muguiro entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here, also Sagüés genealogy explained at Antzinako service, available here
  12. Alberto Aguilera Hernández, Ramiro Adiego Sevilla, Una difícil convivencia: la Iglesia católica en la Borja republicana (1931-1936), [in:] Pilar Salomón, Gustavo Alares y Pedro Rújula (eds.), Historia, pasado y memoria en el mundo contemporáneo, Teruel 2014, ISBN 9788496053748, p. 338, also El Siglo Futuro 23.07.34, available here
  13. La Correspondencia de España 02.10.13, available here
  14. Jesús Comín Sagues, [in:] Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain, Francisco Gracia, (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636, p. 37
  15. La Correspondencia de España 14.06.20, available here
  16. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa, available here, also La Vanguardia 22.09.73, available here
  17. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  18. according to Alfonso Carlos Comín, "en el seno de mi familia [...] política y religión aparecen siempre estrechamente unidas. Para ella la guerra habia sido una auténtica crusada", quoted after Francisco J. Carmona, Cambios en la identidad católica: juventud de Alfonso Carlos Comín, Madrid, 1995, ISBN 9788479542504, p. 57
  19. see e.g. Francisco Martínez Hoyos, La cruz y el martillo: Alfonso Carlos Comín y los cristianos comunistas, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 9788493635954, Agustín García Chicón, La antropología cristiano-marxista en Alfonso Carlos Comín, Malaga 2002, ISBN 9788489883680
  20. La Vanguardia 22.03.73, available here; an homage article in La Vanguardia 25.11.97, available here
  21. La Vanguardia 15.02.95, available here
  22. see e.g. his blog here or his Twitter account here
  23. in 1950, Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco, Madrid 2004, ISBN 8497725565, p. 84
  24. Robert Vallverdú i Martí, La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975), Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 157
  25. ABC 14.07.15, available here
  26. Revista General de Bellas Artes 15.08.15, available here
  27. Revista General de Bellas Artes 07.11.18, available here; in 1915 daily wage of a miner in Vizcay was 3,44 ptas
  28. Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 1921, p. 166
  29. Estado actual de los estudios sobre Aragón, vol. 1, Zaragoza 1974, p. 59
  30. La Libertad 11.09.36, available Revista General de Bellas Artes
  31. La Correspondencia de España 14.06.20, available here
  32. Heraldo Alaves 10.05.24, available here
  33. El Imparcial 19.01.26, available here
  34. Anuario de la Facultad de Medicina. Curso 1929-1930, p. 23, available here
  35. El Cruzado Español 01.12.31, available here
  36. Martin Blinkhorn, Spain in conflict 1931-1939: democracy and its enemies, London 1986, ISBN 9780803997455, p. 198
  37. Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain, Cambridge 2008, p. 124
  38. see the Cortes service, available here
  39. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, Madrid 1944, vol. 3, pp. 389-390
  40. see Angel Alcaide Fernández, El apoyo de la Universidad de Zaragoza a la sublevación militar de 1936, [in:] Ignacio Peiró Martín, Guillermo Vicente y Guerrero (eds.), Estudios históricos sobre la Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 2010, ISBN 9788499110479, pp. 339-351; those named as key pro-Nationalist scholars were Manuel Sancho Izquierdo and Luis del Valle, see also sub-chapter "Lar raíces sociales de la universidad fascista". According to the author, "members of the academic community of the 1930s formed part of a privileged social group" (pp. 349-350) and "en definitiva, ese sector universitario e intelectual de Zaragoza apoyó de una manera tan clara a la sublevación porque formaba parte de la misma red de intereses que había planeado y preparado el golpe de Estado, y de la misma red de intereses que se benefició de él" (p. 351)
  41. La Tradición 28.06.12, available here
  42. El Eco de Navarra 22.05.12, available here
  43. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  44. Cabo d'anyo d'a muerte de Jesús Comín Sagüés, [in:] Aragon Tradicionalista 04.03.16, available here
  45. El defensor de Cordoba 26.11.20, available here
  46. La Epoca 20.12.20, available here
  47. La Voz 23.12.20, available here
  48. see the letter from Jaime III to marques de Villores, ABC 13.03.1923; it might be suspected that the claimant preferred to avoid humiliating defeat of the party, heavily weakened by the Mellist secession. Overall disappointment with the system was widespread; electoral absence in 1923 reached the record 35,5% and 35,1% of the population saw candidates declared victorious with no electoral competition, Stanley G. Payne, Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931-1936, Madison 1993, ISBN 9780299136741, p. 19
  49. La Vanguardia 20.10.26, available here
  50. regional jefatura was with conde de Samitier, El Cruzado Español 27.06.30, available here
  51. Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 29, Sevilla 1960, p. 190
  52. Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788420664552, p. 68
  53. Ferrer 1960, pp. 211-212
  54. during a meeting in Zarauz, Ferrer 1960, p. 217
  55. González Calleja 2011, p. 74
  56. El Siglo Futuro 28.11.31, available here
  57. the provincial one for Zaragoza went to Manuel de Ardid, Antonio M. Moral Roncal, La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República Española: Iglesia y carlismo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 9788497429054, p. 79
  58. El Cruzado Español 15.04.32, available here
  59. with Samitier and Cayero Irigoyen, Moral Roncal 2009, p. 79
  60. see the official 1933 Cortes entry, available here
  61. see the official 1936 Cortes entry, available here
  62. José Peña González, Pemán, cronista político del tardofranquismo (1960-1981), Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788415382591, p. 388
  63. Luz. Diario de República 19.01.34, available here
  64. public administration (also acting as its secretary), education and legal issues, Sierra Cibiriain, Gracia 2012, p. 37
  65. in case of the Ebro he protested against handing over some hydrographic competencies to the local Catalan Generalitat government; in case of public unrest in Zaragoza he always favored firm measures against the workers
  66. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa, Sierra Cibiriain, Gracia 2012, p. 37
  67. when in 1934 responding to the Cortes-raised claims that prisoners in the jails of Aragón were being seriously maltreated, he asserted: "well, all the world knows that for four days Zaragoza was caught in total revolution" referring to December 1933 anarchist uprising, Graham Kelsey, Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930-1937, Amsterdam 1991, ISBN 9780792302759, p. 101
  68. following the 1934 revolution he was member of the investigation committee sent to Catalonia afterwards, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 343
  69. Federación Universitaria Escolar, deemed responsible for unrest in the universities, Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  70. in 1935 signed a motion against masonry in the army, Ferrer 1960, p. 112
  71. Antonio Embid, Antonio Embid Irujo, Ordenanzas y reglamentos municipales en el derecho español, Madrid 1978, ISBN 9788470882210, pp. 227-228
  72. in early 1934 in his trademark style he lambasted the Right-wing government, La Voz 18.01.34, available here
  73. Blinkhorn 2008, p. 159
  74. Robert Vallverdú i Martí, El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936, Barcelona 2008, ISBN 9788478260805, p. 192, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 191
  75. Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo espanól, vol. 30, Sevilla 1978, p. 106
  76. Jesús Bueno, Concepción Gaudó, Luis G. Germán, Elecciones en Zaragoza-capital durante la II República, Zaragoza 1980, OCLC 9367052, p. 170
  77. Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 163, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 208
  78. El Siglo Futuro 26.03.34, available here, Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 270-271
  79. the Zaragoza Carlist círculo had to move to new premises 3 times, as it was not coping with the influx of new recruits, El Siglo Futuro 18.01.34, available here
  80. Ferrer 1978, p. 121
  81. Ferrer 1978, p. 88
  82. Sierra Cibiriain, Gracia 2012, p. 37
  83. each composed of come 70 men, Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui, La tradición recuperada: el Requeté Carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), p. 47
  84. composed of some 750 men, Calleja, Aróstegui 1994, p. 51
  85. surpassed only by Pamplona, Bilbao, Barcelona, Valencia, Castellón and San Sebastián, Calleja, Aróstegui 1994, p. 51
  86. between July 18 and July 20 he found time to receive a Carlist Pamplona military parade on honorary tribune, Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil Española (1936–1939), Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, p. 195
  87. De la sublevación militar a la primera ofensiva, [in:] El Periodico de Aragon 07.10.06, available here, Aróstegui 2013, p. 406
  88. the Carlist requetés formed part of the Tercio Doña María de la Nieves battalion, Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  89. Robert J. Alexander, The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, vol. 1, London 1999, ISBN 9781857564006, p. 134, Ferrer 1978, pp. 209-210
  90. Monasterio hailed Comín during his funeral as follows: "Estoy autorizado a decirlo: la guerra se ha ganado porque Zaragoza la ganó en los primeros días. El triunfo de Zaragoza se debe en gran parte a Jesús Comín", quoted after Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  91. "El jefe regional de la Comunión Tradicionalista de Aragón, diputado Jesús Comín Sangues, alto, recio, tocado con una boina encarnada, dirige personalmente la carga de los camiones. La tarde avanza y desearia que esta noche seis mil fusiles y la cartucheria correspondiente lleguen a Pamplona [...]", quoted after Luis Romero, Tres dias de julio, Madrid 1967, pp. 396-7
  92. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  93. Francisco Javier Ramon Solans, Usos públicos de la Virgen del Pilar: de la Guerra de Independencia al primer franquismo [PhD thesis Universidad de Zaragoza]. Zaragoza 2012, pp. 424-432
  94. Aróstegui 2013, p. 525
  95. see the Tercio del Pilar entry at a Requeté homage site, available here
  96. Aróstegui 2013, p. 526
  97. Pensamiento Alaves 18.12.36, available here
  98. Comín's original unit, Tercio del Pilar, at that time was taking positions near Almudevar in Northern Aragon, Aróstegui 2013, p. 528
  99. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, vol. 3, Madrid 1944, pp. 389-390
  100. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  101. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, vol. 3, Madrid 1944, pp. 389-390
  102. Comín is not listed among member of top Carlist wartime bodies, see Ricardo Ollaquindia, La Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda Carlista de Pamplona al comienzo de la guerra de 1936, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 56 (1995), pp. 500-502
  103. amalgamation of Falange and Comunión into FET produced a number of complaints raised by both parties and handled by official party channels; the province of Zaragoza is in the mid-high range of all provinces with 36 complaints recorded; in the region of Aragón there were 113 complaints. By comparison, Vascongadas recorded 37 complaints, Galicia 74, Canarias 87, Old Castile 87, Navarre 169, Catalonia 195 and Andalusia 454, , Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul, Estella 2013, ISBN 9788423533657, p. 96
  104. Stanley G. Payne, Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism, vol. 22, Stanford 1961, ISBN 9780804700580, p. 156
  105. Labor 06.05.37, available here
  106. e.g. in Almudevar, Aróstegui 2013, p. 414
  107. La Gaceta de Tenerife 05.02.38, available here
  108. Comín y Sagues Jesús entry, [in:] Gran Encyclopedia Aragonesa
  109. Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, vol. 3, Madrid 1944, 389-390, slightly different but in general a similar version is presented in ABC 07.03.39, available here; Comín either tended to drive carelessly or suffered from bad luck, since already in November 1935 he sustained injuries following another incident, El Siglo Futuro 12.11.35, available here
  110. see e.g. El Siglo Futuro 01.09.34, available here
  111. Sierra Cibiriain, Gracia 2012, p. 37
  112. La Luz 19.01.34, available here
  113. Azul 08.03.39, available here
  114. Heraldo de Zamora, 07.03.39, available here
  115. Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 211
  116. though he is acknowledged at a private Carlist site, see here
  117. see mostly Carmona 1995, also Martínez Hoyos 2009, García Chicón 2002, Albert Marzà, Alfonso Comín, esperança en la història, Barcelona 1995, ISBN 9788429739244, Josep Maria Castellet, Seductors, il•lustrats i visionaris. Sis personatges en temps adversos, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 9788429761665, José Antonio González Casanova, Comín, mi amigo, Barcelona 2010, ISBN 9788493751586
  118. F. Valero, Golpe democratico contra el carlismo, [in:] El Periodico de Aragon 24.03.09, available here

Further reading
  • Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758
  • Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, London 2008, ISBN 9780521086349
  • Francisco Gracia, Gabriela Sierra Cibiriain (eds.), Zaragoza en el Congreso de los Diputados. Parlamentarios durante la Segunda Republica, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 9788499111636
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