James Joseph Dresnok

James Joseph Dresnok (Korean: 제임스 조새프 드레스녹, November 24, 1941 – November 2016) was an American defector to North Korea, one of six U.S. soldiers to defect after the Korean War.

James Joseph Dresnok
Nickname(s)Jim, Joe, Arthur
BornNovember 24, 1941[1]
Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.
DiedNovember 2016 (aged 74–75)
Pyongyang, North Korea
Allegiance United States (1958–1962)
 North Korea (1962–2016)
Service/branch United States Army (1958–1962)
Years of service1958–1962 (defected)
Rank Private first class
Spouse(s)Kathleen Ringwood (1959-1962)
Doina Bumbea (c. 1970s-1997)
unknown; daughter of Korean woman and African diplomat (2001-2016)
Children3
Other workTeacher, actor, translator

After defecting, Dresnok worked as an actor in propaganda films, some directed by Kim Jong-il,[2] and as an English teacher in Pyongyang. He was featured on the CBS magazine program 60 Minutes on January 28, 2007, as the last U.S. defector alive in North Korea.[3] He was also the subject of a documentary film, Crossing the Line, by British filmmakers Daniel Gordon and Nicholas Bonner, which was shown at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival.[4][5]

Dresnok most often dubbed himself Joe Dresnok but he was variously referred to as "James",[6][7][8] "Joe"[3] and "Jim" Dresnok[9] in media reports. He was known by most North Koreans as "Arthur", from his starring role in the propaganda film Unsung Heroes (1978).

Early life

Dresnok was born in Norfolk, Virginia, to Joseph Dresnok and Margaret Lucille Dresnok (maiden name Mizelle), who were married in South Mills, Camden County, North Carolina, on May 3, 1941.[1] Joseph Dresnok I (1917–1978) was born on February 3, 1917 in Greensburg, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and died on March 16, 1978 in Wyckoff, Bergen County, New Jersey. Joseph Dresnok I served in the United States Army from November 23, 1937, until May 29, 1940. Joseph and Margaret Dresnok divorced on July 10, 1951, in Richmond, Virginia. Dresnok’s father initiated the divorce action, claiming that Dresnok’s mother was “legally married to another.” Dresnok was briefly raised by his father in Pennsylvania; his mother and younger brother Joseph Dresnok II never again came into contact with them.[10] Dresnok was placed in a foster home, dropped out of high school, and joined the Army the day after his 17th birthday.[11]

Defection

Dresnok's first military service was two years spent in West Germany. After returning to the United States and finding out that his wife had left him for another man, he re-enlisted and was sent to South Korea. He was a Private First Class with the 1st Cavalry Division U.S. Army a unit along the Korean Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea in the early 1960s. Soon after his arrival, he found himself facing a court martial for forging signatures on paperwork that gave him permission to leave the base which, ultimately, led to his going AWOL (Absent Without Leave).[3]

Unwilling to face punishment, on August 15, 1962, while his fellow soldiers were eating lunch, he ran across a minefield in broad daylight into North Korean territory, where he was quickly apprehended by North Korean soldiers. Dresnok was taken by train to Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, and interrogated.[3]

Life in North Korea

"I was fed up with my childhood, my marriage, my military life, everything. I was finished. There's only one place to go", Dresnok said in an interview. "On August 15th, at noon in broad daylight when everybody was eating lunch, I hit the road. Yes, I was afraid. Am I gonna live or die? And when I stepped into the minefield and I seen it with my own eyes, I started sweating. I crossed over, looking for my new life."[3]

Dresnok met Larry Allen Abshier, another U.S. defector, soon after his arrival. Eventually there were four of them: Dresnok, Abshier, Jerry Parrish, and Charles Robert Jenkins. The men lived together and participated in several propaganda efforts on behalf of the North Korean government. They appeared on magazine covers and used loudspeakers to try to persuade more U.S. soldiers at the border to defect. They did not wish to remain in North Korea indefinitely at first. In 1966, the four men tried to leave North Korea by seeking asylum at the Soviet embassy in Pyongyang, but the embassy immediately turned them over to North Korean authorities.[3] After that, Dresnok decided to settle in North Korea.

Beginning in 1978, he was cast in several North Korean films, including the 20-part series Unsung Heroes (as an American villain), and he became a celebrity in the country as a result. He was called "Arthur" by his Korean friends, after the character he played in the series. He also translated some of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung's writings into English.[3][12]

In his book The Reluctant Communist, Jenkins claims that Dresnok was a bully, betraying the other Americans' confidences to the North Koreans, and beating up Jenkins on 30 or more occasions on the orders of their Korean handlers.[13]:64 In the documentary Crossing the Line, Dresnok vehemently denies these allegations.

Dresnok asserts that "because of the sanctions of the U.S. Government and Japanese",[14] during the North Korean famine of the 1990s, he was always given his full food ration by the government. "Why? Why do they let their own people starve to death to feed an American?", he asked. "The Great Leader has given us a special solicitude. The government is going to take care of me until my dying day."[15]

Personal life and marriages

In December 1959, Dresnok married Kathleen Ringwood, a 19-year-old from New York City.[16] In Crossing the Line, Dresnok explains that after getting married at a young age, he was deployed in West Germany for two years while she remained in the U.S. He prided himself on "truly loving her and being loyal to her", but when he returned, he found out that she was already in another relationship. He was quoted as saying, "The good thing was that she did not get pregnant by me because I had promised that I would never abandon my children." However, they remained married until after his defection in 1962. She filed for divorce the next year, citing "wilful desertion" on his part as grounds.[17]

Dresnok was married twice more after defecting to North Korea. His first marriage was to a Romanian woman, Doina Bumbea (referred to as "Dona" in Jenkins' autobiography), with whom he had two sons, Theodore "Ted" Ricardo Dresnok (born 1980)[18] and James Gabriel Dresnok (born c. 1982).[19] Bumbea supposedly worked at the Romanian Embassy, but some accounts say that she never worked there and was in fact an abductee who had been taken by the North Korean secret service. According to Bumbea's family, she was living in Italy as an art student when she vanished, after telling people that she had met a man who promised to help arrange exhibitions of her art in Asia. After viewing Crossing the Line and seeing one of Dresnok's sons, Bumbea's brother stated he bore a startling resemblance to his missing sister.[20][4][21][22] According to Jenkins's book, Bumbea was abducted in order to be the wife of one of the American deserters.[13]:73–74[4] The Romanian Foreign Affairs Ministry's website says that in 2007 the Romanian Government had requested an explanation for Bumbea's abduction from the North Korean government. However, no response was provided to Romania.[23][24] Bumbea reportedly died of lung cancer in 1997.[18]

After Bumbea's death, Dresnok married his third wife, the daughter of a North Korean woman and a Togolese diplomat. They had a son, Tony, in 2001. The family lived in a small apartment in Pyongyang, provided to them along with a monthly stipend by the North Korean government. Dresnok was in failing health, with a bad heart and liver (Dresnok described his liver as "full of fat"), which he attributed to smoking and drinking too much.[3][25]

His younger son from his second marriage, James Dresnok, was a student at Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies, where his father taught English in the 1980s.[18] James speaks English with a Korean accent and considers himself Korean but he reportedly does not wish to marry a Korean woman.[26] James joined the North Korean military in 2014, and in 2016 he reportedly held the rank of taewi, a rank that is equivalent to the rank of captain in the US Army.[18][27] Both the younger James and the older Ted Dresnok are now married and they also have children of their own in North Korea. Like their father, they have also appeared as villainous American soldiers in North Korean films.[28][29]

Dresnok stated that he intended to spend the rest of his life in North Korea, and no amount of money could have enticed him to move back to the West. Dresnok retired and occasionally gave lectures in North Korea and went fishing "just to pass the time."[3][30]

Death

In April 2017, the Western news organization NK News reported that Dresnok had died the previous year.[9] In August 2017, Dresnok's sons confirmed that he had died of a stroke in November 2016.[31][32] They released a statement saying that their father told them to remain loyal to Kim Jong-un and they also stated that they would "destroy" the US if it launched a preemptive strike against North Korea.[33][34]

Filmography
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See also

Other defectors to North Korea

References
  1. Virginia, Birth Records, 1912-2014, Delayed Birth Records, 1854-1911; Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Virginia.
  2. "The Americans Who Chose To Live in North Korea". BBC. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016.
  3. Anderson, Robert G.; Morgan, Casey (January 28, 2007). "An American in North Korea". 60 Minutes. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  4. Kirby, Michael Donald; Biserko, Sonja; Darusman, Marzuki (February 7, 2014). "Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - A/HRC/25/CRP.1". United Nations Human Rights Council: 306 (Paragraph 973). Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Ms Dona Bumbea disappeared from Italy in 1978 and is believed to have been lured to the DPRK. Ms Bumbea had been studying art in Italy at the time when she met an Italian man claiming to be an art dealer, who convinced her to hold an exhibition in Hong Kong. The two travelled to Pyongyang en-route to Hong Kong at which point the Italian disappeared. Ms Bumbea was kept in the DPRK and "given" to American army deserter Mr Dresnock. Ms Bumbea died in the DPRK and is survived by her two sons, Mr Ricardo Dresnock born in 1981 and Mr James Gabriel Dresnock, born in 1983, both of whom have been seen in several documentaries including "Crossing the line" (2006) and "Aim High in Creation" (2013). Ms Bumbea's family in Romania has been unable to have any contact with Ms Bumbea's sons despite their wish to. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. World Documentary Competition, “Crossing the Line” (2006) Archived March 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Accessed January 28, 2007.
  6. Frederick, Jim; “In from the Cold” Archived September 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Time, November 4, 2004. Accessed January 28, 2007.
  7. Russell, Mark (October 19, 2006), "An American in North Korea, Pledging Allegiance to the Great Leader", New York Times, archived from the original on January 25, 2016, retrieved January 28, 2007
  8. Full Cast and Crew for Crossing the Line Archived March 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, IMDb profile. Accessed January 28, 2007.
  9. O'Carroll, Chad (April 10, 2017). "Jim Dresnok, American who defected to N.Korea in 1962, died in 2016". NK News - North Korea News. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017.
  10. Man Hopes His Brother Alive Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; Thursday January 18, 1996
  11. Sweeney, John (2015). North Korea Undercover: Inside the World's Most Secret State. Pegasus Books. p. 123. ISBN 9781605988030. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  12. Spiller, Penny (January 23, 2007). "Last US defector in North Korea". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
  13. Jenkins, Charles Robert; Frederick, Jim (2008). The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial, and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea. University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780520259997.
  14. "North Korea Documentary About a US Army soldier who defected to North Korea" on YouTube
  15. "An American in North Korea, Pledging Allegiance to the Great Leader". The New York Times. October 19, 2006. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016.
  16. Virginia, Marriage Records, 1936-2014
  17. Virginia, Divorce Records, 1918-2014
  18. Fifield, Anna (May 25, 2016). "An American GI defected to North Korea. Now his sons are propaganda stars". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017.
  19. "N. Korea kidnap victim's brother wants Pyongyang to come clean". Bangkok Post. March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017.
  20. Cain, Geoffrey (December 26, 2014). "Political kidnappings, North Korean style". USA Today. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  21. "Romanian Woman Kidnapped by N. Korea in 1978" Archived June 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Chosun Ilbo, March 22, 2007. Accessed November 13, 2010.
  22. “Romanian brother of Pyongyang abductee visits”, The Japan Times, April 21, 2007. Accessed November 13, 2010.
  23. "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". mae.ro. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012.
  24. "Japonia mizează pe ajutorul României, în relaţia cu Phenianul pe tema răpirilor". REALITATEA.NET. December 28, 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011.
  25. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Tx9TmazEs
  26. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Tx9TmazEs
  27. https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=xoxIpNKqhus
  28. Broinowski, Anna (January 21, 2016). "The Australian who shot a North Korean propaganda film". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017.
  29. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=idPCHqiDXGs
  30. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Tx9TmazEs
  31. "Sons confirm death of US soldier James Dresnok, who defected to North Korea". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  32. "A U.S. soldier who defected to North Korea in 1962 has died, his Pyongyang-born sons say". The Washington Post. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  33. https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=xoxIpNKqhus
  34. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2017/aug/21/dresnok-sons-our-father-told-us-to-serve-kim-jong-un-video
  35. From 5 p.m. to 5 am on IMDb
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