Yaithmathang

The Jaitmatang, also spelled Yaithmathang, were an indigenous Australian people of the State of Victoria.

Name

Jaitmatang/Yaithmathang, according to the early ethnographer A. W. Howitt, may have derived from Ya-yau their word for "yes," and thang ("speech/tongue").[1][lower-alpha 1]

Language

Ian D. Clark, after subjecting evidence for the Omeo languages in early wordlists, identified a distinctive tongue differing substantially from those – Dhudhuroa and Pallanganmiddang – spoken by tribes to the immediate north. After then examining whether it might be a variety of Ngarigu or had a separate name[3] Harold Koch and others consider it a southern variety of the Yuin sub-branch of the Yuin-Kuric language family.[2] Koch's analysis points to a possibility that the Jaitmatang, like their neighbours the Wolgal and the Ngarigo, spoke dialects of one language, with Clark considering it a dialect of Ngarigo.[4]

Country

The Jaitmatang's lands extended some 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2), including the headwaters of Mitta Mitta and Tambo rivers; from the Indi River to "Tom Groggin Run" and perhaps even the Ovens River. To the south their tribal boundaries ran to Omeo and Mount Delusion, 25 miles north of Omeo.[5]

Social organization

Hordes:-

  • Muddhang (Mitta Mitta horde)
  • Kandangoramittung[lower-alpha 2] (horde on the Omeo plains)
  • The Djilamatang were considered by early authorities to have been a hordes of the Jaitmathang.[5]
  • According to R. H. Mathews, A. W. Howitt's reference to a "Theddora horde" actually denoted a distinct tribal grouping, Dhudhuroa. Norman Tindale separates them, though noting that Aldo Massola supported the traditional view that the Jaitmatang and Dhudhuroa belonged to the same tribal unity.[6]

The Jaitmathang had an annual migratory cycle, camping on the lower plateaus of their land through the colder, winter period, and then, once the snow began to melt, shifting into the highlands to pass the summer hunting in the alpine zone.[6]

History of contact

The Jaitmathang lands were first penetrated and settlements began to be established there, in 1828. Following the Victorian gold rush, miners also discovered gold in the Omeo area, at Livionstone Creek, off the Mitta Mitta river, and as the news spread, a large mass of gold-diggers rushed to settle and pan the waters of the area. Within a decade, by 1862, only 4-5 Jaitmathang could be counted who had survived the disruption.[7]

Alternative names
  • Ya-itma-thang
  • Yaithmathang[8]
  • Muddhang (Mitta Mitta horde)
  • Mudthang
  • Kandangoramittung (horde on the Omeo plains)
  • Jandangara
  • Gundanara, Gundanora
  • Brajerak (rude exonym for them used by coastal tribes).[6]

Notes
  1. Clark gives the following page (p.78)[2]
  2. "Mittung ('midhang..is the equivalent of -baluk in the Kulin languages of central Victoria." The -baluk suffix indicates a tribal grouping, and may correspond to the wurrung of those central languages ("tongue, speech"). However, the evidence points to it having a denotative function as an ethnonymic signifier.[2]

Citations
  1. Howitt 1904, p. 77 n.1.
  2. Clark 2009, p. 210.
  3. Clark 2009, pp. 209ff..
  4. Clark 2009, pp. 211,219.
  5. Tindale 1974b, p. 204.
  6. Tindale 1974a, p. 205.
  7. Howitt 1904, p. 78.
  8. Clark 2009.

Sources
  • Clark, Ian D (2009). "Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction". Aboriginal History. Australian National University. 33: 201–229. JSTOR 24046829.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974a). "Jaitmathang (VIC)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974b). "Duduroa (VIC)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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